TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HQI sA 10+11 (242+243) 2018
KjCH LICH Sir 6' VIET NAM TU" NAM 1945 D^N NAY CHU DE VA DAC OliM XAY DU'NG NHAN VAT
T R A N TH! THI/'
Trong bii viit nay, chung tdi di cap din kjch lich sir vdi mdt sd vin di nhw:
khuynh hwdng khai thic chu di lich sir; mii quan he giwa hw ciu nghg thuat va tinh chan thwc; tinh hien dai. . mi cac kjch gia da the hien. Tir dd, nhu'ng quan diim, dien ngdn vi ljch sir vi ddl sdng dwong thdi se dwac thi hien thdng qua hwdng tiip can cac chit lieu ljch sir trong sing tic cung nhw cam thu vi kich ljch sir.
Tir khda: chii Se, kjch ljch sir Vlpt Nam, hy c l u nghp thudt, tinh chdn that Nhgn bii ngiy: 10/10/2018; dwa vac bien tap: 11/10/2018; phan bign: 15/10/2018;
duyet dang: 25/10/2018
1. GIOI THIEU
So vdi b i ddy ljch sir cua d i t nydc trai qua nhiiu cudc chiin tranh, nhiiu trilu dai phong kiln hyng thinh r i l Igi tan, thi d i n nay so lypng kjch khai thac d i tdi ljch sy nei chung vd kjch thcal ndi rieng vdn cdn Id mpt con so khiem t i n . Tuy nhien, khong t h i phii nhdn, cd nhirng giai doan, kich ljch sir trd thdnh mot khuynh hydng sang tdc d i lai nhiiu thdnh tyu to ldn, nhiiu dinh cao nghe thuat... Bac biet, giai doan sau Cdch mang thang Tdm cho den nay, kjch viet v i d l tai ljch sir da trp thdnh mpt trpng nhtrng mang sang tdc dygc quan tam nhiiu nhit trcng cdc diin ddn vdn hpc. D i i u nay khdng cd nghia d i n glal doan ndy, d l tai ljch sir mdi dygc chu y, md trong gial
Trudng Bai hpe Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Bai hoe Quie gia Ha Npi.
doan trypc dd, kjch ljch sir ndi rieng vd kjch thcal ndi chung v i n trong qua trinh hien dai hda va hoan thien phygng thu'c sdng tac, nhyng chya cd nhiiu thdnh t y u . T y sau Cdch mang thdng Tam, kjch ndi mdi thyc sy khang djnh d y g c vai trd tren diln ddn van hpc vgi s y da dang v i s i lypng tac gia, tdc pham cung nhu c h i t lygng tdc p h i m . Trcng do, khuynh hydng khai thdc chii d i ljch sir Id mdt y i u t i dau tien quyit djnh d i n nhu'ng dac d i l m cua kjch a mang sang tac nay.
2. KHUYNH HU-ONG KHAI THAC CHll Bi LjCH Sl>
Sau dau m i c dau tien, ddnh dau sy ra dpi vdi v g kjch ndi Chen thudc dgc cua Vu Dinh Long, kjch Viet Nam trong nhyng nam dau t h i ky chii yiu di sau vao mang d i tai xa hpi vdi nhiiu tdc pham tieu bleu. Thpi ky nay.
T R A N T H I T H U - KICH LICH SCfQ VIET NAM Tir NAM 1946..
kjch ndi tap trung chO y i u vdc nhirng van d i dao dire con ngygi, dac biet Id s y suy thcal dao du'c dang d i l n ra trcng xa hpi chiu nhilu anh hygng cua van hda phypng Tay. Chp d i n nam 1930, kjch ljch sir bat d i u d y p c chii y vgi s y ra ddi cua hang Icat cdc vg kjch lay nhtrng cau chuyen cu trcng ljch sir de lam bdi hpc cho hien tai. 0 glai doan nay, xu hydng phat trien ciia kjch v i d l tdi ljch sir d y g c nhan djnh la hygng thee hai mang chii d l khdc biet: "mdt mang v i i t v i ljch sir Trung Quoe vd mpt mang khac v i i t v i lich sir dan tpc. Nhirng vd kjch thg v i i t v i Trung Q u i c ndi dung thypng khdng mdi. Vd trpng cupc tao ngp gitl'a kjch va thg nay, chat thp cd phdn lan lygt. Cd le cac nhd thp say me chat lang man, c h i t bl trdng, c h i t anh hting trong nhyng trang sir thdm cung ciia mgt q u i c gia phong kiin lau dpi nen da dya nhtfng dang anh hting, nhirng trang tuyet sdc Trung Hoa vac trong tdc pham ciia minh. Cd hai chii d l ldn d y g c khai thac Id chuyen tinh ciia cac bac d l vygng vgi nhtrng my nhan khuynh q u i c khuynh thanh {Dwang Quf Phi - The Lir va Vi Huyin D i e , Tiing djch sdng 6 - Huy Thcng) va cdu chuydn cua nhtrng dai thich khach "ke sT c h i t vl ngydi tri ky" {Kinh Kha Huy Thcng, "Yen Ly Lyu Quang Thuan)" (Ly Hpdn Thuc Tram, 2009). Cd mpt d i l u dang chti y, tir 1932 d i n 1945, n i u nhy p h i n kjch ndi h i u h i t chu y i u tap trung vac mang d l tai dao dire, xa hdi thi kjch thg lai tap trung khai thdc de tdi ljch sir, tham
chi c h i l m 78% cac v g kjch thg (Phan C y Be, 2004: 563). Kjch ndi glai doan nay v i n tap trung vdo d i tdi phan dnh cdc v i n d i xa hpi nhyng khpng bd hep treng pham vl gia dinh nhy trpng cac tac p h i m kjch Chen thudc ddc hay Tda an lwang tam ma da mg rpng ra v i nhu'ng t u y i n nhan vat cung nhy nhii'ng mau thuIn xd hdi dygc d i y manh. Bi tdi ljch sir chi dygc khai thdc a s i it cdc tac p h i m tieu bleu ciia kjch ndi nhy Cd( ding Ma Vien, Vu Nhw Td cua Nguyin Huy Tydng.
H i u h i t cdc tac p h i m cdn lai d i u tap trung vdo viec khai thdc ljch sir xa xya, mieu ta ljch sir trcng mpt khdng khi Idng man. Mpt s i tac gia khai thac nhu'ng t i m gypng yeu nydc trcng ljch sir, nhy: Hoing Hoa Tham ciia T r i n Phgng Lyu, Quan Thing Long ciia Lyu Quang Thuan, Lam San hgp mat ciia Nguyen Xuan Trdm, d i cac tinh than anh hiing nghTa hiep va d i y c h i t h i i tygng.
Sau Cdch mang thdng Tdm, san khiu mdi thyc s y mang y nghTa cua mdt the lpai nghe thudt cd tinh chit q u i n Chung. Trong thdi ky nay, d i tai ljch sii' d y g c khai thdc phcng phii hpn bap gig h i t vd d y g c phan hea thdnh hai chu d i chinh: ljch sii' chiln tranh cdch mang va ljch sir phong k i l n . Trong vdng ba m y p i nam khang chiin ching thyc dan Phdp va d i q u i c My, mang de tai v l ljch sir chien tranh each mang vdl nhyng nhan vat, sy kien trong hai cudc khdng chiin g i n nhy c h i i m trpn y u t h i . Sau khi d i t nypc giai phdng, n h i t Id sau nam 1986 (Dai
TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQI s6 10+11 (242*243)2018
hpi l i n thir VI cua Bang), xu hydng khai thdc d l tai lich sir phcng kiin xa xya trg lai manh me, tuy nhien, khdc vdi glal dpan trydc dd, xu hypng t i i p can lich sir phcng kien, ddc biet Id phypng thirc xdy dyng nhdn vdt trcng cdc tdc p h i m kjch glal doan nay lai mang mdt dien mao mgl, da chilu hpn.
2.1. Khai thac d i tai ljch sir phong k i l n
Kjch v i i t ve d l tdi ljch sir sau nam 1945 khdng chi d l cap d i n chu d i chiin tranh each mang va Bde H i , md cac tdc p h i m glal dean sau nay cen dl sau khai thdc nhtrng sy kien, nhtrng nhan vat ce that trcng lich sir phcng k i i n vdi cdc each nhin nhan, ddnh gid khdc nhau; trd thdnh xu hygng chil dap cua kjch v i l t v i d i tai ljch sir sau nam 1975, n h i t Id sau nam 1986 chp d i n nay. Hdng Ipat nhu'ng nhdn vdt lich sir da dygc tdi hien dypl ngdi biit ciia cdc tdc gia kjch ban, nhy Nguyin Trdi, Ly Chieu Hoang, Ngpc Han cdng chiia, B i Thdm, Phan Binh Phiing... Bac biet, nhu'ng nhan vat ljch sir mang nhiiu tranh cdi thygng d y g c cdc nha viet kjch chil y, nhin nhdn vd ddnh gia lai trong cac tdc pham cila minh. Nhilu tdc pham v i i t v i ciing mpt nhan vat nhy T r i n Thu Dp, Dypng Van Nga hay Phan Thanh Gian... d i u thdnh cdng va d y g c ddnh gid cao v i hydng t i l p can ljch sir vpi mpt t y duy mdi.
Cdc v g kjch v i i t v i thgi ky phcng kiin thypng cd xu hydng khai thdc d l tdi tir nhirng sy kien trcng chinh sir cDng
nhy trcng da sir de dya vdp tac pham ciia minh.
Cupc chuyen giao t h i lyc giira nhd Ly vd nha T r i n Id mgt trcng nhtrng d i tdi t i n khdng it g i i y myc ciia cdc nha viet kjch ljch sir bgi tinh chit dac biet ciia s y kien nay. Ban thdn cau chuyen lich sir dd da d at ra rdt nhilu van de v i t h i thai nhan tinh , v l quyin lyc va tinh yeu, ve q u i c gia dai sy vd hanh phuc cd nhan...; vl vay dd trg thdnh manh d i t mdu m d de cdc nhd viit kjch thda sire the hien t y tygng va kha nang sdng tac cua minh. Nhtrng tdc p h i m tieu b i l u nhat cd t h i ke din nhy Rirng triic ciia Nguyin Dinh Thi, fldc thoai dem cua Le Duy Hanh, Cdt tru chdng trdi ciia Nguyen Anh Bien, Menh de vwang ciia Himg T i n . Ciing Chung chu d i nay, sy kien chuyin giao giya nha Binh vd nhd Le trong ljch sir cung d y g c phan dnh trong kjch Hoang hiu cua hai vua ciia Le Duy Hanh.
Ndi d i n kjch ljch sir, cdch khai thdc cdc chu de ljch sir cung la cdch nhin ciia nhd van d i i vdi v i n d i md hp se phan anh treng tac p h i m cua minh.
Be n i m d y g c ban chat cila ljch sir hay mpt p h l n ban chat cua nhtrng sy kien, ciia nhu'ng ccn ngydi lich sir, mcI nhd van cd mpt con dypng rieng.
Chinh d i i u ndy giiip ta phan biet d y g c t y t y p n g ddo ddc ciia m i l tac gia kjch ban. 0 day, cdc nhd v i i t kich da dirng trong tam t h i cua cen ngydi hien tai d i t i i p can vdl ljch sir va cdch t i l p can ciia hg khdng dirng lai g viec nhin nhan diing hay sai, t i t hay khdng t i t , ma hp da dya ra nhtrng cai
TRAN T H I THif - KICH L|CH SCf O VIET NAM TU NAM 1945..
nhin mang tinh del thpai va nhilu chilu d i i vdi nhii'ng van d l tygng chirng nhy da d y g c ddng khung trong sir sdch.
2.2. Khai thac c h u de lich sir c h i i n tranh each mang
M P d i u che khuynh hygng khai thdc chil d i ljch sii' ndy, cc t h i k l d i n v d kjch Sac San ciia Nguyin Huy Tygng. Bic San da phan dnh mpt cdch chan thyc va quy m6 ciia phcng trao khgi nghTa Bac Sgn - cupc d i u tranh each mang cua quan chiing viing len quat khdi ching lai bpn thyc dan xam lygc. Sac San cd sdc c u i n hut cdng chiing bdi le tdc pham da xay dyng d y g c hinh anh chan thyc v l ngydi chiln sT cdch mang trong nhtrng ngay sgc sdi ciia khdi nghTa.
Qua v g kjch ngygi xem hieu dygc ^ nghTa cilng nhy sire anh hygng to ldn ctia cugc each mang d i i vdi ly typng s i n g ciia nhirng ngydi ndng dan yeu nygc. V g kjch thdnh cdng cung Id bygc ngoat Idn cho san k h i u v i d i tai each m?ng. Cam hirng ljch sir cimg vdi khdng khi sci n i l ciia cupc dau tranh da t^c nen mdt vp kjch vdi khung canh ljch sir r i t hdo hting nhyng cung d i y lang man. Bic San da dyng lai ca mpt cupc khdi nghTa vgi quy md d i sp mdt cdch chdn thyc nhdt. V g kjch nhy met minh chu'ng r i t rd rang d i tai ljch sir da thyc s y d y g c khai thdc thdnh cdng trcng t h i lpai v i n ttr trypc dd chi dirng lai p nhirng chii d i xa hpi, bd hep trong nhii'ng birc tygng cila gia dinh, ciia luan ly dac dire dpi thypng.
Tif thdnh ccng cila v g Sac San, cdc tdc pham lay chii d i la ljch sir each mang t i i p n i l nhau ra dgi. Nhtrng tdc pham nay m g rpng cam hirng de phan anh nhu'ng s y kien ldn lac cua dan tdc: Ha Ndi trpng khdi lira chiin tranh, nhtrng chiin djch Idn vdl thing lgi ve vang cOa quan dpi ta, cdng cupc cdi cdch rudng d i t va cdng cudc xdy dyng xd hpi xa hpi chii nghTa... Vp kjch Nhu'ng ngwdi d iai ciia Nguyin Huy Tygng, Tin chiin thing NghTa Ld ciia T h i Lu'... Id nhyng vd kjch ldy d i tdi v l cupc khdng chiin ching Phdp.
Nhu'ng ngwdl d lai ciia Nguyen Huy Tygng l l y b i i canh mpt gia dinh tri thirc, md tieu bleu Id bde sT Thanh. Vd kjch da khac hpa rat thdnh cdng qua trinh chuyen biin t y typng cua mpt ngydi tri thu'c, bdo sT Thanh, tif nhtrng ban khoan, e ngai ban dau v i cdch mang d i n khi thyc sy hilu va san sang di theo cdch mang. Ben canh cau chuydn ciia mdt ngypi tri thirc, mpt gia dinh tri thirc dai dien p h l n nao cho t i n g ldp tri thirc liic b i y gig, v g kich cdn la cau chuyen cua nhirng Igp thanh nien sdi n i l vd ydu nygc...
vd rdng hgn nti'a la d l tdi v l cupc chiin d i u cua nhu'ng con ngypi lien khu I (ddng b i c Ha Ndi, thudc quan Hodn K i l m ngay nay).
Bypc vdo nhii'ng nam khang chiin ching d i q u i c My, d i tai v i cupc khdng chiln ciia nhan dan tiep tuc trp thanh cam hyng cho cac nha scan kjch da thanh danh p giai dean trygc, t i l p tgc v i i t nen nhtrng tac pham thdnh cdng, nhy To quic ciia Bap H i n g C i m va Xuan Birc, Cich mang
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 10+11 (242+243) 2018
ciia Nguyin Khai. "Bac Hing Cam da chpn dygc mdt thyc t i dien hinh, mpt manh d i t t i i n tieu ndng bdng nhirng thir thdch ciia cudc chiln d i u . Nhtrng ngygi ccn Vinh Linh kien cydng lucn bdm trg trpng s u i t cupc khang chiin, vygt qua mudn van thir thach, dam nhiem trach nhiem md Bang vd nhan ddn ca nydc giac phd" (Phan C y Be - Ha Minh Dire, 1979:205).
Chu d i chiin tranh each mang cdn dygc khai thac bdng nhyng v g kjch viit v i nhii'ng t i m gypng anh hiing, hp Id nhtrng t i m gypng cd that, Id nhtrng d i l n hinh dygc ca nggi trcng cudc khdng chiln vT dai. Nhtrng tdc pham khai thdc d l tai ndy, nhy; Anh Troi ciia Lyu Trpng Ly, Binh Quang, Vu Khieu hay Anh cdn sing mai ciia Pham Mai, Bwdc theo anh cua Bde Hing Cam, Vu Minh, Nguyin Vygng.
T i t ca nhtrng tdc pham ndy d i u v i l t v i ngygi anh himg Nguyin Vdn Trdi vdl nhilu gde dp khai thdc khdc nhau.
Cd vg xdy dyng cupc dpi ciia ngydi anh himg vgi goc nhin thi vj hda, cd vg xdy dyng hmh anh nhan vat trung tam trong nhirng m i l quan he vdi d i n g dpi, vdi gia dinh vd vdi ke thii.
CQng treng thgi ky nay, chiing ta khdng the khdng nhac d i n mang d i tdi v i i t v i Bde H i . Nhii'ng tdc pham v i l t v l Ngydi, vj anh himg giai phdng dan tpc vdi muc dich nggi ca va dya d i n che ngygi xem nhtrng hinh anh dep nhit cua Chii tjch H i Chi Minh.
Tdc p h i m Ngwdl cdng dan si mdt cua Vu Binh Pheng va Hd Vdn Cau, tdc pham Bern tring ciia Lyu Quang Hd
Id hai trcng s i nhu'ng tdc pham tieu biiu v i l t v i d l tai nay. M i l vg kjch c6 mdt l i i t i i p can khdc nhau v l chan dung cua H i Chi Minh trcng m i i thgi ky khdc nhau, tir liic Ngygl ra di tim dydng ciru n y g c tren con tdu viln dygng p B i n cang Nhd Ring che din chan dung mpt vj Chd tjch vT dai gin ddn va h i t ldng vl nhan dan.
Nhy vdy, vdl hai khuynh hygng khai thdc chu d i ljch sir nhy chiing tei da trinh bay d tren, kjch ljch sir da dypc v i i t g nhilu gde do khdc nhau vd mang trong minh nhtrng dac diem rieng biet Chu d i chinh ciia tdc pham cung chi p h i i dac diem xdy dyng sir kien, nhan vat cung nhy xung ddt kjch.
Trcng dd, xay dyng nhan vdt dygc cci Id mdt trpng nhtrng y i u t i quan trpng nhit khi ndi v l dac diem cua van hpc kjch.
3. DAC D l i M XAV Dl/NG N H A N VAT 3.1. Xay dipng nhan vat dien hinh, nhit quan trong cac tac pham theo chiJ d l chiln tranh each mang
Trong nhu'ng tdc pham Iiy chii d i v i chiin tranh cdch mang, hau hit cac tdc gia lya chpn phypng thirc xay dyng nhdn vdt thep nguyen tac tdi hien nhan vat trong chinh sir. Nhtfng nhan vat nhy Ho Chi Minh, nhtrng chiln sT, nhtrng ngygi dan qudn, ndng dan... thygng d y g c nhac d i n vdi xu hypng nggi ca. V i i t v l Bde H i , cdc tdc gia d i u t i l p can nhan vat bing cdi nhin ngygng mp vd kinh trpng mpt con ngydi vdl nhan each ldn, vj cha gid ciia dan tpc. Trong Ngwdl cdng dan so mdt ciia Vu Dinh Phdng vd Ha
TRAN THI THU - KICH LICH SCf 0 VIET NAM TP' NAM 1945..
Vdn C i u , hinh anh Bac H8 dygc khac hga s u i t chang dypng lam each mang ttr thdi tre khi Bac cdn Id chdng thanh nien Nguyen T i t Thdnh mang trong minh hodi bao Idn la tim dydng ciru n y d c cho d i n khi trd thanh vj Chii tich n y d c g i n gui, thygng dan.
Trdi ngygc vdl suy nghT cua nhan vat anh Le, anh Thanh (ten Bde H i thgi tre) Id mpt ngygl ludn trdn trg vdl n i l dau n y g c m i t nha tan. Anh Le cd tdm ly t y tl, cam chju canh s i n g no le, vi cam t h i y minh y i u d u i l , nhd be vd khong dii sii'c manh de chiin thing ke thu xam lygc. Trdi lai, anh Thanh khdng cam chju, rdt tin tydng vac con dypng minh dd chpn, anh quyit tdm ra n y g c ngedi hpc cdi mpi d i v i ciru ddn, ciru nydc. Anh cho rang, de gidnh lai non song, chi cd hiing tdm trang khi chya du, phai cd tri; anh quyit djnh ra n y g c ngcai hpc cdi hay, cai t i t cua hp de ciru dan minh. Qua CUPC d i i thpai gltra anh Le va anh Thanh ta thdy hien than mpt tdm trang tran trg, mgt trdi tim lupn nghT v i dan, v l nydc, mong tim cpn dydng dya a l t n y g c thcdt khdi ach nc le cila thyc dan, dem lai cupc s i n g am nc hanh phuc cho dan tpc ciia anh thanh nien Thanh. V g d i l n dya ngygi xem theo chan Bac di ttr B i n cang Nha R i n g sang Paris tim dydng ciru nydc;
qua Lien Xd, d i n Trung Quic, xay dyng lyc lygng, xiic t i i n thdnh lap Dang Cdng san; r i l trp v i To q u i c , lanh dac nhdn dan gianh ddc lap, t y chii... Dd la mdt chang dygng ddl khdng chi ciia cudc dgi mdt con ngydi ma cdn Id chang dygng trydng ky
trong cudc dau tranh each mang glal phdng dan tpc md nhan vat Bde H i da ddnh trpn tdm huylt ca cupc ddl d l theo duoi. Bde H i trong vd Nhu'ng khoanh khac Hd Chi Minh lai dygc khai thdc theo chieu hydng thdng qua nam khcanh khic r i t ddi thygng trcng cudc dpi ciia Ngydi d l di d i n mpt cai nhin khai qudt v l nhdn each, tri tue, Idng bao dung vd s y linh hoat trong xir ly cdc m i l quan he khac nhau. Vd g bat cir m i l quan he ndo, tinh n h i t quan cua vj Idnh tg nay cung d i u dypc bde Id khd sdu sac.
B i i vgi nhii'ng tac gia v i i t v i chii d i chiin tranh each mang, cdc nhan vdt trung tam chinh Id nhii'ng ccn ngygi da chiin d i u hy sinh vl to quic. Id nhtrng ngypi anh himg. Id lanh tu vT dai cua dan tpc nen h i u nhy cdc nhdn vat trcng cdc tac p h i m ndy d i u dygc xdy dyng dya tren hinh m l u ly tydng vdl nhirng tinh huing d i i n hinh.
Nhtrng nhdn vat trong vg kjch Bic San, hay Nhirng ngwdl d lai d i u Id nhtrng nhan vdt d i l n hinh cho Idng dung cam va sy hy sinh. Mpt ba eg Phypng, mdt cd Thgm, ca Thdi vd ca Ciru trcng Sac San d i u hien than id nhyng ccn ngygi nhit qudn trcng ty tydng va hdnh dpng. Hp t h i hien re ldng yeu nydc, cam thti glae. Tham chi ngay ca Thpm cung dam ndi d i i ching de ciru hai cdn bp cdch mang, b i t chap nguy h i i m . Bd cdn Id sy chuyin bien v l t y typng cua bac sT Thanh va n i i m tin yeu vdo d i t nygc, vdo sire manh cua tuoi tre trong cac nhan vat ciia Nhu'ng ngwdi d lai...
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI s6 10+11 (242*243) 2018
Vdl phypng thirc xdy dyng cac nhan vat nhit quan, dien hinh, cac kjch gia dd girl g i m nhu'ng thdng diep ve n i i m tin, ve sdc manh cua ddn tpc d l cd t h i truyin lira chiin dau, tilp them sire manh tinh t h i n cho d i n g bdo ca nypc trpng hcdn canh chien tranh luc b i y gig. Bd cung chinh la mgc dich sdng tdc cung nhy gia tri cua nhirng tac pham kjch ndi thdi ky ndy.
3.2. Xay dirng nhan vat mang tinh doi thoai trong cdc tac pham theo chit d i ljch sir phong kien N l u nhy d nhu'ng tac p h i m v i i t v i chii d l chiln tranh, each mang, cac nhdn vat thypng dygc khai thdc g s y nhit quan vd dien hinh thi p cdc tac p h i m i i y chu d i vd b i i canh trong thdi dai phong k i l n , cdc nhdn vdt dygc xdy dyng b i n g d i l m nhin da chiiu va mang tinh d i i thoai trong chinh tinh cdch, hdnh dpng vd suy nghT. Bpan Minh TuIn nhan xet: "Ljch sir cung nhy nhdn vdt ljch sir cd hai mat. Met mat, thudc v l cdc nha nghien ciru nhdn vat ljch sir thuan tuy, mat kia, la cua cdc nghe sT hy c l u sdng tao tren cp SP nhdn vat ljch sir ndy. Viec hy c i u v l nhan vdt ljch sir d tirng thgl d i l m xd hpi cd each nhin nhdn, danh gid khdc nhau. Ty tydng sdng tac c i n ddp irng dypc yeu c l u thj hiiu cua cdng chiing thdi hp dang s i n g . Nhdn vat ljch sir khdng phai b i t bien ma la sinh dpng, s i n g trong nhiiu goc dp khdc nhau vd sang tap VP han" (Viet Quynh, 2018). Nguyen Binh Thi xdy dyng nhdn vat T r i n Thii Bp {Rirng true) ttr nhiiu khia canh
khac nhau trong mdt con ngydi. Mpt mat la hinh anh mdt T r i n Thti Dp tiic tri da myu quyit lam mpi viec kheng nhan nhygng de dat dygc nghiep Ipn;
mdt mat la T r i n Thu Dp ccng ty phan minh. Cling nhieu suy nghT trdn trd trygc viec nydc vd viec ngypi. Nhyng Nguyin Binh Thi khdng di sau khai thdc nhan vat Thii Dp vdi sy nghiep hien hdch va nhtrng tinh todn quyin lyc, md Id Thii Dp vdi nhiiu chi tilt nho hpn va dpi thydng hgn. Dd la mpt Thu Dp cdng t y phan minh, trygc thdi do cua dam quan hieu can dygng vp minh, dng khdng nhtrng khdng trdeh phat ma cdn tha chit va ban thypng bgi hp da lam diing phep nygc. Nha nghien ciru Phan Trgng Thygng c6 cdi nhin t h i u ddo khi phan tich v i nhan vdt ndy trong Rirng True d l thdy ro tinh d i l thoai trong hinh tygng nhan vat md Nguyin Binh Thi xay dyng.
Ong cho rang: "... T r i n Thu Bp Id mpt nhdn vat dac biet. N i u nhy vdi triiu Ly, dng bj coi la ke thoan nghjch, thi vol trilu T r i n , png lai dypc ccl la mpt bac khai q u i c ccng thin... Vdi ban tay sap dat cua cng, dja vj cila vygng triiu nhd Trin va chii quyin ciia xa tac dygc ciing c i , q u i c gia hyng thinh.
Nhyng v l dao dire, t h i sy ong lai gay ldm d i l u thj phi, de lai khdng It tai tiing trong ljch sir. Dygng nhy nhirng lo tcan, elt dat, nhtrng quyit dodn cua dng deu x u i t phat tir lgi Ich ciia vygng trieu va q u i c gia. Ong sdn sang Idm mpi viec, m i l n sac dat dygc mgc dich ma minh theo d u l l . Bygng nhien, nhirng eg myu chinh tn md dng ap
TRAN T H I THU - KICH LICH SLf d VIET NAM TC NAM 1946..
dgng d i u cd tdc dgng hai mat. Mat tich eye la ciing c i quyin lyc cua vypng triiu, xa t i c thi ca vua tci va t h i n dan trcng n y g c d i u d y g c hygng. Nhyng mat tieu eye Id nhtrng d i i u fling di nghj thi cng lai Id ngygl hirng chju, tham ehl cdn phai tra gid" (Nhilu tdc gia, 2000: 326).
Trcng tdc pham Bi mat vwdn Le Chi cua Hcang Hiru Dan, nhan vat Nguyen Thj Anh d y g c nhd van khac hpa bang nhilu chi t i l t t h i hien s y phirc tap trong cen ngygi ciia nhdn vdt vdn d y g c xem Id phan dien trong cdc ghi chep cua ljch sir. Hcang Htru Ban nhieu ldn de nhan vat t y t h i hien npi tam ciia minh qua nhirng mdn ddc thoai ddl. Cy dd, tam dja ciia mdt ngydi phg ntr tham q u y l n lyc, tim dii mgi cdch de dya con trai cua minh len ngdi d y g c the hien qua nhiiu cung bac cam xiic. Mac dii cd nhO'ng dm myu vd hdnh dpng quyit liet, dpc ac nhyng hgn ai h i t , Nguyin Thj Anh t y cam t h i y ban than minh la mpt ngypi phu n y ddy mdu thudn. Bd t y gidng xe giO'a hai con dypng " d i e nhan tam" va
"thit nhdn tdm": "Quylt lay mdt b l ? Chpn lya gltra lygng tam vd tpi dc!
Lygng tam va tpi ac... B y p c ngpi bdu thi t h i t nhdn tam! Die nhan tam thi m i t ngdi bdu [...]. Nguyin Trdi! G i l t Ngydi hay de Ngypi s i n g , dpi sau se nguyin riia ta, nguyen rua Thdi hau Nguyin Thj Anh nay! Va cam thygng, kinh yeu, ca nggi Ngypi, mdi mdi ngan thu sau" (Hpdng Hiru Ban, 2007: 115).
Chinh phypng thirc mieu ta nhan vat g nhu'ng khia canh khdc nhau da the
hien d y p c t i t ca nhu'ng n i l day dirt trong Idng ngygi ddn bd tham quyln vd dpc dc, dil nhan thirc dypc am myu ciia minh la "thit nhan tam" nhyng vl quyln lyc, vl ngcl bdu, vd dac biet la tinh yeu thygng ve bd b i n d i n mirc mil qudng danh che ccn trai minh md bd da c h i p nhdn Idm t i t cd vd chju sy nguyin riia ciia ngydi ddi. B l r i l k i t thuc VP kjch, Nguyin Thj Anh cung bang hcang nhan ra mpt phdn ly b i t tii': " l i e Trai! Lfc Trai! Ngygi da thing, ngygi da t h i n g ! .. Ngydi dd thing!
Ngydi la Nhan NghTa! Nhdn NghTa mai mai thing hung tdn bap ngygcl Nhdn NghTa mdi mai trong ngin" (Hodng Htru Ban, 2007: 135).
Chinh nhu'ng giang xe trong npi tdm nhdn vat da che ngypi dpc thiy dypc bi kjch cua mpt ngydi phu ny d i y quyln lyc. Bay khdng phai Id bl kjch ciia mpt ngydi t h i t bai sau bac am myu tranh gidnh, thdm chi ham hai trung t h i n ma Id bi kjch ciia lypng tdm bj cdn rirt vl nhtrng tdi dc md bd da gdy ra. Nhan dinh v i nhan vat Nguyin Thj Anh, t i t ca sir sdch cung nhy cdc c u i n dd sir d i u cci bd nhy mpt ccn ngygi am myu, ham quyln lyc, la ngydi dd gidn t i l p gdy ra tham dn Le Chi vien, nhyng trong tdc pham ciia Hodng Hyu Ban, nhdn vdt Nguyin Thj Anh da d y p c khai thdc re hgn ve nhirng n i l day dirt, dau k h i md bd da chju dyng de dat d y g c muc dich. Tdc gia khdng chi ndi d y g c nhtrng dilu dd md cdn de nhan vdt ciia minh ce eg hdi d y g c giai bay, d y g c ndi cho h i t nhu'ng u l n khuc xung quanh nhirng
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 10+11 (242+243) 2018
hdnh dpng tdi ldi ciia minh.
Cd the ndi, xay dyng nhdn vat bang t y duy d i i thoai Id phygng thyc dypc cdc nhd scan kjch r i t cci trpng va t h i hien nhilu treng cdc tdc pham ciia minh.
Cung nhy trcng tiiu thuyit lich sir, trong cdc tdc pham kjch chiing ta khdng khd cd t h i b i t gap mpt nhan vat ljch sii' tygng chirng nhy dd dygc ddng khung trcng cdc trang chinh su" lai hien ISn mdt cdch sdu s i c vd da chilu, thdm chi Id dl ngygc lai vdl nhirng dilu md ngydi dpc the he sau da tirng bilt v l hp. NhO'ng nhdn vat thydng gdy tranh ludn trcng lich sir nhy Tran Thii Bp, Tran Thj Dung, Dypng Van Nga, Phan Thanh Gian, Nguyen Thj Anh...
mdt l i n nD-a dygc khai thdc, tdi hi$n khpng chi p gde dp ciia mpt chinh tn gia, md hgn h i t , hg mpt ccn ngydi trong cudc s i n g dpi thypng vdi nhtrng suy nghT ciia mdt ngydi Idm cha, Idm me, Idm chong, lam vg,
4. K^T LUAN
Ljch sir phong k i l n va ljch sir chiln tranh each mang da d y p c the hien rit rd net qua cdc tac pham kjch ljch sir md chiing ta dang ndi den. Bac dilm nhan vdt trcng cdc tac pham kjch cung dygc chi p h i i bgi chinh chu Se ma cdc tdc p h i m dd hydng tdi. Chinh vl le dd, hai hydng xdy dyng nhan vdt dypc the hi$n rat rd: nhdn vat d i i n hinh, nhat qudn vd nhan v$t mang tinh del thcal, da chilu. O m i l ddc diem, nhdn vat cua kjch d y g c t h i hien khdc nhau nhyng deu a?t tdi thanh cdng, Idm nil rd chil d i cQng nhy t y tygng sdng tdc ciia cdc tac gia kjch ban. Vdl xu hudng khai thdc chii d l ljch sir va d$c diem nhdn vdt ciia kjch nhy vay, sy kidn cung nhy y i u tc xung ddt, ngpn ngti' kjch cung d y p c chi p h i i d l phti hgp vdi moi tdc pham. Chinh dilu ndy vira Idm nSn sy khdc biet giO'a cdc tac p h i m , vira Idm ndn s y thong nhit ciia cdc y l u t i trcng cting mdt tac pham. Q
TAI LIEU TRICH DAN
1. Hodng Hyu Ban. 2007. Bl mdt Vwdn Lg Chi. Hd Ndi: Nxb. Van hpc.
2. LJ Hodn Thgc Tram. 2009. VSn hgc kich Viet Nam vdi di tii lich sir. Khoa Vdn hoc va Ngdn ngii, Trudng Bai hpe Khoa hpc Xd hdi vd NhSn vdn, Bai hpc Quoe gia TPHCM.
http://khoavanhoe-ngonngu.edu.vn/nghien-cuu/van-hpc-viet-nam/266-vn-hc-keh-vlt-nam-vi- tai-leh-s.html, truy cdp ngdy 27/2/2009.
3. Nhieu tdc gia. 2000. Nguyen Binh Thi - ve tic gia vi tic pham. Hd Noi: Nxb. Gido dgc.
4. Phan Cy B$ - Ha Minh Birc (chu bien). 1979. Nha vin Vigt Nam (194S -1975). tdp 1 Hd Npi: Nxb Bai hoc vd Trung hpc Chuyen nghiep.
5. Phan Cy Be (chii bien). 2004. VSn hgc Vigt Nam thi kf XX. Hd Ndi: Nxb. Gido dgo 6. Viet Quynh (ghi). Cd the sang tao nhan vat lich su- den dau. https.//www.thethaovanhoa.
vn/buixuanphai/details/c133n20081027030313671/eo-the-sang-tao-nhan-vat-lieh-su-den- dau.htm#, truy cdp ngay 22/4/2018.
