NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
Qua d i i u tra, tim hieu v i thuc hien GDMT d mdt sd trudng cao d i n g va dai hpc tai cac tinh Thanh Hea, Nghe An, Ha TTnh cho thiy GDMT da dua lai nhdng k i t qua l i t dep. Sinh vien da cd dugc nhdng h i i u biit d i y du v i mdi trudng, da cd nhdng ky nang hoat ddng, hanh ddng vi mdi trudng va nhd dd da gdp p h i n dang k i vao viec ISm che mdi trudng treng - sach - dep.
Cy Nghe An, trong nhung nam qua quy md cac bac hpc, c i p hpc tang nhanh. Sd hpc sinh d Nghe An chi thua kem thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Ha Npi va dang duge hgc tap treng 631 trud-ng t i i u hpc, 473 trudng trung hpc ca sd, 85 trudng trung hpc phc thdng. Dd se la nguon luc vd ciing quan trpng chp GDMT. oac biet trong thdi gian qua, nganh giao due va dao tao Nghe An da cd nhiiu heat
ddng v i GDMT nhu: Nang cac nhan thdc che cac c i p lanh dac cac trudng pho thdng bing viec hudng d i n , chi dao dang ky xay dung trudng dat chuan xanh-sach-dep, thuc hien ling ghep GDMT thdng qua mdn hgc, hoac cung c i p d i y du, kip thdi cac tai lieu GDMT cho cac nha trudng, hoac to chuc cac hpi nghj nhan rdng md hinh xay dung trudng theo hudng xanh hoa, hoac thuc hien cac CUPC thi v i mdi trudng, cho giao vien tap huin v i GDBVMT tai Dai hpc Vinh, thuc hien cac dy an v i mdi trudng... Ddi vdi hpc sinh, hay doi vdi t h i he tre ndi chung, thuc hien tdt GDMT khdng chi dap ung nhung yeu c i u hien tai ma nd cdn cd tac dung nhan rdng va thuc d i y nd luc phin d i u vi mdt mdi trudng trang sach, dep de, phat triin b i n vdng./.
Tai lieu tham khao
1-Bd Giao Due va Dao tao- Dwa cac noi dung bio ve moi trwang vao he thong giao due quoc dan. Ha N6i-2002 2-Bd Giao Due va Dao tao/UNDP/DANIDA- Thiet ke cac modun giao due moi trwdng-Ha Noi, 2004.
3-Nguyen Dwang Tue va cong sw- Nghien cwu va xay dwng chwong trinh, bien soan tai lieu giang day va hoc tap ve giao due bao ve moi truang a trwang Trung hoc pho thong- Dai hoc Vinh, 2003.
4- Nguyen Duang Tue va cong sw- Tai lieu hw&ng dan giang d^y va hoc tap ve giao due bao ve moi trw&ng a cac trwdng Trung hQC piio thong cac tinh mien Trung - D^i hoc Vinh, 2005.
LICH SCr C6 TRUNG DAI V I £ T NAM TRONG
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N^N C A N H L I C H S U C 6 TRUNG BAI " I O N G NAM A
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(Nhan doc cac sach Giao khoa ljch SLF pho thong)
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Hoang Quoc Tuan Khoa Sw - Dai hoc Vinh
N
gay nay, chiing ta da cd nhiiu ngudn tai lieu d i khing djnh r i n g eac nhdm cua c u dan nguyen thuy d Ddng Nam A ngay tu thien nien ky thu II tr.CN da b i i t su dung dd dong thau. T h i nhung chinh tai khu vuc nay nhanudc lai ra ddi tuang doi mupn.
Ngpai tru nha nudc Van Lang, Au Lac ma trung tam khdi x u i t cua nd d viing chau the sdng Hdng la ra ddi tr.CN. Cy cac khu vuc khac nha nudc d i u hinh thanh sau cdng nguyen. Nhung quoc gia nhu t h i nay d i u dugc
gpi la cac vuang qudc eo. Mdi vuang q u i c d i u chua cd ranh gidi rd rang va dac biet la chua g i n vdi met tdc ngudi nhit djnh Cy met sd vuang qudc, ngudi ta chi biit d i n ten ggi va trung tam phat x u i t cua nd ma thdi, Trong thien nien ky thd I sau CN. hang
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chuc quoc gia nhu vay da ra ddi d Ddng Nam A. Nhung tu t h i ki V trd di, do nhiiu nguyen nhan khac nhau, phin Idn cac quoc gia CO nay d i u budc vao thdi ky suy y i u va tan ra. T u dd hinh thanh nen nhdng quoc gia mdi, mdi quoc gia mdi ra ddi d i u dua tren ca sd'phat trien cua met tdc ngudi nhit dinh, c h i i m da so, ching han nhu Dai Viet cua ngudi Viet, Cham Pa cua ngudi Cham, Chan Lap cua ngudi Khame... Bdi vay, nd dugc ggi la cae q u i c gia phong k i i n dan tdc.
Trong lich su- Ddng Nam A, moi vuang qudc co, hay qudc gia phong kiin d i u cd nhung eon dudng phat triin lich s u cua rieng minh. Song tu sau t h i ky XV, phan ldn d i u bude vao giai doan suy thoai (chi cd cac quoc gia cua ngudi Thai va ngud'i Lae v i n phat triin thjnh vugng che tdi t h i ky XVll, XVlll). Trong b i i canh dd, su xam nhap cua tu ban phuang Tay dudng nhu la nhan td cud[ ciing cd y nghTa quyit djnh d i n tdi s u suy vong cua cac quoc gia phong k i i n d Ddng Nam A. Q Viet Nam, t i i n trinh Ijch su cd - trung dai cung diin ra theo xu hudng chung cua lich su khu vuc.
Cac ngudn tu lieu khao co cung xac nhan, treng thien nien ky thu 1 tr.CN, tren lanh the nude ta da t i n tai ba n i n van hea Idn: Ddng San, Sa Huynh, D i e Chiia, tuang ung vdi ba miin Bie - Trung - Nam. Nhdng n i n van hea nay da tao ra t i i n d i vat chit c i n thiit cho s u hinh thanh nen cac vuang q u i c co:
Van Lang - Au Lac, Cham Pa va Phil Nam.
Cy miin Bic, tu- trong phuc he van hoa Phiing Nguyen - Ddng San da phat x u i t n i n van minh Lac Viet. Od la cac nha
nudc Van Lang, Au Lac cua cac cpng dong dan c u ndi ngdn ngu Nam A ma treng dd tdc Viet la hat nhan. Cuang vuc phia nam cua cac qudc gia nay d u g c gidi han bdi day niii Hoanh San.
N i n van hoa Lac Viet cdn d u g c ggi la van minh sdng Hdng, npi dung lich su va van hoa cua no da dugc minh dinh met each rd rang, cd he thong va dudng nhu b i t ky mpt ngudi Viet Nam nap cung d i u cd met h i i u biit n h i t djnh.
O" m i i n Trung, mdt khdi k i t tinh van hoa t u Bau Tro d i n Sa Huynh cung da tae ra cac t i i n d i c i n thiit che chu nhan cua nd - nhCrng c u dan thupc loai hinh nhan chung Anhddnedieng, ndi ngdn ngu Nam Oao (Malayd - Polinedi) cd pha trpn y i u td Mdn- Khame cua ngCr he Nam A, budc vao thdi ky lap qudc, Nhung cai gaeh n i i tu van hda Sa Huynh d i n ljeh s u va van hda Cham Pa thi chua dugc chiing ta nhan thuc met each d i y du va rd rang. Mac dii vuang quoc Cham Pa cua ngudi Cham da tung t i n tai treng khoang 15 t h i ky (td t h i ky 11 - t h i ky XVll), lanh tho cua nd liic rdng n h i t bao gom phan d i t t u nam Hoanh San cho d i n tan luu vuc sdng Ddng Nai.
Cy m i i n Nam, tu phuc he van hda Ddc Chiia - 6 c Eo cung da hinh thanh nen nhung vugng quoc CO da dugc xac nhan, dd la nudc Chi Tdn hay Phii Nam ma trung tam cua nd d m i i n Tay sdng Hau. Thdi gian tdn tai cua vugng q u i c Phii Nam a vao khoang the ky I den t h i ky VI, cuang vuc cua nd kha rpng ldn, bao gdm ca nhung viing d i t n i m ngoai lanh thd nudc ta ngay nay.
Viec hinh thanh va phat trien cua ba trung tam van hda ndi
tren da chung td, ngay tu- thai dai kim khi, cac cdng d i n g dan c u cd d nudc ta da cd mdt budc chuyen quan trpng td tiin sii- sang sa s u . Trong budc chuyin ijch s u i y , gida cac trung tam van hda da nay sinh nhdng quan he van hda tac dpng i i n nhau giua viing van hda nay vdi viing van hda kia va ngugc lai. Q mdi viing lanh thd d i u cd nhdng sic thai van hda rieng, nhung t i t ca d i u d u g c hinh thanh va phat triin tren met n i n canh chung cua van minh ndng nghiep lua nudc va dat trinh do cao trong ky thuat luyen kim ddng thau.
T u nhung thuc t i lich sir tren, khi nhin nhan khdi nguon lich s u cua Viet Nam, vdi y nghTa la mpt qudc gia thing nhat nhu ngay nay, thi nen cci eac trung tam van hda Ddng San - Sa Huynh - Ddc Chiia nhu la nhung thanh t i quan trpng hgp thanh cua lich s u dan tdc. Mac dil trong hang nghin nam van dpng va phat trien, d mdi trung tam da d i i n ra nhdng qua trinh ljch s u khac nhau. Cd t h i dd la nhung ddng chay rieng re nhung c u i i ciing d i u dugc hgp nhit lai treng met ngudn chung cua Ijch s u va van hda dan tpc. Dd la su- thdng n h i t trong da dang va da dang tren ca sd thing nhit cua lich su, van hda Viet Nam, Chinh vi vay, d i nhan thuc diy du ljch s u cua dan tdc thi phai hieu lich s u cua cac thanh t i tao lap. Nhung d nudc ta, trpng thuc t i v i n d i khdng h i n da dien ra nhu vay. Cd mdt ddng ljch s u da dugc chiing ta nghien cuu, giang day, hpc tap kha diy du va cd he thong, dd la ddng lich s u khdi x u i t t u trung tam sdng Hong. Trong khi dd cd hai ddng Ijch s u khdi s u i t d miin Trung va m i i n Nam thi chua dugc chiing ta quan tam diing muc. O" day, v i n d i khdng phai
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do thiiu tai lieu ma la do quan niem va nhan thdc.
Trong sach giao khea ljch s u Idp 7, NXB Giao dye Ha Ndi, nam 2003, vuang q u i c Cham Pa dugc ca c i u trong pham vi Ijch su t h i gidi, p h i n Odng Nam A Cdn trong sach giao khoa lich su Idp 10, NXB Giao due Ha Ndi, nam 2003, vuang qudc Cham Pa va vuang q u i c Phii Nam lai dugc ca c i u treng pham vi ljch s u Viet Nam. Ndi dung Ijch su cua 2 qudc gia co nay dugc gidi thieu chi trong mdt trang in.
Nam 1983, NXB Oai hpc va THCN Ha Ndi x u i t ban cucn
"Ljch su Viet Nam" tap I ciJa cac tac gia Phan Huy Le, Ha Van T i n , T r i n Qudc Vugng, Luang Ninh. Chuang V cua cudn sach nay tap trung gidi thieu ljch s u Cham Pa td t h i ky 11 d i n t h i ky X (td trang 284 d i n trang 333).
T h i nhung trong thuc t i , khdng phai t i t ca cac cac trudng dai hpc, cao d i n g d i u dua ndi dung cua phin ljch su nay vao giang day cho sinh vien. Hien nay, tai lieu d i nghien ciru va giang day Ijch su Cham Pa khdng cdn thiiu Ngoai thu tjch co Trung Hoa va nhdng ghi chep cua
Marco Polo, cdn cd k i t qua nghien cdu cua trudng V i i n Odng Bac co trong 50 nam d i u cua t h i ky XX vdi nhdng khao edu noi tieng nhu: "Ghi chep ve ngwdi Cham" cua Durant,
"Ngwai Cham va tdn giao cua ho" ciia Aymenier, "Panduranga"
cua Finot, "Vwong qudc Chiem Thanh" cua Maspere va nhung k i t qua nghien cdu khac v i Ijch su, van hea, tdn giao, k i i n triic Cham Pa cua nhiiu nha khoa hpc Viet Nam td nam 1975 d i n nay.
Trong ljch su co - trung dai t h i gidi ndi chung, khu vuc Odng Nam A ndi rieng, viec mpt quoc gia nay hung khdi va thjnh dat, mdt q u i c gia kia suy y i u va suy vong, cd t h i dugc coi la met hien tugng binh thudng cua su van ddng ljch su. Qua trinh lich s u cua cac quie gia co tren lanh the nudc ta cung vay, mdi q u i e gia d i u cd nhdng nguyen nhan lich su khac nhau ma phat triin hay suy vong. Td sau t h i ky X, q u i c gia Dai Viet khdng ngdng Idn manh, nay sinh nhu c i u md rdng va thing nhit lanh the.
Nam 1471, Le Thanh Tdng cho dung bia d Deo Ca (Phii Yen) d i khing djnh bien gidi phia Nam cua Oai Viet, lap ra dao
Quang Nam bao gdm phan dSt td Hai Van d i n Phii Yen - Khanh Hoa. T d nam 1693 d i n nam 1697, chiia Nguyin Phiic Chu hoan t i t viec sap nhap phin d i t cdn lai d cue Nam Trung bd va Nam bd vao lanh tho ciia xd Oang Trong. D i n d i u t h i ky XIX, khi Gia Long thyc hien dai nhit thing qudc gia, thi d m i i n Trung, m i i n Nam eae lang, ban, phum, sdc cua ngudi Viet, ngudi Cham va ngudi Khame Nam bd da sinh s i n g xen ke nhau mdt each i n dinh. T i t ca hp d i u y thuc r i t rd la t h i n dan cua mdt hpang d i va la dan c u cua mpt q u i c gia dan tdc.
T u nhan thdc tren, chiing tdi quan niem ring ljch su, van hda Viet Nam la su hgp thanh cua nhiiu ddng chay Ijch su va van hda khac nhau. Vi vay viec nghien cUu, giang day va hpc tap Ijch s u Viet Nam thdi cc trung dai phai bao quat dugc nhdng ndi dung ca ban cua eae thanh to Ijch su, van hda ciia cac tdc ngudi tao lap nen cac ddng chay lich su dd. T i t ca cac thanh tuu van minh cua cac ddng ljch su c i u thanh nen Ijch s u Viet Nam d i u thupc v i van hda Viet Nam, ciia dan tdc Viet Nam./.
Tai lieu tham khao chinh
1. Pham Ouc Duang: Van di Proto-Viet Mw&ng tmng lich sir Viet Nam va Dong Nam A thai eo dai - Nhung phat hien mo-i ve khao CO hoc nam 1986.
2. Nguyin Duy: Cw dan a Viet Nam trw&c, trong va sau th&i Hdng Vwong - Khao co hoc s6 2/1969.
3. Diep Oinh Hoa: Th&i ky di/ng nw&c va giw nu&c diu tien qua tai lieu Khao co hoc - Hung Vuo-ng dung nudc tap IV, Ha Noi 1974
4 Ha Van Tin (Chu bien): Khao co hpc Viet Nam - Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi - 2000.
>(. .t. O l i t - ' i / l -iii liii i „ ' ' ' : T '
