KY YEU "CAC DE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006"
DE TAI: N G H I E N C U f U C O S O K H O A H O C O E X A Y D U N G H E T H O N G
C a quan chu t r i de t a i : Trung tdm Dieu tra Quy hoach Dat dai
C h u n h i e m dd t a i : ThS. Nguyin Tien Cudng, Trung tdm Dieu tra Quy hoach Ddt dai Cac t h a n h vien:
Muc tieu cua de tai:
- Thiet lap ca sa khoa hoc va phuang phap ludn dd xac dinh he thdng ban dd phuc vu cdng tac bao vd mdi trudng dat theo vung tu nhien - kinh te {cap vi md) va khu vuc dac thu ve mdi trudng da't (cap vi md).
- Xac dinh danh muc cac loai ban dd can thiet lidn quan dd'n vide bao vd mdi trudng da't, cac yeu td ndi dung chuydn mdn, yeu cdu the hien ndi dung va trinh bay ban dd phu hop vdi tdng ca'p.
Ndi dung nghien cuu cua de t a i :
- Nghien cuu tdng quan cac van dd lien quan dd'n mdi trudng da't.
- Nghien cuu ca sd khoa hoc va thuc tidn vd cdng tac xay dung cac loai ban dd bao vd mdi trudng da't.
- Nghien cdu xac dinh he thd'ng bd ban dd bao vd mdi trudng da't.
- Thiet lap ban dd thu nghidm phuc vu cdng tac bao vd m d i trudng dat.
T d m tat ket qua nghien cdu:
Ngoai phdn m d ddu va kd't luan, bd cue cua bao cao duoc chia thanh 3 phdn sau:
Phdn 1: Tdng quan mdi trudng dat va thuc tidn cdng tac xay dung ban dd bao vt mdi trudng ddt.
Phdn 2: Co sd khoa hoc va phuong phap luan xay dung he thd'ng ban dd bao vd m d i trudng dat.
Phdn 3: Kd't qua thu nghidm xay dung ban dd mdi trudng dat.
P H A N 1: T O N G Q U A N M O I T R U C f N G D A T V A T H U C T I E N C O N G T A C X A Y D U N G B A N D O B A O V E M O I T R U I N G D A T
1.1. MOT SO V A N DE CO B A N VE M O I TRUONG DAT 1.1.1. Cac yeu t d tac ddng den m d i t r u d n g da't
B A N D O B A O V E M O I T R U O N G D A T
ThS. Cao TiSh Nam ThS. Nguyin Van Tan ThS. Nguyin Van Cudng ThS. Bui Tan Yen ThS. Nguyin Vu Quynh Lan ThS. Pham Anh Tui'n KS. Pham Tied Lai
Trung tim Diiu tra Quy hoach di't dai.
TT. Tai nguyen Mdi trudng DHQGHN.
Cue Mdi trudng.
Vien Thdnhuong Ndng hoa.
TT. Nghien cuu &phat bien Vung Bp KH&CN Vien Nghien cdu Dia chinh.
Trung tim Diiu tra Quy hoach di't dai.
KY YEU "CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006^
Cac yeu to tac dong den m o i trudng dat bao gom: yeu td t u nhien (KMhau. dia hinh, tham thuc vat...) yeu t d kinh te - xa hdi va yeu td con ngudi (Qua trinh do thi hoa, ap luc tang dan so, su gia tang cac hoat dpng san xudt...). Cac yeu to nay tac ddng den mdi trudng dat theo 2 chieu hudng: tich cue (cai thien) va tieu cue (thoai hoa, 6 nhidm
ddt), song do nhieu nguyen nhan, xu hudng tieu cue van la chu yeu.
1.1.2. N h u n g thach thdc m d i t r u d n g d nude ta va van de m d i t r u d n g toan cau /. Nhung thdeh thuc vd cdc vdn de mdi trudng d nude ta
Rdng tiep tuc bi suy thoai; da dang sinh hoc tren dat lien va dudi bien tiep tuc bi suy giam; cha't lupng cac ngudn nude tiep tuc bi xudng ca'p; m d i trudng dd thi va khu cdng nghidp tiep tuc b i d nhidm; cha't lupng m d i trudng ndng thon dang cd xu hudng xudng cap nhanh
2. Cdc van de mdi trudng todn cau cd anh hudng ldn den Viet Nam
Va'n de mdi trudng cua luu vuc sdng M e Kong va sdng Hong; va'n de mdi trudng cac viing rdng cd chung bien gidi; mua axit; d nhidm tang k h i quyen, hieu ung nha kinh va suy giam tang ozon; d nhidm bien va dai duong; chuydn dich d nhidm.
1.1.3. Cac h i n h t h a i suy thoai m d i t r u d n g dat d nude ta
/ . Thoai hod ddt: Dat bi rua trdi, xdi mdn; Da't bi bac mau hoa; Dat bi man hoa;
Da't bi phen hoa; Dat bi axit hda; Da't bi khd han, cdng hda; Da't bi hoang mac hoa; Da't bi lay hoa, ngap ling, trupt da't va sat l d da't.
2. O nhiem ddt: O nhidm da't do hoat dpng cdng nghidp - tieu thu cdng nghidp; Do chat thai dd thi va khu dan cu ndng thdn; Do k i m loai nang; D o vide sd dung phan bdn;
Do su dung thudc bao ve thuc vat; Do khai thac khoang san; D o chat ddc hoa hoc.
1.2. THUC TRANG CONG TAC XAY DUNG CAC LOAI BAN DO LIEN QUAN DEN VIEC BAO VE MOI TRUONG DAT
Mac dii hien nay trong cac chuong trinh, du an nghien cuu ve m d i trudng da xay dung dupe mpt so ban dd, so do lien quan den m o i trudng da't nhung v i n con d mdc so khai va mang tinh cha'm pha nhu: ban thao tac gia xeri ban dd hidn trang tai nguyen mdi trudng Viet Nam ty Id 1:1000.000, ban dd quy hoach m d i trudng vung Ddng bang sdng Hong d ty Id 1:100.000, ban dd m d i trudng sinh thai rdng ngap man tinh Ca M a u ty le 1:100.000, quy hoach cac khu chdc nang m d i trudng vung H o n Gia - Cam Pha va lan can dd'n nam 2010...
Cdng tac xay dung he thd'ng ban dd phuc vu cdng tac bao ve mdi trudng dat con bde Id nhidu ton tai dupe thd hidn d mpt so mat sau:
- Vide nghien cuu, xay dung ban dd theo hudng phuc vu cdng tac bao vd m d i trudng da't con mang tinh don le, thieu tinh tdng hop, toan dien.
- Cac ban do da dupe xay dung chua cd tinh he thd'ng va thieu tinh dong bp.
- N d i dung chuyen mdn the hien con chua day du va chi mang tinh khai lupc.
- Nhieu ban dd lien quan dd'n mdi trudng dat dupe xay dung tren ban dd ndn khdng phu hop, khdng dam bao yeu cau k y thuat cua yd'u to ndn k h i xay dung ban do.
- Vide xac dinh, lua chon ty le phu hop k h i xay dung ban do con vudng mac, gay khd khan trong vide the hidn cac yd'u to ndi dung.
KY YEU "CAC DE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006"
- Viec thiet ke noi dung chuyen mon k h i xay dung ban do con co su khap khieng, thieu tinh thong nha't giua cac ban do.
- Chua co bo ky hidu va mau sac thong nhat dd bieu thi cac noi dung cua ban do.
- Cong t i c trinh bdy ban d6 chua dam bao yeu cau ve mat k y thuat va tham my.
PHAN 2: CO Sd KHOA HOC VA PHUONG PHAP LUAN XAY DUNG
H E T H O N G B A N D O B A O V E M O I T R U C f N G O A T 2.1. VAN DE LY LUAN CO BAN VE BAN DO BAO VE MOI TRUONG DAT
2.1.1. M o t sd khai niem
/ . Khdi quat chung ve ban do chuyen de
Ban do chuyen de, chuyen nganh: gom ban do giao thong dudng bien, ban dd hang khdng, ban do quan l y rudng da't, ban do bao vd mdi trudng dat, ban dd giao khoa, dan cu, kinh te van hoa, hanh chinh - chinh tri, ban do lich sd, ban dd thiet ke va cac loai ban do khac.
2. Khdi niem ban do bao ve mdi trudng ddi
Ban do bao vd m d i trudng dat (hay ban dd mdi trudng da't) la mdt loai ban dd chuydn de ma ndi dung chuyen mdn cua no phan anh hidn trang su phan bd, quy m d va mdc dd anh hudng tidu cue cua cac qua trinh tu nhien va con ngudi dd'n m d i trudng da't trong mdt lanh thd nha't dinh".
2.1. Phuang phap ban dd trong nghien cuu mdi trudng
Dd danh gia va kidm soat tinh trang sd dung tai nguydn - m d i trudng ddi hdi phai xay dung hd thd'ng ban dd vd bao vp m d i trudng. Hien nay nhd mang ludi tram quan trac mdi trudng qudc gia ndn cdng tac xay dung ban dd quy hoach bao ve m d i trudng da cd cac tai lieu xua't phat dang tin cay. Dinh nghla do L.S. Filipovich (1980) dua ra: "Ldpmd hinh ban dd duac xem nhu la mpt he thdng cac phuang phap va thu phap ldp ban dd nham nh&n duac nhung tri thdc mdi ve ddi tuong nghien cdu ".
2.2. Vai trd, y nghla khoa hoc cua ban do mdi trudng ddt
He thd'ng ban dd m d i trudng da't con cd y nghla quan trpng vdi vai trd la ngudn t u lieu khoa hoc can thidt cho vide quyet dinh cac hoat ddng phat tridn: Quy hoach sd dung da't; Phan bd cay trdng; Xay dung ddng rudng; Xay dung ke hoach, bidn phap cai tao dat;
Xay dung kd' hoach bao vd mdi trudng dat...
Bdn canh dd, ban dd d nhidm da't lai cd vai trd va y nghla quan trpng trong vide bao ve moi trudng da't vdi su phat tridn cua cac khu cdng nghidp, cac khu dd thi,... Tren co sd ban dd d nhidm da't, xay dung k d hoach bao v& m d i trudng da't, khdng che cac nguyen nhan gay d nhidm.
2.3. Muc dich, ydu cau thanh ldp ban do mdi trudng ddt 1. Muc dich thanh ldp hp thdng ban do mdi trudng dai
- Quan l y Nha nude vd m d i trudng ndi chung va m d i trudng ddt ndi rieng.
- Xay dung chien lupc, kd' hoach phat tridn kinh te, xa hdi, qudc phong an ninh gdn vdi vide bao vd m d i trudng ddt bdn vung.
- Lam co sd dd xdy dung mdt he thd'ng ban dd mdi trudng ddt thd'ng nha't trong pham vi lanh thd hanh chinh cac cdp.
KY YEU 'CAC BE TAI NGHIEN CPU KHOA HOC • CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006"
2. Yeu cau khi thanh lap va the hien ban do mdi trudng dat
Tinh chat da dang va phong phu cua cac dac trung dinh tinh, dinh luong ve moi truong dat, viec lua chon so' luong chi tieu dac thu de xay dung ban do se quyet dinh npi dung, each thuc trinh bay ban do:
- Dam bao tinh hop ly va kd't hop.
- Dam bao tinh thdng nha't.
- Dam bao tinh ddy du.
2.2. PHAN L O A I HE THONG B A N DO M O I T R U I N G DAT 2.2.1. Cac tieu chi phan loai ban do m o i t r u d n g da't
1. Phdn loqi bdn dd mdi trudng ddt theo ndi dung nghien cuu
Tuy theo tdng yeu cdu npi dung cdn nghien cdu cu the ma co nhidu loai ban do moi trudng dat khac nhau, song co thd tdng hop thanh 2 nhom ban do chinh: N h o m ban dd thoai hod dat; Nhom ban do d nhidm ddt.
2. Phdn loqi bdn dd mdi trudng ddt theo ty le bdn dd
Trong cdng tac phan loai ban dd m d i trudng da't, can cd quan trpng nhdt khi xac dinh ty Id ban do cdn xay dung dd la yd'u to quy md dien tich khu vuc cdn nghien cuu va muc dp phdc tap cua ndi dung nghien cuu cdn the hien tren ban dd. Tren co sd dd, cd the1 phan loai ban do mdi trudng dat thanh 3 nhom chinh sau:
- Ban do ty Id ldn: cd ty le td 1:2000 den 1:5.000 va ldn hon.
- Ban dd ty le trung binh: cd ty Id td 1: 10.000 dd'n 1: 50.000.
- Ban dd ty Id nho: cd ty Id td 1: 100.000 den 1: 1000.000.
2.2.2. He thdng ban dd mdi trudng da't 1. Ban dd tdng hop (ban do chung)
Ban dd mdi trudng dat tdng hop la ban dd ma trdn dd phan anh ddng thdi ca 2 ndi dung chinh: thoai hoa dat va d nhidm dat (cac hinh thai chinh suy thoai mdi trudng ddt).
Tuy nhien mdc dp va npi dung thd hidn ddi vdi tdng dia ban con phu thupc vao tinh chd't cua ban dd va pham v i lanh thd nghien cuu.
Ban dd mdi trudng dat tdng hop dupe xac dinh trong he thd'ng gdm:
(1). Ban dd m d i trudng dat cap xa.
(2). Ban do mdi trudng dat cap huyen.
(3). Ban do mdi trudng dat cap tinh.
2. Nhom ban dd thanh phdn (ban dd rieng)
Ban do mdi trudng dat thanh phdn la ban do ma tren dd chi phan anh mdt npi dung thoai hoa dat hoac d nhidm ddt. Tuy thudc vao muc dich nghien cdu va pham v i lanh thd dieu tra ma ban do m d i trudng dat thanh phdn cd thd d dang day du (bao gom tdt ca cdc yeu to'npi dung cua thoai hoa hoac d nhidm) hay d dang don tinh (chi thi hien mpt trong
cdc npi dung cua thoai hod hoac d nhidm).
Tren co sd dd, ban do mdi trudng dat thanh phdn dupe xac dinh bao gom 2 loai ban do co ban, dd la:
Y YEU "CAC BE TAl NGHIEN COU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHg NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006"
(1). Ban dd thoai hoa moi trudng ddt: Ban dd thoai hoa m o i trudng dat cap xa; cap huyen; cap tinh. Trong dd xac dinh cu the cac loai hinh thoai hoa dat, bao gdm: Thoai hoa dat do rua trdi, xdi mdn, do bac mau hoa, do man hoa, do phen hoa...
(2). Ban do 6 nhidm mdi trudng dat: Ban dd d nhidm m d i trudng dat cap xa; cap huyen; cap tinh.Trong dd xac dinh cu the cac loai hinh d nhidm da't, bao gdm: O nhidm da't do chat thai cdng nghidp - tieu thu cdng nghiep; do chat thai dd thi va khu dan cu ndng thdn; do k i m loai nang; do phan hoa hoc, thudc bao ve thuc vat...
2.3. CO S6 TOAN HOC VA CO S6 DIA LY CUA HE THONG BAN DO MOI TRUONG DAT 2.3.1. Co sd toan hoc cua he thdng ban dd m d i t r u d n g dat
1. Ludi chieu ban do
Ddi vdi ban dd m d i trudng da't, ludi chieu ban do duoc su dung theo ludi chidu ban do da dugfc quy dinh va hudng dan cu the trong Thdng tu Hudng dan ap dung he quy chieu va he toa dp qudc gia V N - 2000 cua Tdng cue D i a chinh (nay la Bo Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng).
2. Ty 16 ban dd
Ty le cua cac ban dd trong he thd'ng xeri ban do m d i trudng da't cac cap dugc ap dung tuong dng vdi day ty Id ban do quy dinh thanh lap ban do hidn trang sd dung ddt do Bp Tai nguyen va M d i trudng ban hanh.
2.3.2. Co sd dia ly cua he thdng ban dd mdi trudng dat
Tai lieu diing lam ban do nen dd xay dung cac loai ban dd m d i trudng da't la ban dd nen dia hinh dupe thanh lap theo quy dinh thdng nha't, trong dd yeu cau thd hidn cac ndi dung chinh cua ban do ndn bao gdm:
- Dudng dia gidi hanh chinh theo ban dd 364.
- Cac yd'u to dia ly co ban nhu: dia hinh, he thd'ng thuy van, he thd'ng giao thdng, cac didm dan cu, dia danh va dia vat quan trpng.
2.3.3. Cac ngudn tai lieu can thiet de xay dung ban do m d i t r u d n g da't - Tai lieu ban do, anh may bay, anh ve tinh.
- Tai lieu didu tra tai thuc dia, lay mdu, ket qua phan tich mdu.
- Tai lieu quy dinh chi tidu, tieu chuan danh gia chat lupng m d i trudng da't.
- Tai lieu quan trdc, nghidn cuu nhidu nam vd cac dac trung m d i trudng dat, so lieu va cac du lidu luu tru.
2.4. THIET KE N 0 I DUNG CHUYEN MON BAN DO MOI TRUONG DAT
Tren mdt ban do m d i trudng dat, yeu cau ndi dung phai dam bao phan anh dupe 2 yeu to co ban sau: ndi dung chuyen dd nghien cuu, co sd dia l y .
2.4.1. Npi dung ban do m d i t r u d n g dat cap xa (cap v i md) 1. Ddi vdi bdn dd tong hop:
a. Ndi dung cor sd dia ly gdm: D i d m khdng che trdc dia; thuy he va cac ddi tupng lien quan; dudng giao thong va cac ddi tupng lien quan; dia gidi hanh chinh cua xa; dia hinh; cac dia vat quan trpng; cac ghi chu can thiet khac.
b. Ndi dung chuyen de tren ban dd mdi trudng dat bao gom:
KY YEU XAC Pg TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRl/ONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006"
- Ranh gidi cac khoanh dat, vung dat b i thoai hoa va 6 nhiem (ddi cd van de), trong do phai the hien chi tiet cac noi dung sau:
+ Thoai hoa ddt. bao gom da't bi rua trdi, x o i mon, bac mau hoa; da't bi man hoa; da't bi phen hoa; da't bi axit hoa; da't bi cung hoa; da't bi hoang mac hoa; da't b i lay hoa, ngap ung; da't bi kho han; da't bi trupt va sat 16.
+ O nhiim dat. bao gom da't bi 6 nhidm do hoat dong cong nghiep - tidu thu cong nghiep; da't bi 6 nhidm do chat thai do thi va khu dan cu nong thon; da't bi 6 nhidm do k i m loai nang; da't b i 6 nhidm do su dung phan hoa hoc, thudc bao ve thuc vat; da't bi 6 nhidm do khai thac tai nguyen khoang san; da't bi 6 nhidm do cha't ddc hoa hoc.
- Mdc dd thoai hoa va d nhidm.
- Hidn trang su dung cua cac khoanh dat, vung da't "cd va'n de".
- Hidn trang su dung cua cac loai dat khac cdn lai.
- V i tri phan bd trung tam xa.
- V i t r i phan bd cac cdng trinh kinh te - xa hdi va van hoa phuc l o i . - He thd'ng cac diem dan cu.
2. Doi vdi cdc bdn do thdnh phdn (thodi hod hodc d nhiem):
a. Ndi dung cosddia ly: gidng nhu ban dd tdng hop
b. Ndi dung chuyen de tren ban do mdi trudng ddi bao gdm:
- Ranh gidi cac khoanh da't, viing dat cua mdt trong 2 ddi tupng sau:
+ Thoai hod di't. thd hidn cu thd cac loai hinh thoai hoa (da't bi rda trdi, x d i mdn, bac mau hoa; dat bi man hoa...)
+ O nhiim ddi. trong do phai thd hien cu thd cac loai hinh d nhidm (da't bi d nhidm do k i m loai nang; da't b i d nhidm do su dung phan hoa hoc...)
- Cac ndi dung khac: gidng ban dd tdng hop.
2.4.2. Npi dung ban do m d i t r u d n g dat cap huyen, cap t i n h (cap v i md).
1. Ddi vdi bdn dd tong hop:
a. Npi dung ca sd dia ly gdm: Didm khdng che trdc dia; thuy he va cac ddi tupng lien quan; dudng giao thdng va cac ddi tupng lien quan; dia gidi hanh chinh cac cap; dia hinh; cac dia vat quan trpng; cac ghi chu can thiet khac.
b. Npi dung chuyen de trdn ban do mdi trudng ddi bao gdm:
- Ranh gidi cac khoanh da't, vung da't b i thoai hoa va d nhidm (ddi co vdn de).
- Mdc dp thoai hoa va d nhidm.
- Hien trang su dung cua cac khoanh dat, vung dat "cd va'n de".
- Hien trang su dung cua cac loai dat khac con lai.
- V i t r i phan bd trung tam cac don v i hanh chinh cac cap.
- V i tri phan bd cac cdng trinh kinh te - xa hdi va van hoa phuc l p i quan trpng.
- He thd'ng cac didm dan cu ldn.
2. Ddi vdi bdn do thdnh phdn (thodi hod hodc d nhiim).
Y y^u -C A C B£ TA| NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CdNG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006°
a. Ndi dung cosddia ly: gidng nhu ban do tong hop.
b. Npi dung chuyen de tren ban do mdi trudng dat bao gdm:
- Ranh gidi cac khoanh dat, vung da't b i thoai hoa hoac d nhidm.
- Cac ndi dung khac: gidng ban do tong hop.
* Ngoai he thd'ng cac ban do ndu trdn (cap xa, cap huyen, cap tinh), tuy theo muc dich su dung khi xay dung ban do m d i trudng da't cua cac vung t u nhien - kinh te, yeu cdu ndi dung cua ban do (cosddia ly npi dung chuyen de) the hien nhu ddi vdi ban dd m d i trudng da't cap tinh.
2.5. YEU CAU THE HIEN N 0 I DUNG V A TRINH B A Y B A N DO M O I TRUONG DAT - Xac dinh chinh xac ranh gidi cua cac khu vuc da't b i thoai hoa, d nhidm.
- Phan anh chinh xac, rd rang ve v i t r i , chat luong va mdc dd thoai hoa, d nhidm cua cac khoanh da't, vung da't.
- The hidn dupe hidn trang sd dung cac khoanh da't, vung da't va phan anh dupe cac nguyen nhan tac ddng tieu cue dd'n m d i trudng da't (tuy theo ndi dung chuyen de va pham
vilanh thd nghien cdu).
- Dam bao dung ve phuong phap va nhung quy dinh ve chuydn mdn k y thuat ddi vdi vide xay dung ban do.
- Dap dng ddng bp cac yeu cdu cua cdng tac bao vd m d i trudng da't.
Ddi vdi ban do moi trudng dat cap xa (cap vi md): cap xa thdng thudng quy m d pham vi vung nghidn cuu khdng ldn, do dd ndi dung thd hien can phai cu thd, ddy du va chuan xac (chi tiet hoa).
Ddi vdi ban dd mdi trudng ddt cap huyen, cdp tinh (cdp vimd): cdp huydn, cdp tinh do quy md dien tich vung lanh thd ldn, ban dd dupe xay dung d ty Id trung binh va nhd, do do ndi dung thd hien se dupe don gian ddn, giam bdt lupng thong tin, so lidu se khdi quat hoa hon (tdng quat hoa).
Yeu cau trinh bay bdeue npi dung va khung ban do mdi trudng ddi
Ddi vdi ban do m d i trudng dat, k h i trinh bdy ban do phai dam bao thd hidn ddy du cac ddi tupng sau: Khung ban do, ten ban do, phdn npi dung chinh (ndi dung chuydn mdn) cua ban dd, ty Id ban dd, ten don v i hanh chinh giap ranh, chu ddn, ban dd phu, bidu do, do thi, bang bidu (tuy theo tiing loai ban dd).
Ngoai ra, ddi vdi cac vdn de khac nhu yeu cdu trinh bay khung ban do (kieu, kich thudc), kich thudc chu (ten ban dd, ten cdc dia danh...), each ghi chu (hudng chu ghi chu ten sdng, dudng, dia vat...)... thi tuy theo tung loai ban do (phu thupc vao ty le ban dd) ma tham khao dp dung theo quy dinh hudng ddn thanh ldp ban do hidn trang su dung ddt do Bd Tai nguydn va M d i trudng ban hanh.
2.6. QUY TRINH CONG NGHE V A PHUONG PHAP T H A N H LAP B A N DO M O I TRUONG DAT
Can cd vao kinh nghiem cua cac nude tien tie'n, mat bang cdng nghd va trang thiet bi hien nay d nude ta, nhom tac gia dd xudt mpt quy trinh thanh lap he thd'ng ban dd m d i trudng dat theo cdng nghd so vdi quy trinh nhu sau:
KY YEU "CAC D£ TAI NGHIEN COI KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRLfONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006"
Sa do 2.2: Quy trinh cong nghe thanh lap ban do moi truong dat
Muc dich, yeu cau, ty
le, vung lanh tho cua ban do can thanh lap
Cong tac chuan bi bien tap
Xay dung de cuong bien tap
Thu thap, phan tich, danh gia, x u l y t u lieu, tai lieu ve phuc vu xay dung ban do
Thiet ke k y thuat
Thanh lap ban do sd thd Thanh lap ban dd
mdi trudng dat goc tac gia
Bien tap ban dd m d i trudng da't gdc tac gia
Bien tap ddng bd cho ban dd m d i trudng da't
K i e m tra, ddi chieu v d i thuc te
Bidn tap, hoan thien ban dd mdi trudng dat . 1 .
In thd, kiem tra, sua chua cac l d i
In va luu ban dd tren dia CD, viet bao cao thuye't minh kem theo ban do
KY YgU "CAC DE TAI NGHIEN CPU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAl NGUYEN VA MOl TRl/ONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006" #
PHAN 3: KET QUA THQ NGHIEM XAY DUNG BAN DO MOI TRUCJNG DAT 3.1. CO SO LUA CHON DIA BAN THlTNGHIEM
3.1.1. D d i vdi v u n g t u nhien - k i n h te
Trong cac vung kinh te - tu nhien, Tay Nguyen la vung cd dien tich rung ldn thd 2 trong ca nude vdi 2.993.000 ha. Day la phan dien tich co vai trd quan trong trong viec bao ye moi trudng noi chung va moi trudng dat noi rieng khong chi cho noi vung ma con ddi vdi cac vung khac. Tuy nhien, rung Tay Nguyen da va dang dung trudc thuc trang bi suy giam nghiem trong vd sd luong, chat luong...
Ngoai cac nguydn nhan khach quan, tac ddng cua con ngudi {nhu chat pha biia bai, chuyen doi co cau cay trong, di dan...) la yeu t d quan trong nha't d i n dd'n qua trinh suy giam rung va cac qua trinh suy thoai m d i trudng da't d Tay Nguyen. V d i nhung net dac trung rieng, trong pham v i nghidn cuu cua de tai Tay Nguyen dupe lua chon la dia ban de xay dung thu nghidm ban do m d i trudng dat.
3.1.2. D d i vdi cap xa
De dam bao tinh dac trung dai didn {mdc dp ddy du ciia hien tupng), du kidn se lua chon dia ban mdt xa dien hinh ve thuc trang thoai hoa va 0 nhidm dd thd nghidm xay dung ban do mdi trudng da't.
Thach Son la xa nam d khu vuc phia bac thudc huydn Thach Ha, tinh Ha T i n h vdi vanh dai bao quanh chu yd'u Ia sdng ngoi nhidm man. Dudi tac ddng cua cac yd'u to k h i hau, dia hinh, dieu kidn san xua't ndng nghidp, su phat tridn cdng nghidp - tidu thu cdng nghiep, muc sdng ngudi dan... da lam cho da't dai tren dia ban xa bi suy thoai nghiem trpng {tren 60% dien tich tu nhien) vdi cac dac trung ve thoai hoa va d nhidm. D o dd, trong pham v i nghien cuu cua de tai, Thach Son dupe lua chon la dia ban dd xay dung thd nghiem ban do mdi trudng dat ddi vdi khu vuc dac thu.
3.2. KET QUA XAY DUNG THU" NGHIEM BAN DO MOI TRUONG DAT VUNG TAY NGUYEN 3.2.1. Cac van de lien quan den m d i t r u d n g da't v u n g T a y N g u y e n .
1. Cac yeu to, nguyen nhan chu yeu tdc dpng den mdi trudng dat d Tay Nguyen a. Nguyen nhan khach quan (yeu to dieu kien tu nhien).
- Yd'u to dia hinh - Yd'u to k h i hau
- Tham thuc vat- Chd' dp thuy van .
b. Nguyen nhdn chu quan (yeu to'con ngudi, kinh te- xa hdi).
- Su chuyen dich co ca'u cay trdng, khai thac qua mdc tai nguyen rdng, canh tac khdng hop ly tren dat ddc...
- Qua trinh di dan t u do, tap quan du canh du cu va t i n h trang thieu dat cua mpt bp phan ddng bao dan tdc thidu so.
- Su ngheo ddi, trinh dp dan t r i thap cua mdt bp phan dan cu da dan dd'n viec khai thac kiet que ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, trong do cd tai nguyen dat.
Ngoai ra, su phat tridn cua cac nganh cdng nghidp {nhit la cdng nghiep dien nang) cung nhu tdc dp do thi hoa cao d Tay Nguyen cung la nhung yd'u to cd tac ddng khdng
nhd den mdi trudng dat. ' 2. Thuc trang mdi trudng va van desuy thodi mdi trudng di't d Tiy Nguyen
KY YEU "CAC DE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANHTAmra .vftM V A M 0 | JRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006"
Trong cac van de suy thoai m o i truong dat cua Tay Nguyen, thoai hoa da't do xoi mon, rua troi la qua trinh dac trung nhat va duoc the hien nhu sau:
Bang 3.1: T h u c t r a n g t h o a i hoa da't do x o i m o n , r u a t r o i v u n g T a y N g u y e n
Loai dat Dien tich (ha) Co cau(%)
Tong dien tich tu nhien 5.447.450 100,00
1. Dat xoi mon, rua troi nhieu 1.053.870 19,35
2. Dat xoi mon, rua troi trung binh 678.750 12,46
3. Dat xoi mon, rua troi it 376.940 6,92
4. Cac loai dat khac con lai 3.337.890 61,27
Ngudn: Vien Quy hoach va Thiet ke ndng nghiep -BpNN&PTNT-2003.
3.2.2. He thdng ban do m o i t r u d n g dat v u n g T a y N g u y e n
T d ket qua nghien cuu thuc trang moi trudng da't, he thdng ban do m d i trudng da't cua Tay Nguyen duoc xac dinh bao gdm cac loai ban do sau:
1. Ban dd m d i truong dat vung Tay Nguyen.
2. Ban dd thoai hoa dat viing Tay Nguyen, bao gom cac ndi dung: thoai hoa da't do xdi mdn, rua trdi; thoai hoa da't do khd han; thoai hoa da't do lay hoa, ngap ung; thoai hoa dat do trupt va sat ld.
3. Ban dd d nhidm dat vung Tay Nguyen, bao gdm cac ndi dung: d nhidm da't do chat thai cdng nghiep; d nhidm da't do chat thai do thi va khu dan cu ndng thon; d nhidm dat do phan hoa hoc, thudc bao ve thuc vat; d nhidm da't do khai thac tai nguyen khoang san; d nhidm da't do cha't ddc hoa hoc.
3.2.3. X a y d u n g ban dd m d i t r u d n g dat v u n g T a y N g u y e n
Do quy m d lanh thd t u nhien cua vung kha ldn, ban do dupe xay dung d ty le nhd nen dd dam bao tuih true quan cua ban do, trong pham v i nghidn cdu cua dd tai, ban dd mdi trudng dat \ $ h g Tay Nguyen dupe xay dung thu nghidm la ban dd thanh phan vdi yeu to ndi dung chinh la xdi mdn, rua trdi da't {day la dac diem dac trung nhat trong van dS suy thoai mdi trudng dai cua Tay Nguyen).
1. Ten ban do: Ban do thoai hoa ddt do xdi mdn, rua trdi vung Tay Nguyen.
2. Co sd nen va ty le ban dd: Ban do thoai hoa dat do x d i mdn, rda trdi viing Tay Nguyen dupe xay dung d ty le 1/250.000 va tren nen ban dd dia hinh {trong dd cac yeu td
dia ly co ban da duoc khai quat hoa).
3. Npi dung va hinh thdc the hien ban dd:
a. Npi dung co sd dia ly gdm: D i e m khdng che trdc dia; he thd'ng sdng, sudi ldn; he thd'ng qudc IP, tinh Id; bien gidi Qudc gia; dia gidi hanh chinh cac cdp tinh, huydn theo tai lieu ban do 364; dia hinh va cac dia vat quan trpng.
b. Npi dung chuyen de:
- Ranh gidi cac khoanh dat, vung da't b i thoai hoa do x d i mdn, rda trdi dupe bidu thi bang dudng vien khep k i n , ndi dung bdn trong cua khoanh dat, vung dat dupe thd hidn bang gam mau vang.
- Mdc dp xdi mdn, rua trdi duoc thd hien trdn co sd mdc dp dam nhat cua gam mau vang, trong dd: x d i mdn, rua trdi nhieu thd hien bang mau vang rat dam; x d i mdn, rua trdi trung binh the hien bang mau vang dam vda; xdi mdn, rda trdi it thd hidn bang mau vang
KV YEU "CAC OE TAl NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC . CONG NGH£ NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006^
- Hien trang su dung cua cac khoanh da't bi x o i mon, rua troi va cac loai da't khac con lai dupe thd hien bang ma so': Da't trdng cay hang nam, k y hieu - 03...
- V i tri phan bo' trung tam cac don vi hanh chinh cua cac tinh Kon Turn, Gia Lai, Dac Lac, Dac Nong, Lam Dong va cac huyen trong viing.
- V i tri phan bo' cac cong trinh kinh te' - xa hoi va van hoa phuc l p i quan trpng cua cap tinh '{nhu cac cdng trinh thuy dien, khu cong nghiep ldn...).
- He thong cac diem dan cu ldn, ghi chu dia danh {baogdm ten sdng, sudi chinh, ten qudc Id tinh Id, ten 5 tinh trong viing) va cac ghi chd can thidt khac.
3.3. KET QUA XAY DUNG THUNGHEM BAN DO MOI TRUING DAT X A THACH SON 3.3.1. Cac van de lien quan den m d i t r u d n g dat xa T h a c h Son
1. Cdc yeu to, nguyen nhdn chu yeu tdc ddng den mdi trudng ddt cua Thach Son a. Nguyen nhan khach quan (dieu kien tu nhien).
- Yeu to khi hau.
- Yeu td dia hinh.
- Che dp thuy van.
b. Nguyen nhin chu quan (diiu kien kinh te- xa hdi)
Trong san xua't, vide tang cudng sd dung phan bdn, thudc bao ve thuc vat... da gay tac hai nghiem trpng dd'n mdi trudng da't do lupng phan, thudc tdn du trong dat. M a t khac, viec phat trien cdng nghiep - tieu thu cdng nghidp vdi quy m d nhd, dudi hinh thdc to hop, hp gia dinh da dan dd'n tinh trang khd kiem soat dupe nguon chat thai. Cac cha't thai, nude thai khdng qua xu ly da lam gia tang cac va'n de ve mdi trudng dat, gay d nhidm dat d a i . . .
2. Thuc trqng mdi trudng ddt cua xd Thach Son
Ket qua nghien cdu cho thay mdi trudng dat cua Thach Son dang b i suy thoai nghiem trpng dupe the hien nhu sau:
Bang 3.2 - Thuc trang mdi truong da't xa Thach Son
Loai hinh Dien tich (ha) Ca ca'u (%)
Tdng dien tich tu nhien 1022,80 100,00
/. Thodi hod ddt 563,00 55,04
1. Da't bac mau 274,00 26,79
2. Dat kho han 2,00 0,20
3. Da't hoang mac hoa 14,00 1,37
4. Da't nhidm man 168,00 16,42
5. Dat nhiim phen 104,00 10,17
6. Da't sat Id 1,00 0,10
//. O nhiem ddt 60,00 5,87
1.6 nhiem do chat thai XN che bien dong lanh 4,00 0,39 2.0 nhidm do thudc bao ye thuc vat 56,00 5,48
3.0 nhiim do phan hoa hoc 6 nhidm diem
///. Cdc loai ddt khac con lai 399,80 39,09
Ngudn: Trung tam Dieu tra Quy hoach dat dai 3.3.2. He thdng ban do m d i t r u d n g dat
-Bd TN&MT-2003.
xa T h a c h Son.
KY YEU "CAC BE TAl NGHIEN CPU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYFN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI BOAN 2002-2006"
Tren co sd ket qua nghien cdu thuc trang moi trudng dat xa Thach Son, he thdng ban do mdi trudng dat ciia xa duoc xac dinh bao gdm cac loai ban do sau:
1. Ban do mdi trudng ddtxa Thach Son
2. Ban do thoai hoa dat xa Thach Son, bao gdm cac ndi dung: thoai hoa dat do bac mau; thoai hoa dat do khd han; thoai hoa da't do hoang mac hda; thoai hoa dat do man hda; thoai hoa da't do phen hda; thoai hoa da't do sat ld.
3. Ban do 6 nhiim dai xa Thach Son. bao gdmg cac ndi dung: d nhidm da't do chat thai cong nghiep; d nhidm da't do phan hoa hoc. thudc bao ve thuc vat.
3.3.3. X a y d u n g ban d d m d i t r u d n g dat xa T h a c h Son
Do quy m d lanh tho cua xa nhd, ban do dupe xay dung d ty Id ldn nen de' dam bao tinh dac trung, day du cua hidn tupng, trong pham vi nghien cuu ciia dd tai, ban do mdi trudng da't xa Thach Son dupe xay dung thu nghiem la ban do tdng hop.
1. Ten ban dd. Ban do hidn trang moi trudng da't xa Thach Son - huyen Thach Ha - tinh Ha Tinh.
2. Cosdnin va ty le ban do:
Ban do hien trang mdi trudng da't xa Thach Son dupe xay dung d ty Id 1/5.000 va tren nen ban do dia hinh.
3. Noi dung va hinh thuc the hien ban do:
a. Ndi dung co sd dia ly gdm: Diem khdng che trac dia, he thd'ng song, he thdng giao thdng, dia gidi hanh chinh cap huyen. xa theo tai lieu ban dd 364; dja hinh va cac dia vat quan trpng.
b. N p i dung chuyen de:
- Ranh gidi cac khoanh dat, vung da't bi thoai hda va d nhidm dupe bidu thi bang dudng vidn khep k i n , ndi dung ben trong khoanh dat dupe the hien nhu sau:
+ Da't bi thoai hoa: the hien bang gam mau vang, trong dd:
~ Da't bi thoai hoa do bac mau: ky hieu la B
~ Da't bi thoai hoa do khd han: ky hidu la K
~ Da't bi thoai hoa do hoang mac hda: ky hieu la H
~ Da't bi thoai hoa do man hda: k y hidu la M
~ Da't bi thoai hoa do phen hda: k y hidu la P
~ Da't bi thoai hoa do sat ld: ky hidu la T + Da't bi d nhidm: thd hidn bang gam mau xanh, trong dd:
~ 6 nhidm da't do chat thai cdng nghidp: k y hidu la C N
~ 6 nhidm da't do phan hoa hoc, thudc bao vd thuc vat: k y hidu la PT
- Mdc dp thoai hoa, d nhidm dupe the hidn tren co sd mdc dp dam nhat cua cac gam mau tren, cu the nhu sau:
+ Thoai hoa nhieu: Thd hien bang mau vang rat dam.
+ Thoai hoa trung binh: The hidn bang mau vang dam vda.
Y YEU "CAC OE TAI NGHIEN CUl) KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOI TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006°
+ Thoai hoa it: the hien bang mau vang nhat.
+ 6 nhidm nhieu: the hien bang mau xanh rat dam.
+ 6 nhidm trung binh: the hien bang mau xanh dam vira.
+ 6 nhidm it: thd hien bang mau xanh nhat.
- Hien trang sir dung cua cac khoanh dat bi thoai hoa, 6 nhidm va cac loai dat khac con lai duoc thd hien bang ma sd: Dat trdng cay hang nam, k y hidu - 03...
- V i tri phan bd trung tam xa Thach Son, vi t r i phan bd cac cdng trinh kinh te - xa hdi va van hoa phuc lpi quan trong cua xa {nhu trudng hoc, tram y te...).
- He thdng cac didm dan cu, ghi chu dia danh (bao gom ten song, ten thon xdm) va cac ghi chu can thiet khac.
K E T L U A N V A K I E N N G H I KET LUAN
Qua qua trinh thuc hien. cac ket qua thu nhan dupe cho thay de tai da dat dupe nhung muc tieu dd ra trong pham vi nghien cdu, cu thd nhu sau:
1. De tai da he thdng hoa dupe nhung van de rat co ban lien quan den mdi trudng ndi chung va mdi trudng dat ndi rieng lam can cd ve mat nhan thdc trong vide nghien cdu co sd khoa hoc va thuc tidn dd xay dung he thdng ban dd m d i trudng da't toan didn, ddy du va thdng nha't.
2. Dac didm cac tac nhan anh hudng den mdi trudng da't va cac hinh thai suy thoai mdi trudng da't d nude ta dupe lam sang td trong qua trinh nghien cdu la co sd dang tin cay de xac dinh cac yeu td npi dung cd lien quan den m o i trudng da't khi xay dung he thd'ng ban do.
3. Ket qua nghien cdu co sd thuc tidn ve cdng tac xay dung ban dd cung nhu cac van de ly luftn co ban ve ban dd mdi trudng da't... da giup cho vide xac dinh he thd'ng ban dd mdi trudng da't phu hop theo dac diem cua tirng vung lanh thd nghien cdu.
4. De tai da xac dinh dupe danh muc cac loai ban dd m d i trudng da't, ty le ban do, cac yeu to ndi dung chuyen mdn, yeu cau the hien ndi dung, each thdc trinh bay ban do phu hop vdi tirng cap v i m d va v i m d lam co sd cho viec tridn khai xay dung cac loai ban do mdi trudng dat d Viet Nam trong thai gian tdi. Trong do:
a. He thd'ng ban dp m d i trudng da't (theo cac cap lanh thd hanh chmh) dupe xac dinh bao gdm 2 nhom ban dd co ban, dd la:
(1). Ban dd mdi trudng dat cap tinh, cap huyen va cap xa.
(2). Nhom ban dd thanh phan gdm: Ban do thoai hoa da't va ban dd d nhidm da't ca'p tinh, ca'p huyen, cap xa.
b. Ty le ban do m d i trudng da't dupe xac dinh nhu sau:
- Cap xa: bao gdm cac ty le 1/2.000, 1/5.000, 1/10.000 va 1/25.000.
- Cap huyen: bao gdm cac ty le 1/10.000, 1/25.000 va 1/50.000.
- Cap tinh: bao gdm cac ty le 1/25.000, 1/50.000 va 1/100.000.
KY YEU "CAC DE TAI NGHIEN CUU KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE NGANH TAI NGUYEN VA MOl TRUONG GIAI DOAN 2002-2006"
c. N p i dung chuyen m o n tren mpt ban do m o i trudng dat bao gom 2 yeu to ca ban, do la: npi dung chuyen de nghien cuu (yeu to mdi trudng dat) va yeu to co sd dia ly {yeu toned), trong do:
- Yeu to m o i trudng da't dupe the hien bang mau sac, k y hieu.
+ Mdc dp suy thoai dupe the hien dudi mpt trong 2 hinh thdc: the hien bang ky hieu (dupephan theo 3 cap: nhieu, trung binh va it) hoac the' hien bang mau sac (dugc xac dinh tren cosdmdc dd dam nhat ciia gam mau).
Hien trang su dung cua cac khoanh "da't co van dd" va cac loai da't khac con lai dupe the hien bang ma so (theo quy dinh ciia Bp Tai Nguyen va Mdi trudng vd xay dung ban do hien trang su dung dai) gop phdn trong viec nhin nhan day dii buc tranh toan canh vung nghien cdu dudi gdc dp m o i trudng va thuc te su dung da't, lam ca sd cho viec cai tao, bao ve, su dung hop ly tai nguyen da't.
- N p i dung co sd dia l y : the hien nhung yeu to ca ban nhu didm khdng che trac dia, thuy he, dudng giao thdng, dia gidi hanh chinh cac cap, dia hinh va cac dia vat quan trpng.
5. Ket qua nghien cuu, thu nghiem xay dung ban dd mdi trudng dat tren dia ban vung Tay Nguyen va xa Thach San da phan anh phu hop vdi ket qua nghien cuu cua de tai. Ben canh dd, ket qua thd nghidm xay dung ban dd thoai hoa da't do x d i mdn, rua trdi viing Tay Nguyen va ban do hien trang mdi trudng da't xa Thach San - huydn Thach Ha - tinh Ha Tinh con ddng gop budc dau trong viec nhin nhan ve thuc trang mdt so van de mdi trudng da't d cac dia ban nay, tu dd giup cho viec hoach dinh cac chinh sach, nghien cdu de xuat cac bien phap nham bao ve mdi trudng da't de su dung bdn vung.
KIEN NGHI
De hoan thien ve npi dung chuyen mon. yeu cau the hien npi dung va trinh bay ban do moi trudng da't phu hop vdi tung cap, cdn cd nhung nghidn cuu thu nghidm (mang tinh dng dung) tiep theo trong viec xay dung cac loai ban dd lien quan dd'n viec bao ve mdi trudng dat tren cac dia ban khac.
