KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
IMGHIEIM CLTLI IXIGUOIXI GOC P H A T SIIXIH V A M O I LIEIXI H E raiJA CAC D O T LOC O CAY BUD1 D A XAIMH T A I T H A I l\iGUYEI\]
Chu Thiic DatS Nguyen Thi Thu Ha^ Nguyin Ti^n DOng^, Nguygn Thi Tinh^ Bui Tri Tlnic^, T6ng H o ^ Huyto^
Nguyfin Van li^u*, Ngo Xuan Binh^
T6MTAT
Ket qua nghien cii mdi lien he giua cac dot loc cila budi Da Xanh tai Thai nguyen cho thiiy: Trong mot nam cay budi Da Xanh ra 4 dot loc chinh la loc xuan, he, thu va dong. Canh vu xuan chu yeu lam canh qua (canh mang hoa va qua) va canh vu thu la ngu6n canh me sinh ra canh qua nam sau la hai loai canh quan trong quyet dmh nang suat ciia cay. Nam diKrc miia (2017), ty le canh xuan chiem cao nhat (68,34%), cac loai canh he, thu, dflng chi^m ty le thap hon, lan luot la 9,98%, 10,48% va 11,20% so vol tong so canh phat sinh trong nam. Nam mat mua (2018). canh thu chiem ty le cao nhat (65,21%), cac loai canh xuan, he, dong chi^m ty 16 thap hon, lan luot la: 13,39%, 11,11%, 10,97%. Tren cosaxac dinh nguon goc phat sinh va moi lien he ciia cac dot loc trong nam, co the dm ra nguyen nhan va d^ xuat xay dung cac bien phap ky thuat phii hop khac phuc hien tuong ra qua khong on dinh ciia giong buoi Da Xanh trong tai Thai Nguyen, Tai^6a: Budi Da Xanh, loc xuan, loc he, loc thu, loc dong, nguon gdc phat sinh loc.
I . B A T V A N D E
cay bum (Citrus grandis), mot loai cay co miii CO pho thich nghi rpng, co gia tri dinh duong cao da va dang duoc trdng kha pho bien o nuoc ta voi nhieu giong ban dia dac san nhu buoi Da Xanh, Nam Roi, Phiic Trach, Di^n..., gop phan quan trong trong phat trien kinh te nong hp, kinh te trang trai, phuc vu tai cu cau nganh nong nghiep Viet Nam. Tuy vao dieu kien sinh thai va ky thuat canh tac, trong mot nam, cay buoi ra cac dot loc theo mua vu la loc xuan, l6c he, loc thu va loc dong. Qua trinh ra loc cua cay hp cam quyt noi chung va cay bum noi rieng anh huong den kha nang ra hoa, ket qua, nang suat va hien tuong ra qua khong on dinh [1], [3], [5], lai vira tao tien de cho su ra hoa ket qua nam sau [2]. Cac bien phap k j thuat dieu khi^n qua trinh ra loc hop ly se gop phan nang cao nang suat chat lupng qua cay co mui trong do co cay buoi [1], [4]. Chinh vi vay, viec nghien cuu qua trinh ra loc, mdi li6n he giua cac dot Ipc trong nam lam ca so khoa hoc cho ky thuat tham canh la dieu rat cdn thiet. Npi dung cua bai bao trinh bay ket qua 'Wghien cuu nguon gdc phat sinh vamdl ben he gida cac dot loc a cay budi Da Xanh tai Thai Nguyen".
' NCS Vien Khoa hoc Nong nghiep Viet Nam
^ Truang Cao ding Kinh ik Ky thuat, Dai hoc Thai Nguygt
^ TniOTig Dai hpc Nong Lam, Dai hoc Thai Nguyen
"• Bo Khoa hpc va Cong nghe
2. VAT U H I , NOI DUNG VA PHUONG PHAP NGHlBy CUU 2.1. vat lieu nghien cijfu
Thi nghiem duoc tien hanh tren vucm buoi Da Xanh 7 nam tuoi dugc trong tai vuon thi nghiem tai xa Tire Tranh, huyen Phil Luong, tinh Thai Nguyen. Cac bien phap ky thuat nhu bon phan, phong trir sau benh, co dai duac ti^n hanh dong deu tren vucm thi nghiem.
2.2. Npi dung nghien ctru
Nghien cuu nguon goc phat sinh va moi hen he giiia cac dot loc phat sinh trong nam cua gidng buoi Da Xanh tai Thai Nguyen.
2.3. Phuong phap nghien cuu, bd tri thi nghiem Vuon cay thi nghiem 7 nam tudi, chon nglu nhien 10 cay theo doi, danh gia (theo phuong phap cua Ngo Xuan Binh va cong su 1998). Cac ca the duac chpn theo doi co do dong deu cao, dai dien cho siic sinh truong binh thuang cua khu vuon thi nghiem, khong hi cac loai sau benh chinh pha hoai. Tren m6i cay chpn 4 canh ngang tan d^u ve 4 phia. Chon canh c6 duong kinh til tren 3,0 cm, dam bao so canh theo doi n >30.
Tien hanh danh dau canh o phan sat voi than chinh, theo doi tinh hinh ra loc, sinh truang ctia canh, ngudn gdc phat sinh canh tii phdn danh dau tra len. De co the theo doi duac nguon goc phat sinh loc, tat ca cac loc moc ra tren canh thi nghiem dugc danh dSu, ghi ro ngay, thang ra loc.
N O N G NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN N O N G THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2019 21
KHOA HOC CONG NGHfi
Cac dot loc ra tren canh theo doi dugc quan sat va ghi chep lien tuc trong 2 nam (2017 va 2018).
Chi tiSu theo doi
Sd lugng cac dot loc trong mot nam, ty le cac loai canh hinh thanh theo miia vu (dugc tinh bang tong so canh cua mot vu/tong sd canh trong 1 nam). Ngudn goc phat sinh cac dot Ipc trong nam (cac dot loc trong nam dugc hinh thanh tir nhirng loai canh nao). Xac dmh ngudn gdc sinh ra canh me (canh sinh ra canh qua), nguon gdc smh
ra canh qua (canh mang hoa, qua). Xac dinh mdi hen he giiia cac dgt loc trong nam.
3. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU
3.1. K^t qua nghien cuu v^ ngu6n gdc phM smh v^ m6i li6n he giiia c4c dgt lOc nam 2017 trgn cay buoi Da Xanh t ^ Thai Nguyen (nam dugc milia)
31.1. Nguon gdc phat sinh va sir hinh thanh cac loai canh cua loc vu xuan nam 2017
Canh vu thu 2016 (80,5%)
Canh dinh duong vu xuan 2016 (5,3%)
Canh vu he 2016 (11,6%)
Canh khac (2,6%)
Canh vuxuan 2017(100%)
Canh qua hiru hieu (70,6%)
Canh dinh duong (24,3%)
Canh mang hoa (75,7%)
Canh qua vo hieu (39,4%) Hinh 1. Ngudn gdc phat sinh canh vu xuan nam 2017 Canh vu xuan nam 2017, duoc hinh thanh chu
yen tir cac loai canh phat sinh trong nam 2016 (hinh 1) bao gom: 80,5% moc tir canh vu thu, 5,3 % moc tir canh dmh duong vu xuan, 11,6 % moc tir canh vu he va chi CO 2,6 % mpc tir cac loai canh khac (canh nhieu nam tudi). Loc vu xuan 2017 phan hoa thanh hai loai canh chinh la: canh mang hoa (thudng dugc gpi la canh qua) chiem 75,7% tdng sd canh vu xuan va canh
dinh duong (la loai khong mang hoa) chiem 24,3%.
Trong sd canh mang hoa, co den 70,6% sd canh cd hoa dau thanh qua va la canh qua hiiu hieu va 39,4%
sd canh mang hoa nhung khong dau qua tro' thanh canh quavo hieu (hinh 1).
3.1.2. Ngudn gdc phat sinh vi mdi kin he giira cac dot loc (vu he, thu, dong) nam 2017 tiSn cay budi Da Xanh tai Thai Nguyen
Cac dfft 16c theo miia vu Canh he Canh thu Canh dong
Bang 1. Nguon gdc phat sinh c^c dot 10c vu h^, thu, dong Moc tu canh
cua nam truoc (%) 77,1
0 24,3*
Moc tu canh vu xuan ciing nam Canh qua
httu hiSu (%) 0 0 0
Canh qua vo hieu (%)
6,2 31,9 57,5
Canh dinh duong (%)
26,7 50,8 18,2
nam 2017 Moc tir canh
vu he ciing nam (%)
0 17,3
0
T6ng cong
(%)
100 100 100 (Ghi chu: *canh vu dong nam 2016)
Ket qua xac dinh nguon gdc phat sinh cac dot loc vu he, thu, dong nam 2017 duoc the hien b bang 1, nam 2017 la nam cay ra nhieu qua dat nang suat cao, ket qua phan tich ngudn gdc cac dot loc nhu sau:
Ngudn gdc phat sinh loc he nam 2017: Loc he
nam 2017 chu y^u dugc hinh thanh tir cac canh nam trudc (77,1%) va tir canh dinh duong vu xuan ciing nam (26,7%) cung voi mot ty IS nhd duoc hinh thanh tir canh qua vo hieu vu xuan eimg nam (6,2% - Bang 1).
Ngudn gdc phat sinh loc thu nam 2017: Loc thu nam 2017 dugc hinh thanh chii yeu tir canh vu xuan
KHOA HOC CdNG NGHE Cling nam (bang 1), trong dd 50,8% duoc hinh thanh
tir canh dinh dudng vu xuan, 31,9% tir canh qua vo hieu (vu xuan) mot ty le nhd tir canh vu he eimg nam
(17,3%).
Ngudn gdc phat smh loc ddng nam 2017: Loc dong nam 2017 dupe hinh thanh chii yeu tir 3 loai canh (bang 1) gdm: 57,5% tir canh qua vo hieu vu xuan eimg nam, 24,3% tir canh vu ddng nam trudc (nam 2016) va 18,2% til canh dinh duong vu xuan cung nam.
Qua nghien cuu ngudn gdc phat sinh va mdi hen he giua cac dpt loc cua nam 2017 c6 the di den k^t luan Ipc canh xuan la canh mang qua (yeu to quyet dinh nang cua xuat cua cay budi Da Xanh) dugc hinh
thanh chu yeu tir canh vu thu nam trudc (2016). Cac dgt Ige trong nam (xuan, he, thu, dong) cd mdi lien he chat che, dgt \dc truoc la ngudn gdc phat sinh ra eac dgt Ipc sau. Vi vay viec lua chpn h6 trg bien phap ky thuat de mot dot loc phat trien nham cho nang suat eao, ddng thai han che cac dot Ipc khong cd y nghia, giam tieu hao nang lupng ciia cay la cac ky thuat rat quan trong va can thiet.
3.2. K^t qua nghien cmi v^ ngudn gdc phat sinh va mdi lign he giiia cac dot I6c nam 2018 trSn cay budi Da Xanh tai Thai Nguyen (nam m^t mua)
3.2.1. Ngudn gdc phat sinh va sir hinh thanh cac loai canh ciia loc vu xuan nam 2018 Canh vu thu 2017
(74,6%)
Canh dinh duong vu xuan 2017 (7,6%)
Canh vu he 2017 (13,3%)
Canh khac 4,5%
Canh vu xuan 2018 (100%)
Canh qua hiiu hi^u (81.6%)
Canh mang hoa (63,3%)
canh dinh duong (37.7%)
Canh qua v6 hieu (18,4%)
Hinh 2. Ngudn gdc phat sinh c^nh vu xuan nam 2018 Canh vu xuan nam 2018, dugc hinh thanh chu
yeu tir cac loai canh ciia nam 2017 (hinh 2), trong do:
74,6% tir canh vu thu, 7,6% tir canh dinh duong vii xuan, 13,3 % tir canh vu he va 5,4% tir cac loai canh khac (canh nhieu nam tuoi). Loc vu xuan 2018 phat sinh ra hai loai canh chinh la: canh qua (canh mang hoa) chiem 63,3% tdng sd canh vu xuan va canh dinh duong (canh khong mang hoa) chiem 37,7%. Trong
sd canh mang hoa, eo den 81,6% sd canh cd hoa dau thanh qua va la canh qua hiiu hieu va 18,4% sd canh mang hoa nhung khong dau qua tro' thanh canh qua vo hieu (huih 2).
3.2.2. Nguon gdc phat sinh va mdi hen he giira cac dot loc (vu he, thu, dong) nam 2018 tien cay bim Da Xanh tai Thai Nguyen
Cac dot Ipc theo miia vu Canh he Canh thu Canh dong
B ^ g 2. Ngu6n g6c phdt sinh c ^ dot Idc vu he, thu, dong nam 2018 Moc tir canh
ciia nam tnioc (%) 63,0**
0 0
Moc tu canh vu xuan ciing nam Canh qua hiru
hieu (%) 0 0 18,3
Canh qua vo hieu (%)
9,2 22,7
0
Canh dinh duong (%)
27,8 59,7 11,6
Moc tir canh vu he eimg nam (%)
0 17,6 70,1
Tong cong
(%)
100 100 100 (Ghi chii: **chu yeu tir canh vu dong nam 2017)
Ket qua xac dinh ngudn gdc phat sinh cac dgt nang suat thap, ket qua phan tich nguon gdc cac loc vu he, thu, ddng nam 2018 dugc the hien d dgt loc trong nam nhu sau:
bang 2, nam 2018 la nam cSy ra it qua, vudn dat Ngudn gdc phat smh loc he nam 2018: Loc he NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2019 23
KHOA HOC C 6 N G NGHC
nam 2018 (Bang 2) chu yeu dugc hinh thanh tir canh nam tmoc (63,0%), tii canh dinh duong vu xuan eimg nam (27,8%) va mot ty te nho tir canh qua vo hiSu vu xuan ciing nam (9,2%).
Nguon gdc phat sinh loc thu nam 2018: Loc thu nam 2018 duoc hinh thanh chu yeu tir canh vu xuan eimg nam (Bang 2), trong do 59,7% tir canh dinh duOTlg vu xuan, 22,7% til canh qua vo hieu (vu xuan) va mot ty le nho tir canh vu he ciing nam (17,6%).
Nguon goc phat sinh loc dong nam 2018: Loc dong nam 2018 duoc hinh thanh chu yeu tir 3 loai canh (Bang 2) trong do: 18,3% til canh qua hiiu hieu vu xuan ciing nam, 11,6% tir canh dinh duong vu xuan ciing nam va 70,1% tir canh vu he ciing nam.
Nhimg so lieu theo doi trong nam 2018 tren day cho phep rut ra nhan xet: canh vu thu nam truoc (2017) la canh me chu yeu phat sinh ra canh vu xuan nam sau (2018). Cac dot loc theo miia vu co mdi lien he chat che vdi nhau, tuy nhien nam 2018 la nam cay ra it qua, ngudn gdc ciia cac dot loc co su khac biet
so voi ngudn gdc cac dot Idc ciia nam 2017.1 vd ngudn gdc cac dot loc cua ca 2 nam cd the khang dinh canh thu la canh me ciia canh qua niim '^"'^"^'^
tac ddng cac bien phap ky thuat de cd nhidu canh thu la rat quan trong. , , , 3.3. T^ li cac loai canh trong nam, 8>^ * " * hidn tu^mg ra qua khdng 6n dinh d gidng bu6i Da Xanh trdng tai Thii NguySn
3.3.1 Ty le cac loai canh theo miia vu a cay buoi Da Xanh tai Thai Nguyen
Ket qua tdng hop the hien a bang 3. Nam 2017, ty te cac loai canh xep theo thii tu tir cao den thip lan luot la: canh xuan chidm 68,34%, cac loai canh cdn lai chiem ty le rat nhd: canh he (9,98%), canh thu (10,48%) va canh ddng (11,20%). Nam 2018, la nam cay cho it qua (mat miia), canh thu chiem ty IS cao nhat (65,21%), cac loai canh cdn lai chiem ly le khdng Ion: canh xuan (13,39%), canh he (11,11%) va canh ddng (10,97%) (Bang 3).
Nam 2017 2018
Canh xuan (%) 68,34 23,39
Canh he
(%)
9,98 15,43
Canh thu (%) 10,48 53,21
Canh ddng (%) 11,20 7,97
Tdng sd
(%)
100 100 Ciing tir sd heu d bang 3, da nit ra nhan xet
mang tinh quy luat: nam dugc miia (2017) ty le canh xuan phat sinh rat cao (68,34%), cdn nam mat miia (2018) canh xuan chiem ty le thap hon rat dang ke (23,39%) trong liic ty le canh thu kha cao (53,21%).
Dieu nay phii hgp vai cac nghien cuu nong sinh hpc tren eay co miii trong va ngoai nude va la co so khoa hpc quan trong cho viec xac dmh cac bien phap ky thuat canh tac nang cao nang suat va chat luong qua eay budi noi chung va gidng buoi Da Xanh noi rieng.
3.3.2. Gia thuyet lygial hien tuong ra qua khong on dinh cua gidng bmri Da Xanh tidng tai Thai NguySn
Ra hoa-qua khong on dinh (irregular beanng) la hien tuong kha phd bien d cac loai thuoc ho cam quit ndi rieng va d- cay an qua noi chung, trong do dien hinh la hien tuong ra qua each nam (biennial/alternative beanng). Dac diem cua hien tugng nay la mot nam cay cho qua va nam sau cay ra it hoac khong cd qua. Cay budi Da Xanh trdng tai Thai Nguyen cung cd hien tugng tren Ket qua nghien cuu 2 nam ve ngudn gdc phat sinh va mdi hen he giira eac dgt loc cho thay, canh vu thu nam trudc
la canh me chu y^u sinh ra canh qua (canh vu xuan) cua nam sau (hinh 1 va 2). Nam cay ra sai qua la thoi thdi diem loc xuan ra rat nhieu va cay ra nhieu hoa qua, cay tap trung dinh duong d^ nuoi loc xuan va nhat la nuoi qua. Vi vay cac dot l6c sau do nhat la Ific thu mpc rat it va sinh trudng kem (bang 3 nam 2017 la nam cay sai qua - loc thu ra rat it, chi chiem 9,98%), vi the nam sau khong cay khong ra nhieu loe xuan, cay ra it hoa qua, nang suat cda cay giam hoac hau nhu khong co thu hoach. Trai lai, vao nam cay ra it qua, cay tap trung dinh duong d^ ra nhieu loc trong dd CO Ipc thu (bang 3- ty le Ipc thu rat cao trong nam 2018 la nam cay hau nhu khong cho nang suat), canh thu se sinh ra nhieu canh canh qua cua nam tiep theo, va vi the cay lai cho nang suat cao. Day chinh la CO so- khoa hoc de giai thich cau ndi tdng ket cua ngudi lam vudn ddi vai cay budi "1 nam an qua, 1 nam tra canh". Nhu vay de giam hien tugng ra qua each nam d cay budi Da Xanh ndi rieng va cay thupc ho cam quyt ndi chung, can tien hanh ddng bg cac bien phap ky thuat dam bao loc thu ra nhieu va sinh trudng khde lam tien de cho nang suat cua nam sau.
KHOA HOC CdNG NGH|
4 . KEl LUAN q^^ f^f.l^ jj^jj^ ^ ^ y j j ^ ^ p ^ Xanh trdng tai Thai Trong mot nam cay budi Da Xanh trong tai Thai Nguyen.
Nguyen ra 4 dot loc chu y^u la loc xuan, he, thu va TAI LEU THAM KHAO
dong. Cac dgt loc trong nam cd mdi hen he chat che 1. Pham Van C6n (2004). Cac bien phap diSu vdi nhau, dgt Idc trudc la ngudn canh me sinh ra dgt khien smh tiirdng, phat tiien, ra hoa, ket qua cay an loc sau. tj-^_ Nha xuat ban Nong nghiep Ha Npi.
Canh vu xuan chu yeu la canh qua (canh mang 2. D6 Xuan Trucrng (2003). Nghien cuu dac diem hoa va qua), canh vu thu la ngudn canh me de sinh smh truang, mdi quan he cua cac dgt loc va ngudn sinh ra canh qua nam sau, day la nhung loai canh hat phan den nang suat ch^t luong qua tren cay budi quan trong quyet dmh nang suat cua cay. Pummelo (C. grandis}. Luan van thae sy khoa hpc Nam cay ra sai qua, ty le canh xuan chiem eao nong nghiep, Trudng Dai hpc Nong Lam Thai nhat (68,34%), ty le cac loai canh he, thu, dong chidm Nguyen.
ty le nho so vdi tdng sd canh trong nam Ian lugt la 3. Chapot. H. (1975). The citrus plant, hi cihus.
9,98%, 10,48% va 11,20%. Nam eay ra it qua, canh thu Technical monograph No. 4. Switzerland.
chiem tyle eao nhat (65,21%), tyle cac loai canh cdn 4. Jesus AULAR, Maria CASARES, William lai la canh xuan, he, dong chiem ty le nhd lan lugt la: NATALE (2017). Factors affecting cihiis fruit quality:
13,39%, 11,11%, 10,97%. Emphasis on mmeral nutrition, Cientifica, Tren co sa ngudn gdc phat sinh va mdi lien he Jaboticabal, v.45, n.l, p.6^72, 2017.
cua cac dot loc trong nam, co the giai thich hien 5. Walter and Reuther (1989). The citrus tugng ra qua each nam va de xuat xay dung eac bien industry. Vol. 2. PupUeation of University of phap ky thuat phii hgp de khac phuc hien tugng ra California. USA
STUDY ON THE ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIP OF VARIOUSLY GENERATED BUDS OF DA XANH PUMMELO (C. grandis) CULTIVAR GROWN IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE Chu Thuc DatS Nguyen TTii Thu Ha^ Nguyen Tien Dung^, Nguyen Thi Tinh^ Bui Tri Tliuc^,
Tong Hoang Huyen^ Nguyen Van lieu*, Ngo Xuan Binh^
^Ph. D stiident
^College of Economics and Techniques
^Thai Nguyen University ofAgricuture and Forestry ''Ministry of Science and Technology Summary
This study aimed at determining the ongin and mutual relationship of different buds of Da Xanh pummelo cultivar was implemented in TTiai Nguyen province on 7 years-old trees orchard. Bud formation and development of Da Xanh pummelo could botanically be divided into different groups based on die seasons they were sprouted, says, spnng-summer-autumn and winter ones. With time, spnng buds became the fruit breanng branches (flowers and fruits bearing branches), the autumn bud become the mother branches that produce fruit bearing branches in the following year. Because of that, these branhches are considered as decisive role in fruit production. As a matter of fact, Da Xanh cultivar tree in "on-year" (highly yielded crop, 2017) produced abundant quantity of spnng branches (65.21% of total branches formed in the year) whereas low rate of spnng, summer and winter branches generated were obviously recorded (9.98%, 10.48% and 11.20% respecbveiy). On the contrary, the tree in "off-year" (lowly yielded crop, 2018) produced a big number of autumn branches (68.34% of total branches formed in the year) with low rate of branches formed in summer, autumn and winter (13 395^, 11.11%, 10.97% respectively). The above mentioned analysis related to the origin and relaUon of differently generated buds can be effectively used in cultivatmg technique establishments for regular production of Da Xanh pummelo cultivar.
Keywords: Da Xanh pummelo, spring buds, summer buds, autumn buds, winter buds, and bud origin.
Ngudi phto bi^n: GS.TS. Vii Manh Hai Ngay nhan bai: 26/3/2019 Ngay thdng qua phan bien: 26/4/2019 Ngay duyet dang: 7/5/2019
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 2 - THANG 5/2019 25
