PHAN CAO NHAI ANH*
O a u chien tranh, vdi sy phat trien manh K 3 m e cua nen cdng nghiep, ngudn nhan luc trd nen thieu hyl va cac cdng ty Nhat Ban phai luyen dung nhiing phu ntr vdn chi tap trung vao ngi trg gia dinh lam lao ddng ban thdi gian. Tiep dd, khi nen kinh te bong bdng sup dd vao nam 1991, anh hudng cua suy thoai kinh td khien nhieu cdng ty phai cat giam chi phi lao ddng bang each luyen dung lao ddng khdng chinh thire (^NIE^±M).
Den nay, lao ddng chinh thii'c va khdng chinh thirc dudng nhu da trd thanh hai khai niem phd bien trong xa hdi Nhat Ban. Bai viet nay budc dau tim bidu ve lao ddng khdng chinh thirc d Nhat Ban hien nay.
1. Xu huong gia tang lao dong khong chinh thiic
Ngirdi ta thudng quan nidm lao ddng khdng chinh thirc la dang lao ddng dudi dang hgp ddng ngan han, khae vdi lao ddng chinh Ihirc la nhu'ng ngudi dugc ky hgp ddng dai ban. Hinh thirc lao ddng nay cd thdi gian tuyen dyng ngan han klioang 3. 6 thang hay 1 nam, sau khi hgp ddng ket thuc tuy theo linh hinh thyc te chu lao ddng cd thd ky tidp hoae khdng. Khdng chi cd sy khae biel vd thai gian tuyen dung, che do dai ngd nhu luang, thudng eiia lao ddng dang nay ciing khdng dugc nhu lao ddng chinh thirc. Lao ddng khdng chinh thirc dugc phan chia thanh ba loai la lao ddng ban thdi gian.
lao ddng hgp ddng ngan ban va lao ddng phiii cir.
Lao ddng ban thdi gian (part time) la mdt dang lao ddng hgp ddng theo thdi ban.
Thdng ihudng, thdi ban hgp ddng ngan.
luong theo gid thap va hau bet khdng dugc hudng che do phuc Igi xa hdi. Nhirng lao ddng dang nay chu ydu la sinh vien, phu nir lam ndi irg. Phu nti thudng chiem da sd. lira tudi chu ydu khoang 30-40.
Lao ddng hgp ddng de chi ngirdi lam viec theo hgp ddng ngan ban tai cac cdng ly.
thudng la nhtrng ngudi cd tudi, cd chuyen mdn,.... Thdi ban hgp ddng thudng dudi mdt nam, mirc luong khdng cd djnh. Gan day, ty le thanh nien lam viec dudi hinh thirc nay dang tang len.
Lao ddng phai cir la ngudi dugc cdng ty phai cir gidi thidu den lam viec lai cac cdng ty. Qui djnh ve lao ddng phai cir dugc ban banh tir nam 1986, ban dau cac nganh nghe tidp nhan bj ban che nhung qua nhirng lan sira ddi vao nam 1999 va 2004, nganh nghe dugc md rdng. Thanh phan lao ddng cd ca nam va ntr nhirng ty Id nir thudng nhieu ban .
Tren thyc te, khdng dan gian de cd the phan biel hai khai niem lao ddng chinh Ihirc va khdng chinh thirc mdt each rd rang tren khia canh cdng vide thuan tuy. Cac nha chu>en mdn thudng phan biet hai khai niem nay dya tren cac tieu chi nhu hgp ddng cd thai ban hay khdng thdi ban, thai gian lao ddng. ndi dung va mirc do traeh nhiem cdng vide. Trong dd, ngirdi ta thudng cho rang lao
* Thpc sT, Viv'n Nghien cuu Dong Bac A
NGHIEN ecru O 6 N G BflC fl, S6 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009
"'http://ja.\vii<ipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%
AD%A3%E8%A6%8F%E9%9B%87%E7%94%A8
33
ddng chinh thirc la lao ddng cd hgp ddng manh me da tao ndn ap lye can thidt phai cd khdng xae djnh thdi han, cdn lao dgng hinh thiic cat giam ehi phi nhan cdng. Trong khdng chinh thire la cd thdi ban. Nhung sy bdi canh dd xuat hien khuynh hudng thay phan biet nay eiing chi cd tinh tuong ddi. ngudi lao dgng chinh thiic bang lao ddng Theo dieu tra cua Bd Lao ddng Phiie lgi Y td hgp ddng ngan han, lam ban thdi gian, phai Nhat Ban nam 2001, cd 52,9% ca quan cd cir... Dae bidt, trong 10 nam gan day, cac tuyen dung lao ddng ban thdi gian, trong dd cdng ty, xi nghiep tich cyc lya chgn each gan mgt niia la dang hgp ddng khdng xae tuyen dyng lao dgng khdng chinh thirc vira djnh thdi ban. Ve mat thdi gian, nhidu lao dan gian va dem lai hieu qua kinh te ban. He dgng khdng chinh thirc ed thdi gian lam vide qua la tuyen dyng lao ddng ehinh thiic giam, gidng lao ddng chinh thirc, vi du nhu lao gia tang lao dgng ty do, lao ddng phai cir,...
ddng part-time lam du thdi gian thi dugc ggi Ngudi ta ude tinh cii 3 ngudi thi chi cd 1 la la lao ddng full-part. Tuang ty nhu vay khi lao ddng ehinh thiic. Hien tugng gia tang lao xem xet ve ndi dung cdng viee, nhieu lao ddng khdng chinh thirc ciing tao ra nhieu van ddng khdng chinh thire lam edng vide tuong de xa hdi nhu bat binh dang thu nhap,...
duong vdi lao ddng chinh thirc cua cdng ty. Cd y kien cho rang xu hudng gia tang lao Didu tra cua Bg Lao ddng Phuc Igi Y te nam ddng khdng chinh thirc phan anh sy da dang 2006 cho thay cd den 51,9% ca quan ed trong ldi sdng eua ngudi Nhat Ban hien nay.
nhting lao dgng dang nay*^'. Nhieu ngudi can mgt cdng vide tam thdi Trong 2 thap ky trd lai day, sd lugng lao trudc mat de lo cho eudc sdng hoae phy nu ddng khdng ehinh thirc gia tang lien tyc. ed con nhd, ngudi gia ve huu,.... can mdt Theo thdng ke, nam 1988 sd lugng lao ddng dang tuyen dyng khdng gd bd, ngan ban.
khdng chinh thuc chidm khoang 18,3%, den Ngugc lai, cae cdng ty duge hudng lgi khi nam 1998 con sd nay la 23,6% va nam 2008 chi tuyen dyng them lao ddng vao nhtrng len ddn 34%'^'. Theo tap chi Economist sd ra thdi diem nhidu vide, qua do tiet kiem dugc ngay 20 thang 5 nam 2008, hidn nay sd cac khoan chi phi nhu luang, thudng.
lugng nhan vidn khdng chinh thirc ngay cang Mat khae, cd thyc te la nhieu ngudi tir gia tang. Nam 2000, ed 12.730.000 ngudi thi trudc den nay van mong mudn dugc trd nam 2007 con sd nay la 17.320.000 ngudi. thanh lao dgng chinh thirc nhung khdng the, Trong vdng 7 nam do, sd lugng lao ddng vdi trong dd rat nhieu la thanh nien, nhtrng tu each di lam them giam cdn sd lao dgng ngudi dugc xem la tuang lai cua dat nudc.
ban thdi gian va lao ddng phai eu lien tue gia Lap luan nay dugc cimg cd bdi sd lieu dieu tang. Hinh thire tuyen dung ciing cd it nhieu tra eho thay 24% ngudi lao dgng ban thdi thay ddi, ti le lao dgng phai cir tang gap 4 lan. gian, 44% lao dgng hgp ddng ngan ban va Nguyen nhan gia tang sd lugng lao ddng phai cir eho rang hg khdng cd ca hdi lam khdng chinh thirc xuat hien tir 20 nam ve vide vdi tu each la lao dgng ehinh thirc va trudc. Suy thoai kinh te sau su dd vd nen budc phai lya chgn cdng vide hien tai^ *.
kinh td bong bdng va tien trinh toan cau hda
*-' 0 * 7 ^ - f i W ^ * l l £ . No 573/April 2008, page 50-53 <^'#^IEttM(^«ffl«fc 0 ; ^ ? r # ; t ?)iI#/-fo '^' 0 ^^'i/jfiW^^llfc. No 573/April 2008, page 50-53 http://www.niki<ei.co.jp/neteye5/iwata/index.html
34 NGHIEN ecru OONG B^C A. SO 6(100) 6-2009
Bang 1: Nguyen nhan cac cong ty sir dung lao dong khong chinh thuc
Dan vi %
Nguydn nhan Giam chi phi lao ddng Tuong lai khdng tridn vgng
nen khdng tuydn dung lao ddng chinh thirc Phan cdng lai cdng vide, cat
giam nhan vidn
Sir dung cdng nghd tidt kidm nhan luc
Ngudi lao ddng can hinh thire tuyen dung linh boat
Cdng ly dudi 300 nhan vien
77,1
33,6 33,6 17,6 16,4
Cdng ly tir 300 nhan vien trd len
83,2
23,9 39,4 22,6 20.6 Ngudn: ^MpJfliM^ (ndm 2006)
http://www. nikkei. cofp/neteye5/iwata/index.
2. Can mot co' che on dinh cho lao dong khong chinh thirc
2.1. Bdt binh ddng giua lao dpng chinh thirc va khong chinh thirc
Mdl trong nhung yeu td ma ngudi lao ddng quan tam khi lam vide la che do dai ngd. So vdi ngudi lao ddng ehinh thire, sy dai ngd danh cho lao dgng khdng ehinh thirc cd sy khae biet tuang ddi Idn. Theo dieu tra, ddi vdi nam gidi neu luong cua mgt lao ddng chinh thirc la 100 thi luang cua lao dgng ban thai gian la 53.8, edn ddi vdi nir gidi con sd nay la 47,7*'^'. Khdng the so sanh mdl each don gian neu ngi dung edng vide va traeh nhiem khae nhau. Song thyc td d nhieu cdng
''' Nhu trich dan 4
html
ty, cdng vide hoan loan gidng nhau, luong chi bang mdl nira. thudng va phiic Igi khae khdng cd. Muc dich chinh ciia nhieu cdng ty khi sir dung lao ddng khdng chinh Ihuc la cat giam chi phi sir dyng lao ddng (Bang 1).
Thdi gian ky kel trong hgp ddng lao ddng khdng chinh thirc Ihudng la 1 nam hay 6 thang, nay dang cd xu hudng giam xudng 3 thang, 1 thang. Trudc day, da cd trudng hgp ndu ngudi lao ddng khdng chinh thirc dugc ky liep hgp ddng mdt each lien tue va Ihdi gian lao ddng len den 3, 4 nam thi nghiem nhien hg dugc coi la lao ddng chinh Ihirc.
Song cd nhieu y kien phan ddi nen hinh thirc nay khdng cdn niia.
Bit binh dang cdn the hien ro qua danh gia thu nhap cua lao ddng phai cir . Cd the thay mirc thu nhap gia king theo tham nien
NGHIEN ecru OdNG BflC fl, Sd 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009 35
song mirc do gia tang nay khdng dang ke va khdng tuang img vdi cdng sire lao ddng ma so vdi miic gia tang thu nhap cua toan the phu thudc vao hgp ddng ky ket eiia ngudi lao ddng ndi ehung va cd the eoi la thap. Thu lao dgng vdi ca quan chu quan. Td chirc nhap mdl nam eua lao ddng phai eir d do Hgp tac Phat tridn Kinh te (OECD) da nhieu tudi khoang tir 35 den 60 khoang 300 van lan ehi ro sy mat can ddi nay trong xa hgi yen, trong khi thu nhap cua ngudi lao dgng Nhat Ban hien nay. De dieu chinh, nhieu ndi chung khoang 500 van yen, tuy theo do cdng ty Nhat Ban da va dang tien hanh co tudi sy khae biet cd the len den 2 lan'^\ che chuyen ddi lao ddng khdng chinh thirc Theo Tap ehi Diamond sd ra ngay 8 thang sang chinh thiic, song tren thye te hoat ddng 3 nam 2008; trong md hinh gia dinh Nhat ciia ca che nay van cdn nhieu bat dn.
Ban didn hinh thdi ky kinh te tang trudng 2.2. Ca che chuyen ddi thdnh lao dgng cao, chdng di lam vdi tu each la lao ddng chinh thiic
chinh thirc tai cae cdng ty, vg vira lam viec 2.2.1. Y nghia ciia ca chi chuyen
nha, cham sdc con cai vira lam viec ban thdi Ve phia cdng ty, ro rang la nhtrng lao gian. Thu nhap eua ngudi vg tir cdng vide ddng khdng ehinh thirc ma dam nhiem ban thdi gian chi ddng gdp Ihem mdt phan nhtrng cdng viec gidng lao ddng chinh thirc nhd vao ngan sach chi tieu gia dinh nen sy cd vai trd rat quan trgng. Sy khae biet trong khae biet khdng dugc chu y tdi. Nhung hien dai ngd tiep tue dien ra se gay ra sy bat man nay, nhieu ngudi la try cdt gia dinh nhung trong ngudi lao ddng, dac biet la ddi vdi lai lam viec vdi tu each la lao ddng hgp ddng, nhung lao ddng khdng chinh thire nhung lam ban thdi gian,... Mat khae, ndi dung cdng cdng vide hoan toan gidng vdi lao ddng viec va traeh nhidm lai tuang duang nhau ehinh thirc. Hg la nhtrng ngudi cd nang lyc, nen sy khae biet trong thu nhap duge coi la khat vgng, can phai cd bien phap dam bao xa khdng cdng bang trong xa hdi Nhat Ban hien hgi cho nhtrng lao ddng nay. Trudc bet la cai nay. Do sy dai ngd khdng hgp ly nen sy bat thien ve thu nhap, tidp dd tao dyng ca che man trong nhting ngudi lao dgng khdng tao dieu kien ehuyen ddi nhtrng lao ddng ehinh thiie ed xu hudng gia tang. Theo dieu khdng ehinh thire thanh lao ddng chinh thirc.
tra eua Bg lao ddng va an sinh xa hgi nam Sd lieu dieu tra cho thay, nam 2006 cd 2006, ty Id lao ddng khdng chinh thirc cd bat 48,4% cdng ty da thyc thi ca che chuyen ddi man len tdi 63,9%, cao han so vdi 54,3% nay. Mat khae, cd the thay nhtrng Igi ich cua nam 2001*^'. edng ty khi thye thi ea che chuyen ddi nay Nhu vay, tren thj trudng lao ddng Nhat nhu dam bao ngudn nhan lue, giam riii ro Ban hien nay, cd thuc te la dai ngd ddi vdi trong tuyen dyng, chgn dugc ngudi tai nang ngudi lao dgng cd sy khae biet. Dai ngd trong sd lao dgng khdng chinh thirc, nang cao dgng ca lam viec cho ngudi lao dgng,...
^ Hien nay, vi cac ly do khae nhau nhieu
(^>iifljai=j/ ^;< h„ 2 0 0 8 ¥ 5 ; i 2 0 0 , p . 3 4 - 3 5 , .' , . - , ,. - , , - , . - „ (7) n ^ .^/HniTtwfci-i^ X, c^-/A x-ic^n-i <:n «- nguoi lua chon binh thuc lao dong khong ' 0 Afjmm^W^^-s No 57j/April 2008, page 5 0 - 5 J t . • . & - 36 NGHIEN ecru OONG BAC A. SO 6(100) 6-2009
chinh thirc. Theo dieu tra nam 2006 cua Bd Lao ddng Phuc lgi Y te. 50.3% la do thdi gian pbii hgp vdi hoan canh ciia ban than, 38% la do thdi han lao ddng ngan va 23,8%
ndi rang hg khdng cd ca hdi lam viec cho cdng ty vdi tu each la lao ddng chinh thirc.
Dac biet, trong sd nhting ngudi lam cdng viec gidng vdi lao ddng ehinh thire, 44,2%
cho rang khdng cd cdng ty tuyen hg lam lao ddng chinh thirc .
Nhu vay cd the nhan thay cd nhieu lao ddng mudn trd thanh lao ddng chinh thirc nhirng khdng the. Ddi vdi hg, ca che ehuyen ddi tir khdng chinh thirc sang chinh thire cd y nghTa quan trgng trong tinh hinh lao ddng hien nay. Tinh dn djnh trong tuyen dung cung nhu thu nhap ddi vdi lao ddng chinh thirc ludn cd sy hap dan Idn. Mat khae, sau khi chuydn ddi thanh lao ddng ehinh thire hg se cd kha nang phat huy tdi da nang lyc cua ban than.
2.2.2. Ca chi chuyin doi hien nay
Tren thyc Id, cho dii cd ca che chuyen ddi nhidu cdng ty khdng thd van hanh co che mdl each thdng sudt do con dudng din den sy chuydn doi khdng de dang nhu ngudi ta vin nghT. Dd la nhirng didu kien can phai cd nhu sd nam lam viec lien tue, gidi han ve tudi tac, phdng vin, kidm tra,...Nhtrng dieu kien cin thidt nay cho dii cd dap iing dii ma thidu khung tuydn dung thi cung rat khd tuydn chgn nen ca chd chuyen ddi van chua cd hieu qua cao.
Lao ddng khdng chinh thirc bien nay cd rll nhidu ting Idp nhu thanh nien, ngudi lam
'" [l4;'>7fft0f'^SHfi.li:> No 573/April 2008, page 50-53.
ndi trg, ngudi cd tudi.... luong irng \di dd nhu cau va mye dich lao ddng cung khae nhau. Thyc te. cd nhieu co che chuyen ddi khae nhau dang duge cac cdng ty d Nhat Ban hien nay dang ap dyng. Vi du nhu co che chuyen ddi thuan tuy tir lao ddng khdng chinh Ihirc Ihanh lao ddng chinh thirc. Cd cdng ty dya tren mdt sd dac diem chung cua hai loai lao ddng de ra nhtrng tieu chi ve bang cap, neu dat dugc nhung lieu chi nay lao ddng khdng chinh thirc se dugc chuyen ddi thanh lao ddng chinh thirc. Md hinh chuydn ddi chii yeu dugc ap dung hien nay la dya tren nhung tieu chuan cd djnh do kinb dao cdng ty qui djnh. Lao ddng khdng chinh thirc cd dly dii nhung dieu kien nay se dugc tuydn chgn thanh lao ddng chinh thirc ciia cdng ty. Cd thd thay, md hinh nay phy thudc kha nhidu vao nang lyc quan ly, sy chii trgng vao dao tao ciia lanh dao cdng ty va phan nao dd chju anh budng ciia mdi quan he quydn lyc trong cdng ty. Neu lanh dao cdng ty nhiet tinh trong cdng tac dao tao lao ddng khdng chinh thirc, co hdi chuyen ddi se rdng md, neu ngugc lai ca che chuyen ddi khdng cd hieu qua. Dd tranh tinh trang nay, nhieu cdng ty thye thi phuang thirc tuyen md rdng rai nhirng lao ddng khdng chinh thirc cd day du tieu chuIn dugc neu cu the, tuy nhien tren thyc vin cd nhieu van de xay ra trong qiia trinh chuyen ddi hidn nay.
Sau khi dugc chuyen ddi, qua trinh cdng tac vdi tu each la lao ddng khdng chinh thirc vin dugc tinh den trong che do dai ngd, song khdng it cdng ty lai coi nhtrng lao ddng nay nhu nhiing sinh vien mdi tdt nghiep ra trudng. Tuang tir nhu vay. van de luong huu
NGHIEN ecru OONG BflC fl, SO 6 ( 1 0 0 ) 6-2009
37
gan lien vdi thdi gian edng tae, rat nhieu edng ty cung khdng linh den qua trinh cdng tae trude dd eua ngudi lao ddng.
Hon the ntia, sau khi chuyen ddi hinh thirc lao ddng cd nhieu thay ddi, keo theo dd la nhieu van dd ma cdng ty phai quan tam.
Vi du nhu van de tien luong, bao dam xa hdi,... Ddi vdi ngudi lao ddng, hg phai chap nhan mirc do ty do trong qua trinh lam vide va khdng phai ai trong sd nay hoan toan dap irng duge yeu cau nay. Ben canh dd, khdng it trong sd lao dgng khdng ehinh thiic ty lya chgn hinh thirc nay do su linh boat ve thdi gian, ky luat lao ddng. Duge luyen chgn thanh lao dgng chinh thirc ddng nghTa vdi vide bd budc ve mat thdi gian, ky lual nai lam vide,... Day khdng ban la mong ude ddi vdi nhidu lao ddng khdng chinh thire hien nay. Hay ndi each khae chua cd sy thich irng ciia ca che chuyen ddi vdi lao ddng khdng chinh thire.
Tdm lai, cd the thay xu hudng gia tang lao ddng khdng chinh thire trong xa hdi Nhat Ban hien nay. Xu hudng nay mdt phan do cd ngudi lao ddng can nhtrng hinh thirc tuyen dung linh hoat nhung chu yeu la do cac cdng ty mudn cat giam chi phi lao ddng de try vtrng trong qiia trinh suy thoai kinh te. Ben canh dd. su dai ngd giira lao ddng chinh thiic va khdng chinh thirc cdn mat can ddi trong khi ca che chuyen ddi lao ddng tai cac cdng ty cdn chua hoan thien. Budc vao nam 2009,
trong bdi canh suy thoai toan cau, ndn kinh te Nhai Ban dang liin sau vao khiing hoang.
Thi trudng lao ddng sa sut, nhieu tap doan hang dau cua Nhat phai cho nhan vidn nghi vide hoae cham dirt hgp ddng. Tinh den thang 3 nam 2009, khoang 85.000 ngudi mat vide, phan Idn trong sd hg la lao ddng khdng chinh thirc. Nhat Ban can phai cd bien phap giai quyet tinh trang that nghiep ciing nhu dn djnh lao ddng, tao ra mgt mang ludi an toan xa hgi, giam bat hgp ly trong tuyen dung hien nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
' 3.D N No 573 / April 2008, 2 0 0 8 ^ 3 ^ 8 0,p.
2 0 0 8 ^ 5 ; ^ 2 0 0,
1. B^9i\tm^wn
p.50-53.
31 - 4 3 .
3. i i f l j : n = 2 / ^ ; ^ h, p. 3 4 - 3 5 .
4. l t ^ I E i i f l c D H f f l c D f o ^ 3 ^ ^ # ; t 5 B^/f. URL (bttp://www. nikkei.eo.jp/
neteye5/iwata/index.btml).
5. bttp://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%
9E%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%8F%E9%9B
%87%E7%94%A8.
6. Tin hieu xdu tit Nhdt Bdn, Tai lieu Tham khao dae biet ngay 9 thang 3 nam 2009.
