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SOl DUnC PHAN mEM GIYIAP TOOLS
LAP BAi C # IKOAI Mi
O TS, N G U Y E N PHUC C H I N H * - ThS. P H A M THj H O N G T U "
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dn d d khdi niem (concept maps) Id nhi/ng cdng viee cua h q . Cmap Tools khdng nhi/ng cdng cy dd thj de sdp xep vd trinh bdy kien ho trq cho sy h q p tde g i u o cdc ed nhdn trong thuc. Hien noy, tren the gidi dd cd nhieu cung mdt phdng md cdn cd the ket ndi bdt ki cdng trinh nghien euu ve viec ung dyng bdn dd noi ndo tren the g i d i , vd nhung bdn dd duqc khdi niem (BDKN) trong dqy hqc. Cd nhieu cdch xdy d y n g cd g i d n g nhau hoy khdng phy thudc khde nhou de ldp BDKN, trong dd su dyng phdn vdo nhung ngudi ldp bdn d d .mem Cmap Tools Id mdt trong nhung hudng Oieu quan trqng Id BDKN khdng boo gid ke't nghien euu mong Iqi nhieu hen ich. thuc. Sou khi BDKN duqe xdy dyng cdn thudng 1. Ve p h d n mem Cmap Tools xuyen xem xet Iqi nd. NhCrng KN khde ed the Cmap Tools Id phdn mem de ldp BDKN, ddy duqc them vdo. Mdt bdn do tdt thudng Id ket qud Id sy ket hqp giCra tinh ndng cuo BDKN vdi sue tu ba den nhieu Idn xem xet Iqi. Od Id li do gidi mqnh cuo cdng nghe, dqe biet Id Internet vd mqng thich tqi soo su dyng phdn mem mdy tinh Iqi eo todn cdu. Phdn mem ndy khdng nhi/ng giup ngudi nhieu Iqi ich.
su dyng de ddng tqo ldp vd sua ddi ede BDKN 2) Liin kit cdc tdi nguyen. Ngodi chuc ndng vdo mqi luc nhd bd xu li vdn bdn, md edn cho eo bdn Id edng cy de ldp nhung BDKN don gidn, phep nhCrng ngudi su dyng cd the troo ddi duqe phdn mem ndy edn cho phep ngudi su dyng lien vdi nhau trong khi xdy dyng bdn dd, bdt cu oi ket cdc tdi nguyen thdng hn (cdc hinh dnh, bieu tren Internet cung cd the truy cdp vdo, cd the lien tuqng, video, bieu d d , ede bdng bieu, vdn bdn, ket cdc tdi nguyen de Idm rd ndi dung BDKN vd cdc trong v/eb hoy nhC/ng bdn dd khde) ndm d tim kiem nhi/ng thdng tin ed lien quan. bdt cu noi ndo tren Internet hoy trong nhung hd Cd the tdi (dowload) m i l n phi phdn mem ndy so ed nhdn de tqo cdc KN hoy cdc menh de trong h> djo chi: http//emap.ihmc.us, viee edi dot trong BDKN vdi mdt thoo tde don gidn Id keo vd thd mdy Hnh cua bqn eung het sue don gidn vd nhonh ehudt (drag and drop).
chdng theo tung budc hudng ddn. Khi cdi dqt Cdc tdi nguyen lien ket duqc trinh bdy dudi phdn mem ndy, phdi khoi bdo ddy du cdc thdng dqng nhi/ng bieu tuqng ben dudi cdc KN (xem hn ve cd nhdn. Sou khi edi ddt xong, neu duqc hinh tr.39). Khi kich ehudt vdo mdt trong nhCrng chdp nhdn, bqn se Id mdt thdnh vien cuo cdng bleu tuqng ndy se xudt hien mdt danh sdeh nhi/ng ddng Cmap. Luc dd bqn cd the troo ddi thdng tin mdi lien ke't tu d d ngudi su dyng cd the lyo ehqn vdi nhi/ng ngudi khde tren todn cdu ve vdn de de md tdi nguyen duqc lien ket.
md bqn quon tdm de ldp BDKN. Khi su dyng Cmap Tools, cd the su dyng cdc 2. M o t so' chuc ndng cua phdn mem Cmap BDKN de truy cdp bdt ki ndi dung ndo dd duqc Tools ngudi tqo ldp bdn dd md hod dudi dqng so. Vdi 1) Lap BDKN. Phdn mem Cmop Tool cho cdch ndy, cdc BDKN cd the phyc vy nhu nhCrng phep tqo cdc khdi niem (KN) di chuyen cdc cdng cy qudn li nhung Itnh vyc kien thuc khde KN vd tqo ra cdc dudng ndi trong bdn d d . Khi nhou. Bdng cdch dom gidn hod sy lien ke't gii/a phdn mem Cmop Tools duqe su dyng ket ndi cdc K N , ngudi hqe cd the xdy dyng nhung mo vdi mdt mdy chieu, hoi hodc nhieu ngudi ed
the de ddng hqp tde de xdy d y n g nhCrng BDKN * Trtfcing Dai hoc sir pham • DH Thai nguyen vd cd the nhin thdy nhung sy thoy ddi trong "Trtfcing phd thong Viing cao Viet Bae
Tap chi Giao due so 2 1 8 (ki a • 7/aoo»i
hinh kien thue (Conos, 2 0 0 3 ; Canas, 2005), dd Id top hqp cdc BDKN cung cdc tdi nguyen ve mdt chu de ndo dd the hien sy hieu biet cuo hq ve mdt linh vyc ehu khdng phdi Id bi gidi hon trong mdt BDKN.
BDKN ve mdt lodi chim
I — '•» • L \ .
.•-,—,.^.^—^J - - — - — u:
(nguon: Joseph D.Novak & Alberto J. Canas 2004) 3) Tgo thudn Igi cho viic hgc hgp tde vd hgc tu xa. Trong hoqt ddng cuo chung to, vdi cd gido vien (GV) vd hqe sinh (HS), ede nhdm nhd Idm viee hqp tde de tqo ldp BDKN dd td ro cd ich trong nhieu ngCr cdnh. Odu nhi/ng ndm 1990, d cdc nude MT Lotin, SV su dyng mqng IBM (cd trudc mqng Internet) dd rdt thdnh edng trong viee ldp BDKN vdi cd nhCrng SV trong ldp cuo hq Idn nhi/ng SV trong cdc qudc gia khde (Conos, 2001).
Cmop Tools tqo thudn Iqi cho sy hqp tde trong khi tqo ldp BDKN. Cdc BDKN duqe xdy dyng md su dyng Cmop Tools ed the luu tri/ tren trong ehu, noi md bdt eu oi truy cdp Internet eung cd the thdy duqe. Nhieu trong ehu Cmop Id «edng edng", nd cho phep bdt cu ai eung cd the duo bd suu top ede BDKN hoy cdc tdi nguyen cua hq len dd (Conos, 2004o).
Thdng qua trong ehu Cmop, nhCrng ngudi su dyng d mqi luo tudi vd dang Idm viec trong nhieu ngdnh nghe dd duo len hdng ngdn bdn dd thude mqi chu de vd tfnh vyc. Trong khi ede BDKN tren djch vy cdng cdng ndy chi Id mdt mdu trong ede BDKN duqe duo ro bdi nhCrng ngudi su dyng Cmop Tools, vd mdt vdi khdng dqt tieu ehudn, chung vdn phye vy cho viec the hien nhi/ng ung dyng. Khi mdt BDKN duqe luu vdo trong chu Cmap thi trong v/eb md phien bdn cho bdn dd dd eung duqc luu tru, vi vdy, mot bd duyet WVv'W Id du de duyet cho tdt cd cdc BDKN duqc duo len.
Tap chi Giao due s6 2 1 8 (ki a . 7/aoo9)
Thdng quo viee luu tru cdc BDKN tren trang ehu Cmop, Cmop Tools khuyen khich sy hqp tde giifo nhung ngudi xdy dyng ede bdn dd. Khi cdc bdn dd duqc luu tru tren mdt mdy ehu h-en Internet, nhi/ng ngudi su dyng vdi sy cho phep thich hqp cd the cung su dyng ede BDKN cung mdt lOc (trung hqp) hay theo quy udc eua hq (khdng ddng bd).
«Nhung ludng thdo ludn" vd «nhi/ng chu gidi"
trong mdu nhi/ng chu y dd duqc cdi dot sdn cd the duqe su dyng de tqo nhung ehu thich tren cdc BDKN hcjy trong khi xdy dyng bdn dd.
Sy rd rdng cuo ede BDKN khien nd trd thdnh dqng lye trong viee trao ddi nhi/ng y tudng hay trong viee hqp tde tqo ro kien thuc mdi. Chiing ta eung nhdn thdy rdng, nhi/ng trd ngqi bdt ngudn tir nhung nhdn xet hodc djnh hudng cuo nhi/ng ngudi khdng tham gio xdy dyng bdn d d . Cd nhieu HS binh ludn ve cdc BDKN cuo nhou, du cho hq Id cCing ldp hoy d nhi/ng trudng khde nhau, ddy Id mdt he qud tu viec tuong tde vd hqp tde Idn nhou.
Chuc ndng Idn md Cmap Tools cung cdp cho sy hqp tde xdy dyng ede BDKN bdi cdc nhdm, du cho hq d gdn hoy edeh xo nhou. Id sy khuyen khich tdng eudng hqp tde trong qud trinh xdy dyng bdn dd. Trong sy da dqng cuo mdt nen gido dye, BDKN d mot nhdm nhd dd phye vy rdt tdt mye dieh da dqng nhung y tudng cung ed li thuyet hqe tdp nhdm gidi quyet nhCrng mdu thudn cd Iqi vd khdng cd Iqi. BDKN bdt ddu duqe su dyng trong nhi/ng edng ti de giup d d nhung nhdm trinh bdy mdt edeh mqch Iqc nhung vdn de nhdn thi/c duqe ddt ro tu nhCrng ddu hieu cuo sdn phdm mdi de tiep thj gidi quyet nhirng vdn de hdnh chinh.
3. Xdy d y n g mdt md hinh g i d o dye m d i : hqc hqp tde quo mqng Internet
Cd the khdng dinh, BDKN Id trung tdm cuo mdi trudng hqe tdp. Cmop Tools eung cdp rdt nhieu nhung ddc tinh giup GV ed the sir dyng nhi/ng BDKN cho nhung mye dich do dqng cuo HS. Odng thdi, mdi trudng mqng eung ho trq cho cdc thdnh vien cd the xdy dyng nhirng md hinh kien thue, phdn mem ndy cung cho phep ngudi su dyng vd nhi/ng ngudi khde ed the tim kiem thdng hn dya tren BDKN. Su dyng phdn mem Cmop Tools de ldp BDKN, HS cd the dqt duqe
(Xem tiep trang 30)
IJ
Do vdy: NfN. IJ = - a 2
-' . l 7 ' = 0 - H a y M N l U .
2
Cdch 4: PP tog do , ehqn he toq do Oxyz
sao cho O = A ' ; D ' E O x ; B'e O y ; A'e O z .
Khi d d , A ' ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) ; D ' ( a , 0 , 0 ) ; B ' ( 0 , a , 0 ) ; A ( 0 , 0 , a )
C'(a, o, 0); D(a, 0, a);
B(0, a, a); C(a, o, a). f
S u y r a : M f - . o . o l ; N f o . a ; - ! ; l f o , - , a l ; J \-,a.o
MN = -,a. IJ = 2 2
Do dd: M N . IJ = 0 • Hay M N 1 IJ.
3. Nhu vqy, viec dqy cho HS quy trinh gidi cdc bdi todn hinh hqc bdng cdc PP khde nhou dya tren viec chuyen ddi ngdn ngi/ thdng quo mdt so dqng bdi todn dd giup HS thdy duqc mdi lien he gii/o cdc ehu de hinh hqc tdng hqp, bien hinh, vecto, toq do duqc trinh bdy trong SGK hinh hqc hien hdnh d trudng THPT. Odng thdi trong
bj them cho HS cdc PP mdi de gidi cdc bdi todn hinh hqc vd thye sy cd tde dyng ren kT ndng gidi mdt sd dqng bdi todn hinh hqc khdng gion bdng PP vecto, toq do, bien hinh.
Td chuc dqy hqe tfieo cdc hudng tren cd tde dyng tdt trong viec gdy hung thu hqc tdp cho HS, tqo dieu kien phdt huy tinh tich cyc cua HS trong viec hm tdi cdc Idi gidi khde nhau de gidi quyet mdt bdi todn, h/ dd dd ndng coo hieu qud gidng dqy.U
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nguyen Ba Kim - Vu Duong Thuy. Phuong phap day hoc mon Toan - phan I va II. NXB Gido due, H 2000.
2. Doan Quynh - Van NhuCirorng - Pham Khde Ban - Ta Man. Hinh hoc 11 (nang cao). NXB Gido due, H 2007.
3. Doan Quynh - Van Nhu Cuong - Pham Khde Ban - Le Huy Hiing - Ta Man. Hinh hoc 12 (nang cao). NXB
Gido due, H 2008.4. Dao Tam - Le Hien Duong. Tiep can cac phuong phap day hoc khong truyen thong trong day hoc Toan atnioi^
dai hoc va tnrong THPT. NXB Dqi hoc supliam, H 2008.
5. Dao Tam. Mot so phuong phap nang cao hieu qua hoat dgng nhan thirc toan hoc cua hoc sinh thong qua viec day hoc yeu to hinh hoc giai tich d truong THPT hien nay, Vinh 1998.
6. Nguyen Van Loc. Quy trinh giai cac bai toan bing phuong phap vecto. NXB Gido due, H 1997.
Sir dung phan mem Cmap tools...
(Tiip theo trang 39)
cdc mye heu sou: o) Su dyng bdn dd de nghien CUU thdng tin de hqc ve nhieu chu de hodc de cdi tien bdn dd tu viee lien ket cdc ngudn thdng tin, vd gui Iqi cho nhi/ng ngudi nghien euu khde; b) Ghi nhi/ng qud trinh cua viec xdy dyng bdn dd de sau ndy xem Iqi, thdng bdo cho GV cdi gi Id quon trqng trong BDKN: qud trinh xdy dyng bdn dd; c) Chieu tung phdn cuo BDKN vd bleu d i l n todn bd de thuyet trinh; d) Dung dd thj de so sdnh hoi bdn dd cho phep GV so sdnh bdn dd cuo cdc SV de ddnh gid. Vi vqy, BDKN cd the trd thdnh mdt vdng trdn md xung quanh dd Id nhCrng hdnh ddng cuo qud trinh hqc tdp.
Tdm Iqi: Dyo vdo nhCrng tinh ndng duqe cung cdp bdi Chnop Tools, HS cd the su dyng BDKN nhu mdt budc khdi ddu theo hudng hqe tung phdn kien thuc md hq cdn hieu rd hon. Ody Id mdt CO sd md d y o vdo d d HS ed the tien hdnh nghien euu, td chuc nhi/ng ngudn tdi nguyen
khde nhou, de hqp tde vdi cdc cdng sy, vd su dyng nhu mdt phuong hen de trinh bdy nhi/ng tim kiem cua hq d cudi b d i . Hon nCra, cdc BDKN duqc tqo ra bdi ngudi hqc cd the trd thdnh nen tdng de ddnh g i d khd ndng cuo ngudi hqc mot cdch khdch quon.Q
