QUY HOACH • KIEN TRUC • OO THI ft XA Hdi C'f.ig.Oi
i 3 - 3 t
NHU CAU KHONG GIAN SINH HOAT CONG DONG CUA NGl/dl DAN DO TH! d BA MIEN BAC TRUNG NAIVI
KTS. KhUdng Vdn Mudi
ThS.KTS. Khirtfns Ngoc Huy - NUS. Singapore - KTS. Le Thanli Thoai ViJ Thanh Tam • B^o Xay di/ng - Pham Sy Anh Minh
T
rong b6i cdnh hpi nhap va phat trien hien nay n^n itlnh t6 hdng hoa ntftifc ta khong ngimg ldn manh, dit nu'de ta thue sy da gat hai ducfc nhiSu thdnh qua quan trpng trong cong cu6e phat trien kinh t§, xa hot va dang la mot trong nhOmg qu6c gia c6 sir phat tnen on djnh v6i t6c do tang trudng binh quan eao. Thu do Ha N6i, thanh ph6 Hu§, thanh phd H6 Chf Minh tl§u bieu eho ba mi§n Bdc Trung Nam luon ehumg t6 Id ddu tdu cua ca nu'de vdl nhung thanh tuu trong nhung nam gdn day mdf ra nhidu triln vpng vd sy doi thay dang mi^ng v^ kinh te xa hdi gdp phdn ndng cao chdt luong dcfi sdng ngubl ddn dd thj.Tuy nhien. bdn canh nhOng phdt triln vd mat kinh td - xa hpi, ThCt dd Ha Npi, thdnh phd Hud, thdnh phd Hd Chf Minh cung dang ddi niat vol nhidu vdn dd dd thj nhy. Ha tdng ky thudt, ha tdng xa hoi, vdn dd an sinh xa hpi, cdng dn vide Idm, sinh hoat cpng dong eua ngydi ddn... B l gidi quydt vdn dd do nhidu khu chijfc nang mcrt dypc hinh thdnh giai quydt sy thidu hut hl^n nay eiJa trung tdm hl^n hijfu. Trong dd, vide hinh thdnh cde khdng gian md la mot trong nhyng nhu cdu cdn dypc dap ung vi nd the hidn duoc ehdt lupng cupc s6ng trong dd thj vd tap quan ciJa ngudl ddn.
Ngu6n g6c khong gian sinh ho^t c$ng d&ng cua nguori Viet xya:
Sinh hoat c^ng ddng vdn Id mdt lap qudn rat gdn bd vdi ngudl Viet Nam tir xya. Ldng xd ndo cua Vidt Nam cung ed Dinh, ChDa. C6ng ldng vd Chgr. €)lnh Id noi tdp hpp eua cpng d6ng d l lo toan vd bdn tfnh mpi vipc cua Idng xdm, ciJa nude.
Chiia Id noi tg hpp cua qudn chung d l hudng nidm tin vdo mOt tdn gido, cdn Chg Id noi tg hop d l mua bdn.
trao dli hdng hod trong cu<k; sdng
Cong lang Dmh- Community Halls (ngoi nha chung) hdng ngdy
1. Nhu cau cua ngyorl ddn trong dd thj vdl cdc khong gian sinh hoat cong dong
1.1. PhSn chia khong gian sinh hoat cgng dong theo nhu cau tang bac:
- Cap thanh phi:Day la cac quang trudng do thj. khdng gian mddd thj, khdng gian md trudc cdc cdng trinh edng cdng cdp dd thj nhy Trung tarn hdnh chdnh, trung tdm thuong mai Idn. nhd hat, tucmg ddi... dcdc qudc gia chdu Au eae khdng gian ndy dypc nghten ciJfU to chOc rdt t6t vdi nhidu hoat dpng sinh ddng hdp ddn nhy Giao luu, sdn chert thanh thidu nien, di dao ngydi Idri tuli, ve tranh, bdn tranh dnh nghd thudt, lam typng, bieu didn dm nhgc...
• Cip khu vuc. Day Id cdc khong glan md trudc cdc edng trinh cdp khu vyc, ede edng vidn cdp khu vyc. Tai cac khdng gian nay thudng Id ndi tdm ndng, vui choi, di dao cija cac gia dinh, ndJ thy gidn, tdp the di^c, giao liAi eua ngudi ddn. Cdc khdng gian nay thudng Id bdi cd Idn kdt hpp vdi cay xanh vd cho tre em vui dita.
- dp khu d, don vi d:Trong cae khu d, dcfn vi d ludn cd ede khdng gian md, cdc mang cdy xanh phyc vy cho ddn cy trong chfnh khu d, ddn vj d dd. Bdy la ndi hogt dpng smh hoat c^ng ddng didn ra thudng xuyen nhdt. Quan he xa hdi ciJa eac ddn cy trong khu d cung dtdn ra nhidu nhdt tai cdc khdng gian nay... Bdy cung c6 the Id khdng gian trudc, sau trong loi cae khu chung ey
1.2. Phan chia khong glan sinh ho^t cgng ding theo nhu ciu td'ng Ida tuoi.
• Thiiu nhi: Day Id cde khu vyc vui chol eita thidu nhi trong khu d, trong cdc edng vidn cdy xanh. Cdc khdng gian ndy thudng du«x: b6 trf cde trd chdi vui nh^n, hi^u d^ng phu hpp vdl lira tuli thidu nhi.
I NGl/dl XAY D I ^ G S 6 THANQ 1 ft 2 • 2014 Q
NHU CAU KHONG GIAN SINH HOAT CONG OONG...
Cauca Nti^ banh
- Thanh nien: Nhu cdu vui c h d , sinh hoat cpng ddnp cua lya tuoi thanh nien trong cac do thi hien dai la rdi Ion. Thanh nien den cac khong gian nay de vui chert, an uong, hpc tap, tam nang, sinh hoat tap the.., B a s6 cac hoat dpng sinh hoat cong ddng tai cac khong gian cong cpng la thanh nien.
- Trung nien, ngudi Idn tudi: Day thudng ta cac cau lac bo, hoi, san bai the dye the thao. Cac khong gian nay thi/dng bo tri trong cac cong vien, khu cay xanh trong don v\ a, noi co sy yen tmh va tranh xa cac true giao thong chinh.
2. Tidp c a n k h o n g gian s i n h hoat c o n g d d n g c u a ngu'di ddn d o t h j d 3 m i e n Bdc - T r u n g - Nam:
2.1.ThuddHaNdh
La trung tam chinh tri kinh td cua ca nydc, Ha N^
kha tieu bieu cho kieu khf hau Bdc bp vert dac Sm cua khf hau nhiet ddi gid miia a m , co du bdn mOa Xuan. Ha, Thu. #6ng. Bdn miia thay doi lam cho thill tiet Ha Noi mua nao cung co ve dep rieng. Thdi ^k phu hpp nhdt cho sinh hoat cdng dong Id Xuan, Hft Thu.
Cac khdng gian sinh hoat cpng ddng cua nguW dan Ha Ndi: Cdng vien Lenin, cong vien LyThaiTd, phd Binh Tien Hoang. nha hat Idn, nha thd ldn, hi Gyom, cac khoang trong nho hep trong khu phd, trSn cac via he ngo ngach.
Cong vien Ly Thai Td vao li hoi hoa Oi^ng Dmh Tien Hoang- li h6i hoa
Cong vien Lenin Cdng vien Ly Thai Td vao ban d^m Ngoi tha gian truac Nha hit ldn
N G U d l XAY DONG SO T H A N G 1 & 2 • 2 0 1 4
NHU CAU KHONG GIAN SINH HOAT C Q N G O 6 N G . .
2.2.Thinhph6Hui
Ld trung tdm vdn hod du Ijch gdn lidn v(jrt Ijch sijr ddn tOc Vi$t Nam. Hud c6 khi hdu hai miia ro rdt:
M£ia khd tCr thdng 3 ddn thdng 8, trdi ndng oi bOtc, tir thdng 8 ddn thdng 1 d Hud Id miia mua, bao lyt. Vdi
thdrt tidt oi buc nguiCri dan thudng ddn ede cdng vidn dpe bd sdng hd d l sinh hoat c ^ g ddng.
Cde khdng gian smh hoat cdng ddng ciia ngiiM ddn thdnh phd Hud: C6r>g vidn thucmg bae, cdng vidn 3 - 2, dpe bd sdng Hutmg, qudng tm^cmg tnxig thdnh...
• « ' - . " ^ »
Z3, Thinh ph6 Ho Chi Minh
Thiinh ph6 H 6 Chf Minh c6 hai mua ro rSt, miia J tCrthSng 5 din thing 11, miia kho tir thing 12
1^4 nam sau. C4c \Mna gian sinh ho?tcong
ddng cCia ngutt d§n th^nh ph6 H6 Chl Minh d cic cflng vien LS Van T4m, Tao OSn, Lam Son, bd sflng Sk\ Gon, c4c cau lac bfl, tr§n via hS trong c4c khu dSn ci/ mat dp cao, khflng gian xanh trong cic fl ph6
Giang sinh Iren di/ong te Lai
» 1
iJUdng hoa Nguv^n Hi-e Bieu Oien ngoai I'Oi in/dc Nha '•
NOtfdl X A Y DUNG S6 T H A N O 1 f t 2 - 2 0 1 4
NHUCAu KHONG GIAN SINH HOAT C O N G O 6 N R . . t^i cde dd thj mdi nhy Phu My Hung, Trung Scm.
3. Tiep can khdng gian sinh hoat cong dong cua ngi/cri dan do thj tren thd ^idi
Thanh phd Seoul - Han Qudc, Cong vidn trung tam d New York - My...
4. Cac yeu cdu d6i vdi viec to chi^c khdng gian sinh hoat cong dong tai cac khong gian md 4.1. Khong gian md phai thu hut cac hoat dgng cua con ngirdi
Ben eanh cdc yeu cdu vd eanh quan, tham my dd thi cua cdc khdng glan md, didu quan trpng nhdt la thu hut bdng dang ciJa con ngydi vd hoat dpng eua eon ngydi trong cdc khdng gian dy Thdnh cdng cua cdc khdng gian md khdng phdi Id vide tao nen cae khdng gian tuom tdt, gpn gang ma d ehd thu hut va tao didu kien cho con ngudi ddn vdl cac khdng gian dy. Mdt ve dep quydn uy, hoanh trdng, khd khan vd lanh liing Id didu nen trdnh. Khdng giati md phai dap dng dUdc eae nhu cdu cua mpi thdnh phdn dan cy tir ngudi lao dpng nghdo khi cho ddn cy ddn sang trpng.
Khdng gian md Id khu vyc hieu qua nhdt trong vide tao nen cdc giao tidp xa hpi. Giao tidp xa hdi la mdt phdn khdng t h i thieu cila cudc sdng, nd thiie diy mdi quan hd gii)a eon ngydi vdi nhau va tao ndn dnh hudng Idn eac hanh vi xa hdi eua eon ngudi. Vide tao nen cdc khdng gian md d l con ngudi cd t h i t l ehue cac hoat ddng cdng cdng nhd: Cdc Id hdi, ehd ngoai trdi hay ddn gidn Id d l thy gian Id hdt suflc cdn thidt. Chang han nhd: Giao luu gdp gd, cdc cudc trd chuydn thy d$ng Id ede hoat ddng xd hdi gdp phdn hlnh thdnh ndn cde dae tfnh ed nhan. Cde hoat dpng ndy phy thu^c vdo sy hipn didn eua nhCmg ngudi trdn cung m^t khdng gian vat ly, hoac Id d via he hodc la d qudng trudng.
4.2. Kdu ciu ve sir an toan vi cam giic an toin Yeu cdu vd an todn vd an ninh Id mdt trong nhiing ydu cdu quan trpng trong bdt ky thdi ky phdt trien dd thj va trong bdt ed mdt khdng gian kidn true ndo dde bidt Id trong cdc khdng gian cdng edng.
Chung ta se cam thdy thodi mdi vd an toan hon trong nhflng khu v i ^ ed eai nhin bao quat vd he thong chidu sdng ddy du, noi md ehung ta cd cdni gidc rdng dypc ngudi khac nhin thdy vd nghe thdy.
Thidt kd mang tinh chidu sdu Id mOt edng cy quan trpng tang cudng cam giac sang khoai eiJa con ngudl vd Idm khu vye khdng gian md trd ndn thdn thien vdi ngudi xung quanh. Cd 3 nguyen tde de xdy dyng cam gidc an todn:
- flam bdo sy gidm sat ty nhidn vd sy hien dien cua con ngudl
- Xdy dyng cac mdt tidn nha trdn cac khu vue khdng gian md, d l gia dinh theo ddi quan sat sirih hoat cua con cdi.
- Cd dupt tdni nhin ra khdng gian md tir cdc edng trinh vd gidm thieu nhflng mdt tidn de trdng.
- Gidm thilu cde xung ddt: Gidm thieu cac xung dot vd giao thdng cua ngudi di bO vd ngudl di xe dap vdi cdc phUdng tten giao thdng eo gidi.
- Thidt ke m^t khu vyc vdi sy tham gia ehung cila cOng ddng xung quanh; Khi mQi ngud( nhin vdo mgt
khdng giein cdng c$ng nhy Id mdt khdng gian ciia chinh hp, ho se ed trdeh nhi^m hdn vd khdng gian dd. Nhiimg dja diem dupe thidt kd edn tao ndn cdm gidc ddng sd hflu, ciing nhau bao ve vd giur gin.
4.3. Yeu cau ve giao thdng lien hg Tiip can di bd, an toan vi thuan ti§n:
Dt bo la mpt trong nhung hinh thdc di ehuyin chi'nh tai cac khdng gian md. Vi thd nhu cdu ddi vA ngudi di bo cdn phai duuc xem xet can thdn va phcH' xem Id uu tidn trong nhung sy bd trf cho sy phdt trIen nhdm tao ra mdt mdi trudrig than thien, an todn cho khdeh bd hanh. Khi thidt kd mdi trydng eho khdch b$
hdnh cdn ldu y eae nguyen tdc sau (5C):
- Kdt ndi (Conneetiori): Cdc tuydn dudtig danh cho ngydi di bd phai dypc kdt ndi thanh he thdng, tranh iii cat ngang bdi cdc phddng tien giao thdng co gidl hay cac ehudng ngai vat can dudng, can tdm nhin.
- Thudn tien (Convenience): Cac tuydn dudng ddnh eho ngudi dJ bd phdi thudn tidn trong di ehuyen.
Trong trudng hdp phal giao nhau vdi giao thdng co gidi thi phdi luu y t l chde cho ngudi di b$ di qua de dang, tranh trudng hdp khdch bd hanh dpi Idu hon 10 gidy de bang qua dudng.
- Thdn thidn (Convivial): NhCing con dudng cho khdch bo hanh ndy phai eho ngudl di bp edm giac an todn vd dm cung, phai duoc chidu sdng ddy dii.
- Thodi mdi (Comfortable): Chdt luong vd bd rpng ciJa con dudng phai dem l^i cho khaeh b$ hdnh &f thodi mdi.
- Thu hut sy chu y (Conspieuousness): Mdt tuyen dudng dl bd cdn dd nhan bidt, cac tfn hieu hudng din phdi dudc rd rdng, dd thdy. Ngodi ra, klii to chijK; c^
dudng di bd edn luu y cac yeu td sau:
Ngydi ta thfch di bd doc theo nhOmg khu vuc mk hp cam giae dupc nhin thdy bdi nhufng ngudl kh^c nhy Tdi xd, cu ddn vd nhung khdch bd hdnh.
Ndu phai xdy dyng nhOmg con dudng ddnh rieng eho ngudi di bd thi chdng cdn phai dupe n6i liln \k phdi dudc nhin thdy tir cac ngdi nha vd cde tda nhi cao tdng.
Bd mat con dudng sir dyng chung cdn duoc thi^
kd can thdn de tranh dUdc nhufng sy va cham trong khi di chuyen, vd nhy vay nd se cho phdp nhidu hogi dpng khac didn ra.
Dudiig di bd phai dan ngudl ta ddn dupc nhiing noi muon ddn, chd khdng phdi theo edch thidt W hinh hpc dupe djnh sdn.
Khdch bp hdnh, nhiing ngudi di xe dap vd cac logi xe cd khdc cung ed the di chung tren m0t con duflng ndu nhy no dupe thidt kd eho vide di chuyin 6 t6ciJ0 eham.
Kit nil dudng pho:
Muc tieu ciJa vi^c kdt n6i dudng ph6 dd Id t?o duwc sy kdt ndi vd mat giao thdng gifla khu v*
khdng gian md vdt cac khu vyc khae cfia dd ttio ddy bao gdm giao thdng ddi ngoai vd giao t h d n w bo, dudng di dao trong khu vye khdng gian md. a/
ket ndi vd giao thdng bao g6m ede ydu t6 sau:
• Mang ludi giao thdng chfnh. ^
• Sy hpp If eiJa vide bd tri bai ddu xe vd l6i vdoiP NGUdl X A Y pyNQ s 6 T H A N G 1 & 2 - 2014
NHU CAU K H O N G GIAN SINH HOAT C Q N G B6NG...
- Bd trf hgp If cdc djch vy ehung. M^t trong nhflng ydu edu quan trpng khdc eua vide kdt ndi dudng phd Id qui hoach hd thdng giao thdng cdng edng. Khi b6 tri hd thong giao thdng edng c^ng cdn ddm bdo cdc ydu edu sau:
Vj trf eua dilm dimg dd giao thdng cdng cdng ndn dupc bd trf tai vj trf hpp If.
Bd tri tuyen giao thdng cdng c$ng phdi kdt hop vdi cdc true dudng di bd.
Yeu ciu ve cdng trinh kiin true vi cac v$t dung trang tn:
Cdng trinh kidn tnic:
Khdng gian md Id khdng gian cd tdm nhin rdng, vi thd cdn trdnh bj cdc vat dung hay cdng trinh kidn tnic can tdm nhin. Khi bd tri cdng trinh kidn tnic trong khdng gian md edn ldu y ky ddn vj tri eac cdng trinh ndy Hinh khdi kidn true cua ede edng trinh ndy cung nen nhe nhdng vd thanh thodt phii hdp vdi cdnh quan chung. Cdc edng trinh ndy cung ndn cd tinh ed ddng de cd t h i tdp ghep hay thdo dd khi khdng ed nhu cdu sd dgng. Odi vdi nhd vp sinh edng edng trong cdc khdng gian md, lo^i hinh thfch hpp nhiit Id lam ngdm d l ddm bdo dupc m j quan cho khdng gian cdng cpng.
Vdl dyng trang tri:
Cdc khdng gian md ndi chung vd khdng gian qudng trudng ndi ridng la ndi tdp trung nhidu ydu t6 cdu thdnh: Tudng trang trf, eh6 ng6i, hdng rdo, chS diimg tru, dimg chdn, hop didn tho^i, cpc bu$c hay cdc biln qudng edo... NhQng vdt dyng ndy do nhidu ddi tupng khdc nhau sd hflu vd qudn 19, do dd thudng khdng cd sy kdt ndi nao vd ehl ddpc xem xdt theo tfnh chdt edng vide ridng re. NhQng "vdt dyng trang ' trr ndy cdn dupc sdp xdp, kdt n6i m^t cdch dong b$
d l ddm bdo cdnh quan chung eho ed khu vyc vd hd trp hidu qud cho hoat dpng ngudi ddn.
Yiu ciu vi SI/ lien he doi vdi cdng trinh xung '• quanh khdng gian md:
Ddy Id m$t ydu cdu hdt sfle quan trpng. Cde edng I trinh xung quanh khdng glan md qudng trudng se ' gdp phdn vdo cdc hoat d$ng bdn trong khdng gian I md ddy vd ngupc lai- fldi vdi qudng trydng, cdc cdng trinh 2 bdn ndy chfnh Id ed sd cho vide phdn chia khdng gian khu dQng vd khu tTnh trong cde qudng : trudng cung vdl yiu to giao thdng lidn he xung quanh
qudng trudng.
1 Quing tn/dng dd thj:
I Qudng trudng dd thi Id khdng gian cdng eOng cd : y nghTa hdt stic quan trpng. fldy dupc xem Id phdng khdch eua dd thi. Id not t h i hidn sy vdn minh, hidn dai cung nhy cdc gid tri truydn th6ng thdng qua sinh t hoat eiia cua ngudi ddn.
I Thu dd Hd N6i dd cd qudng tmdng Ba flinh Ijch sU I nil tidng vd d^p. Hud hidn nay, da cd khdng gian i qudng trudng trong cung dinh, kidn true Ijch sir. Thye ' trang hidn nay tai thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh chya cd mpt I qudng tmdng ndo cd quy md tudng xflng vdi tdm vdc, linh chdt dd thj vd quy md ddn s6 ddng due cua thdnh , phA. Cdc qudng trudng hidn nay trong thdnh phd do
nhidu nguydn nhdn vd Itch sd cOng nhy qud tr\dh md rdng dd thi md chua ddp flng tdt vd cdc mdt nhy vdn hod, xa hOi, giao thdng vd kidn tnic, cu the Id:
Vd vdn hda: Cdn the hi^n ldt dupc tinh nhdn vdn, ndt vdn hda dde thu cua tflng ^ a phumg.
Ve xa h$i: Cde qudng trydng mang tfnh ctidt cdng cong phyc vu cho cdng d6ng nhyng gdn kdt dupc yeu td con ngudi.
Vd giao thdng: Khu vyc qudng trudng ludn luon tidp edn vdi cac dudng giao thdng ehinh, nhung vdn dd to chflc tidp cdn chua dupc tdt. M^ng ludi gtao thdng cdng cpng ciia nudc ta cdn ydu kdm ndn vide tidp cdn yao quang trudng Id rdt han chd.
vd tddn tnic: Cac cdng trinh kidn tnic xung quanh qudng trudng cdn cd quy dmh qudn 19 kidn tnic ridng.
Noi dupc ehd dpt Id khdng gian vdn minh hidn dai nhyng vdn I h l hidn dupe nhung ndt dde Irung ridng.
Ngudi ddn thdnh phd chd dpi mdt khdng gian ty hdi ldn d l cd the vui choi trong nhflng ngdy Id hdi Idn nhir fldn chdo nam mdi. Id hdi hoa... thay ctto vipc Chen chuc trong 1 khdng gian ehdt ch$i vd thidu tidn nghi hidn nay.
Vd tinh bilu typng: Qudng trddng trung tdm Thu Thidm phdi cd gid In vd mdt bleu trung, mang tinh kdl ndi vd ke thfla cung nhy I h l hidn dypc ndt d$e tmng eua ngudi ddn thanh phd H 6 Chf Minh. Bdn c^nh dd cQng edn phdi nghidn cCnj kT vi$c to ehflc, b6 trf tupng doanh nhdn, ludng trang trf d ede vi trf thfch hpp.
vd sy tidn nghi: Ody sd Id khdng gian hidn dai vdl ddy du tidn nghi phyc vy cho ngudi ddn trong nhiJfng djp Id hdi, sinh hoat vdn hda vd nghl dudng.
Vd giao thdng lidn hd: Ody Id khdng gian md tidp edn dd ddng bdng nhidu hlnh Ihflt;, phudng tidn giao thdng: Metro, xe buyt, car, xe gdn mdy, xe dap...
Khdng gian di bd dupc nghidn edu t l chiic Idi eu6n vd hdp ddn.
5. Kdt ludn:
Tdm lai, Khdng gian sinh hoat cOng ddng Id khodng tri6ng trong quy hoach dugc TO trf h ^ 1$*, ngudi ddn I n ^ tidp tir chl d ciia minh ddn, trd con cd t h i a bO. Khodng khdng gian thidt thve nhdt Id canh chd d eita ngudi ddn, ndi se didn ra cdc sinh hoat cdng d6ng tiiu hut ngudi ddn. Sinh ho^t cdng ddng Id tdp qudn da hinh thdnh tCr xa xua vd khdng t h i thidu trong cudc s6ng hidn nay, nd ddnh gid chdt lupng cua c u ^ sdng cua ngiiCfi ddn dd thj vd bdn sdc ridng ctia ttmg dd thi. Vdi didu kidn hidn nay cdng tdc xdy dyng khdng gian sinh hogt cQng ding trong dd Ihj edn cd dinh hudng mang tfnh bdt b u ^ , ddi vdi cdc khu ddn cir hidn hijru cdn phdt triln chidu eao cdng trinh, d l gidi phdng mdt bdng 190 ra khodng xanh, phyc vy cde nhu eau hfldng thy cua ngyM ddn, vira I90 diA^
nguin quy ddt, vda xdy dyng augc ed sd h? tdng ky thudt vd xd hdi, vda t^io ra ip( nhudn cho nhd ddu Id, doi vdi cdc khu ddn ed mdi cdn xdy dyng quy djnh vd cdc hd sd nhdm ddm bdo vd didn tfch vd khodng cdch phyc vy cua cdc khdng gian sinh tio^t cdng d6ng, Idm sao dd tidp cdn. khdng bj giao cdt wM giao thdng dd thj d l ddm bdo an todn cho trd em vd nguW Idn tuli.D
NGUdl X A Y D M N G S 6 T H A N O 1 * 2 - 2 0 1 4
