sir H o n THAj^na UEK M o n CHAIJ A U
NmN Tir GOC BO BIA CHIl^H TRI
TSKH. Luong Van Ke Tran thj Thuy Nguyen Dai hpc Khoa hoc Xd hoi & Nhdn vdn
1. Dan nhap
Sy hinh thanh eac td chiic khu vue, cho dil Id chu nghTa khu vye truyen thdng hay chu nghTa khu vye mdi, deu c6 the vd cdn xem xet dudi nliieu gdc dp khde nhau. Cd nhiing to chiic khu vuc chang hgn nhu ASEAN (Hiep hpi cdc quoc gia Ddng Nam A) von hinh thanh do cac dpng eo dia ehinh trj ro ret; nhung cung cd td chiic khu vire ra ddi khdi ddu bang lien ket kinh te nhu EU (Lign minh Chdu Au); eiing cd to chiic khu virc hinh thdnh vd phdt trien chi thudn tuy bdi dgng eo an ninh qudn su nhu NATO (Td chiic hiep udc Phong thu Bdc Dai Tdy Duong) hay Td chirc hiep udc Warsawa do Lien Xo diing dau.
Khi nghign ciiu vg ddng eo chung vd cac ddc trung ciia ehii nghTa khu vye noi chung va chu nghTa khu vuc mdi noi rigng, cde hpe gia thudng mdu thudn d hai van de khoa hpc ndi bdt. Trude hgt, dau Id su can bang giira eae nhdn td ben trong va ben ngoai cua hpi nhdp khu vye? Thir hai, chu nghTa khu vye tuong tde thi nao vdi todn cdu hda?
Theo hpe gid M. Tela, trong hdi nhap khu vuc kieu mdi, eac nhan td ben trong ddng vai tro quan trpng: (1) Nguyen vpng cua eac
qude gia dan tpc, trong do chu yeu eiia eae nhd lanh dao khu vue la nham khoi phuc, bdo ve chu quyin quoc gia cua minh vd khd ndng ddi trgng qudc le, hoac mong muon eiia cdc qudc gia nho dg cdn bdng vdi quyen lanh dgo khu vuc trong mpt khudn khd rang budc chung; (2) Phue vu Igi ieh rieng eua eac nganh edng nghiep xuat khau dang tien hanh van ddng hanh lang vd tgo mang ludi tren co sd khu vye; (3) Tdng cudng dp phii hogt dgng ben trong thdng qua nhirng hiep dinh hgp tdc khu vye va nhanh bien tuong doi; (4) Mong mudn eua cdc nudc dang phat trien de ddi pho vdi eanh tranh loan cdu.
Nhu vdy cd thg thay dpng luc ddu tien eiia hgi nhdp khu vye sau Chien Iranli thg gidi thii Hai (CTTG II) chinh la yeu td dia ehinh tri. Khi nhin tit gdc dp dja ehinh tri, tlie Id tii mdi tuong tac giiia chinh tri vd khdng gian, ngudi ta thay qud trinh hinh thdnh vd lign kit ngay cang sdu sdc eiia EU gdn liin vdi nhirng bien dpng vg hinh thdi dudng bien gidi lanh tho vd nguon tdi nguygn ben trong ehau Au. Ciing tit do, sy
' Mario Tel6 (ed.), liin mmh Chdu Au vd Chii nghTa khu vice mai (The EU and New Regionalism) Bien dich: Lirong Van Ke/ Le Thu Trang, Truong DHICHX&NV,2010, Tr.7.
62 NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"? 38).2012
bien ddi lanh thd. tai nguyen, dudng bien gidi ciia i:ii vd keo iheo Id bien ddi long hgp sire manh cua I:U da tac ddng lo Idn den eye dien chinh irj loan cdu, De sdng td linh chat dia chinh tri ciia EU ddi hdi dya Irgn cir lipu Ijch sir. tlic Id kiem Ira su phdl trien dja ehinh tri theo ihdi gian chir khdng phdi chi nhin Niio mpt bdn dd lai mgt ihdi diem vd md Id mpi khoang thdi gian duy nhat. Higu biet ve Ijch su hpi nhdp EU lir goc nhin dja chinh tri cung giiip gidi quyet cdc cdu hdi mang trong cudc Iranh cdi vc dinh nghTa chdu Au.
Vi qud trinh hinh ihdnh vd phdl irien eiia EU Id hgt sire rpng Idn vd phirc tgp nen khd CO the phan lieh dugc thdu dao trong pham vi mpt bai viel. Do dd bdi viit nay ehi tap trung vdo ede digm chinh sau day:
- Ddc diem dia ly khu vye EU dudi gdc nhin dia ehinh tri;
- Ddc diem dia ehinh trj ciia viec hinh thdnh EU;
- Hieu ling dia chinh tri ciia vipe thay doi dudng bien gidi ciia EU.
Cdc vdn de Idn khde nhu: Ddc dilm dia ehinh in ciia eae qua trinh md rpng EU, tac ddng dja chinh Iri eiia viec md rgng EU se dugc cac tdc gid phan tich trong cdc bdi viit Hep iheo.
II. Dac diem dia ly cua khu vuc EU va chau Au du-61 gdc nhin dia chinh tri
Trong khoa hpc dja ly, ban ddu khdi niem "khu vye" (Area/Region) chi bao hdm
cde yeu to ty nhien nhu dja hinh, sdng ngoi, khi hgu, dgng thuc vat; sau ndy khdi niem
"khu vye" dugc bd sung them cde ddc diem xd hi)i - nhdn vdn theo cdm quan ve bdn sdc khu vice cua cdc chii ihg tiep can. Cho nen, khdi ni^m 'khu vye' mang linh tuong ddi ca vg khdng gian va thdi gian. Trong khoa nghign ciiu ve cac khu vuc (khu vuc hgc/Area Studies), khdi nipm ndy bao ham nhieu edp dg khdng gian khac nhau, Irong do hai cap dp ca bdn cua khu \ uc la cap quoc gia vd edp khu vice liin qudc gia (Transnational Region).^ EU Id mpt khu vuc lign qude gia nhu vay. Nhung EU ehi la mpt phan phia tdy ciia chau Au theo dudng kinh tuyen, va ehau Au den lugt nd lgi eiing chi la mgt phdn ciia dai lyc dja A-Au. Do vay khi xem xet dja ly ehau Au khdng thg khdng ddt nd trudc hdt trong toan cdnh chdu Au noi ehung.
Chau Au ed nhung dde dilm dja ly rat dde bipt so vdi cdc chau luc khde: Sy khac bi?l \e he sinh thdi so vdi ehau A, tdeh chdu Au khdi chau A nhd ddi Ural; Su phdn bd dgu ddn ciia cdc bien ben trong (Dia Trung Hdi, Bailie, Bien Bdc, Biln Den, Caspean) vd ben ngoai (Dgi Tay Duong, Bde Bang Duong) cimg vdi he thdng sdng ngdi thuan Igi cho giao thdng; Cac ddng bdng va thao nguyen menh mdng d Trung - vd Ddng Au;
Khi hgu dn hda vdi lugng mua cao; Nguin khoang san khdng 16 va phong phu thugn lgi cho cdng nghiep v.v... Ndi rieng vl dilu kien
http://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21344.pdf ^ Tham khao: Luong VSn Ke: Nhdp mon khu vwc hoc.
Nxb Dai hoc Oulc eia m Nfli 7.011 tr n 15
Su'hinh thdnltMieu minh &iaa cAu... 63
cho phdt trign ndng nghiep thi ehau Au khong can nhung he thdng thuy lgi khing Id (kenh ddo, dg dap) tdn kem va nhihig td ehiie chinh trj ndng ng de duy Iri nd - mpt kilu to chirc ma theo hpc gia My William A. Hay
"dd tgo nen che do chuyin quyin chuyen chi nhic d cdc qudc gia phuong Ddng nhu Trung Quoc, An Do, Luang Hd, Ai Cap vd Trung
My '•'
Sy kgt hgp vd phdn cdt khd deu dan vd hgp ly eua nhiing ygu td dja ly ndy tgo eho chau lue digu kien phdl irien vd lien ket manh me cd vg kinh te, giao thdng, vdn hda va chinh tri. Cd the ndi, dja hinh chdu Au thuc su CO tdc dyng cd hai mat cdng va thu:
de ddng tign chiem cde khu vye khac trgn thg gidi, thugn lgi eho xdy dyng phdt trien ben trong vd phdng thii ddi vdi ben ngoai.
Tuy nhien, dig hinh ehau Au tren ban dd cho thdy sy phdn biet thanh hai khu vuc rd ret la khu vue chau Au bgn trong lye dia (ndi Au) vd khu vue ngodi ria Hgp gidp dgi duong (ngoai Au). Trong dd khu vye ria chau Au tuong img vdi khdng gian vdnh dai (Rimland) md nhd dja chfnh trj Anh ndi tigng H. Mackinder mia dau the ky XX da ngu ra nam 1904. Ddc diem noi bat ciia khdng gian hai - luc la nd da tgo ra nhiing qude gia gidu manh nhdt eua ehau Au nhu Phap, Ha Lan, Tay Dixc va Italia. Them vdo do qudn ddo Anh qudc d ngogi vi eiing dd nhigu the ky Id mpi the lue todn cdu vd ehau lyc. Cdc nhd
nghien ciiu dja chinh trj nhgn thdy tinh trgng edng Ihdng khde nhau giiia cdc khu vye vdnh dai ndy da djnh hinh nen lieh sir ehau Au vd vd nhiing nlian ll ehu chdt trong dia chinh trj ciia chdu Au ngdy nay.
Dua trgn cae ygu td dja ly thudn lgi nil bat dy, chau Au da nhanh chdng trd thanh trung lam dja - ehign lugc, dong thdi eung Id trung tdm cua xung dpi va bat In ciia thi gidi. Klidng phdi ngdu nhien md trong Ijch sii vdn minh nhan loai da xudt hien khdi niem Chdu Au trung ldm lugn (Chii nghia Idy chdu Au Idm trung tam: Eurocentricism).
H. Mackinder trong khi de xudng thuyet cudng qude lyc dja the chd cho cudng quoe dgi duong da phat bigu: "Ai che ngu dugc Dong Au se khdng chi dugc mien ddi Irdi tim (Pivot Area); Ai chi ng\c dugc mien ddt trdi tim se khong chi dugc hdn ddo the gidi (titc luc dia A-Au); Ai che ngu dugc hdn ddo thi gidi Ihl se khdng che dugc cd Ihi gidi".
Gidi thdng trj cae quoc gia d chdu Au trong Ijch sir da nhdn thiic rat ro rdng ddc digm dia chinh tri do eiia chdu Au. Bj ehi phdi bdi chu nghTa qude gia hep hdi, ndi bd chdu Au ludn bimg nd nhimg mdu thudn va tao nguy ca cho cac cudc ehign tranh thon tinh lanh thi cua nhau va md rdng quy mo xung d6t ra toan the gidi. Khi dd ehau Au ludn ludn can dgn sy can thiep eiia cdc cudng quic d ngoai vi nhu Hoa Ky, Anh, Nga (de ehe Au-A).
William Anthony Hay la chuyen gia tai ViSn NghiSn Clhl Chinh sich d6i ngoai cOa My (FPRI: Foreign Policy Research Institute), Xem:
littp://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21344,pdf 'http://etd,lib,metu,edu.tr/upload/12612289/index,pdf
64 NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N^J jl Jb).2012 IIL Diic diem dja chinh trj ciiii viyc
hoi nhdp ben Irong EV
Hien nay III dd lap hgp 27 nude chdu Au. Lanh thd cua i:U Id tap hgp Idnh Ihd cua lal ea eac quoe gia thdnh vien nhung eung cd nhung ngoai le. Chdng hgn nhu qu^n ddo Faroe thudc Dan Mach Id mgt bg phgn Idnh thd cua chau Au nhung khdng ndm Irong tdnh Ihd ciia EU hay dao Sip va mpt vdi viing lanh tho khiic ndm ngodi chau Au vd cung khdng thupc Idnh tho eiia EU nhu Irudng hgp ciia Iceland. Greenland hay Aruba.
Y ludng bign chau Au thanh mpt thyc the ihdng nhdl da tCmg xudt hien rdt lau trong lich sir, da "manh nha" vd van dpng, phdl triln ddy bien dpng, thdng tram tir thdi ky De chg La Ma cd dgi den de che La Md than Ihdnh. ihdi ky Khai sdng, Cdch mang Cdng nghigp vd Hch sir hien dgi gdn lien vdi cdc nhdn vdt Ijch sir lay limg tir Chariemangne Dai dl thdi Trung cd La Ma (742-814) din Napoleon Bonaparte (Phdp, thg ky 18-19) vd rli A. Hitler (Dire, thi ky XX). Sy tin lgi ciia dg che La Md co dgi va qud trinh Thien Chiia gido hod chdu Au sudt nghin ndm Trung eo sau dd tgo nen bdn sdc chung ciia chdu lue nay da khign nhigu ngudi khdng khdi mo udc vg sy thdng nhat ciia dai gia dinh chdu Au dudi ban lay ciia Chua. Ngdi vi Gido hodng vd sieu quyen lyc ciia Ngai ddi vdi cdc vj hoang dg d chdu Au thi hien phdn ndo mong udc ciia gidi tinh hoa ehau Au ve su thdng nhat nay.
Budc vao thdi dai Khai sang, ngudi ehau Au da mong mudn mdt sy thong nhat
ve m^t tu tudng - ehinh trj vdi mpt the ehg quy cil chii khdng don thudn chi vg tdn giao, Vdo ndm 1693, mpt tin dd Quaker ngudi Anh - William Pen, ldn ddu tien dua ra y ludng thong nhdt chdu Au vdi viec ngimg Ion lgi cde qudc gia rieng le va lap mgt Nghi vi^n ('hdu Au. Tilp noi y ludng nay Id cdc de xual d thi ki XVIII eiia Jeremy Benham, Jean - Jacques Rousseau vv... vg Qudc hQi Chdu Au, Qudn dgi chung Chdu Au vd Lien bang Chdu Au. Hodng de Napoleon dd limg nghT den mpt ehau Au thing nhdt vdi "mqi bg ludt chdu Au. mgi ddng lien chung chdu Au. cdc don vi do ludng. cdc qui ldc chdu Au'\^ Sang thi ki XIX, nha trilt hpe Phap Henry Saint Simon vdo ndm 1814 da dua ra
"mpt kl hogch ddy tham vgng" vd kha chi till cho sy thdng nhat chau Au vdi the che mgt Hodng gia, mgt Chinh phu, mpt Nghi vien. Nhirng ngudi iing hp dng cdn di xa hon khi mo \e "mgt don vi do ludng chdu Au, mgt ddng tiin chung chdu Au" cua mpt hgp chimg quoc chdu Au (United States of Europe). Din hit thi ki XIX, cdc y tudng thdng nhat chau Au dugc thiel ke dudi bat ki md hinh nao eiing dgu khdng ed co hpi di vdo cugc song thyc te.'
Tiec rdng y dd thong nhat chdu Au nay chi thugc ve mgt sd ea nhan va chii yeu dugc thyc hipn bdng con dudng bgo lue vd chien
* Thu vi§n hpc li?u mor Viet Nam http://voer.edu.vn/contenl/m20156/1.1/
' Biii Huy KhoM (ch.b.) - Trung lam KHXH&NV Quoc gia - Trung tam Nghien cuu ChSu Au (2001), Thuc d4y quan h^ thucmg mgi - ddu tu giira Lien hi^
Chdu Au va Vi^t Nam trong nhiing nam ddu thi k
XW, HdNgi.tr.IS. ' ,
Sdhinit tliiuih Mien niinh &idu ciu... 65
tranh ihon tinh lanh thd. khign ehau Au edng chim sau trong hdn thii, ma "mdi tinh ddy thii han" (hasse Liebe) Phap - Dire la mdt minh chimg tieu bieu. Chi den dau thg ky XX, nhiing dieu kien cho viee hinh thdnh mgt Lien minh Chdu Au mdi thyc su ro rang:
- Trong the ky XIX-XX. qua trinh eong nghiep hoa ciing vdi sy phat Irien ciia mgng ludi dudng sat da lam bien doi canli quan vat ly ciia chau Au vd thiic ddy qud trinh khu virc hoa, Daniel Hedrick da md Id mang ludi dudng sat nhu la mdt trong nhiing cdng eu quan trpng nhdt ciia viee hinh thdnh dg chg ciing nhu cdch mgng hda dia ehinli trj d ehau Au vd cung Id dieu kien lien quygt cho sy phdt irien ciia tu duy dia chinh trj dya trgn tinh uu viet cua quyen lue dat theo quan diem cua cae nhd dja chinh trj hpc H.
Mackinder (Anh) vd M. Haushofer (Dire) sau nam 1900. Viee xay dung mgng ludi dudng sat tao ra mpt nhu eau vg thep, than da, va cac san phdm eo khi nang, ddng thdi md rong san lugng cdng nghiep yeu cdu nang lire van tai bd sung. Ngudn tdi nguyen nhu than, thep vd nganh cdng nghiep nang dya tren hai tdi nguygn ndy ldm thay ddi cae tinh loan chien lugc d ehau Au.
- Sy va cham cua chii nghTa ddn tpc va khdt vong ciia eae dan toe de dat duge ty Iri trong mpi nha nudc ddc lap ddng mdt vai tro quan trpng trong nen chinh trj chau Au tir cuoi Ihg ky XIX. Sy thing nhdt q u i c gia cua Biic vd Italia Id mdt md hinh ma nhiing qudc gia khac cung dang theo dudi. Nhiing qude ' bmJ/fas or2/seD/crs/row/RS2l344 odf
gia bj ehia cat vd sdp nhdp sau hai eude ehiln tranh da tao ngn hang loai cde dudng bien gidi qudc gia va bign gidi dan tdc khdng cdn Iriing khit nhau. Nhilu ddn toe khong eon duge sdng trgn manh ddt qudc gia dan toe eiia minh, trdi lgi nhigu quoe gia lai bao gom rat nhigu dan Ipe khac nhau ciing chung sing. Ngudi Do Thdi va Digan (Gypsies) van Id cdc dan tpc thilu sd thilu td quic. Tdi cd nhiing bdt on do trong b i i eanh ehii nghTa qude gia cue doan mgnh me da Idm hli sinh cdc cupe xung dot cti ve quyen tu quygt ddng thdi day len nhiing edng Ihdng quic t l mdi ma khong thg kiem che duge, Hai eupc chien tranh thg gidi bimg nd cdch nhau han 20 ndm (1911,1939) d chau Au la minh chung cho su that bgi tdt yeu ciia tu tuong dia chinh tri mudn thdng nhdt - cai Iri chdu Au vi lgi ich qudc gia hep hdi vd bdng cong cu bao luc.
Nhung chfnh hien thyc dau ddn eua mpt chau Au chien dia hoang tan Iai cang ddnh ihiie mgnh me eae y tudng thong nhat ehau Au trong gidi tinh hoa ehau Au. Noi bat nhdl Id Phong trdo loan Chau Au (Pan Europa) do bd tudc ngudi Ao Condehove - Kalergi sang lap (nam 1923) vdi sy tham gia ciia nhigu guong mat xuat ehiing ciia tign trinh lien ket chau Au sau ndy nhu ArisHde Brian, Konrad Adenauer, Georges Pompidou vv... Nam 1929 chinh phii Phdp d l nghj lap Lign bang Chau Au trong khuon khd Hpi Quoc lien.
Sau Chiln tranh thg gidi thii Hai, My va Lien Xo tim each xay dyng va eiing co anh hudng cua minh d ehau Au da ehia chdu luc ndy
66 NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N'^3 (1 35).2012
thdnh hai nhdm qudc gia doi lap hdn nhau vc lu ludng ehinh tri. Qud irinh tgp hgp lye lugng d chdu Au sau chien lianh dudi ldc ddng cua nhdn td y ihirc he dd dan den sy khimg hodng \ e chinh trj - qudn sy cung nhu
\ e kinh tc. ddi nen mdng cho su ra ddi ciia lidt tu the gidi hai cue Xd - M\ vd eupc doi dau Ddng - I a\' giiia \d hdi chii nghTa vd tu ban ehu nghia. lain cho ban dd dja chinh Irj ciia ehau Au dd ihay ddi can ban. Chdu Au bj chia eat bdi "hire man sat" (keo dai tir hdi edng Stettin d Tay Bdc Ba Lan den hdi cdng Trieste d Dong Bac Italia) vdi nhigu cupc xung doi cue bp gay nguy ca ndy sinh mpt cupc chien tranh thg gidi mdi,,, Vdi eae nude Tdy Au, dae biet sau khi lya chpn chap nhdn vien trg kinh lg ciia My theo K I hogch Marshall ndm 1947, da gdn nhu bj le thude vdo My ea vg kinh lg vd ehinh trj, qudn su, thong qua cdc td chire GATT, UECE, NATO. Dieu do khien ede nha Idnh dgo Tdy Au phai tim kiem mdt sy hgp tdc nhdm tao dyng mpt chdu Au ly chii, an todn vd dn djnh lau dai. Y tudng xdy dyng mdt chau Au hoa binh thinh vugng cung dugc ngudi dan chdu luc ndy tan thudng \ a ung hd.
Do dd, d Tdy Au sau Chien tranh ihl gidi thii Hai dd biing nd mdl phong trdo manh me v l ihdng nhdt chdu Au do Thu ludng Anh Wiston Churchill vd nhilu chinh khdeh ndi tiing khac khdi xudng. Ndm 1948, Td chirc Hgp tdc Kinh t l Chdu Au (OEEC) ra ddi. Nam 1949, Hdi ddng Chdu Au vdi hai
c a quan Uy ban Bp trudng vd Hpi nghi Hiep thuang Chdu Au duge ihanh lap...
Mdc dil vdy, chi sau khi van de nudc Dire dugc ddt ra ciing vdi nguyen vgng gin giii hod binh chdu Au vd sy bimg len mii cdng thdng trong quan h? Phdp - Dire ve viing Saarland (Ruhr-Gcbict) gdy Ird nggi cho liin Irinh thing nhat chdu Au ihi y ludng lien kel hod chdu Au mdi dugc Ihiic day dl sau dd duge hipn thyc hod.'" Van dg then chot d day la chiln luge Hen kel chdu Au cdn bdt dau lir dau? Lp Irinh eua nd ra sao? Gidi linh hoa chdu Au dd cd budc di dau lien diing ddn: vdn de dja chinh tri chdu Au dugc gidi quyet bdng dja kinh ti. Vd cdng cu kinh tg ndy dugc khdi ddu d ITnh vye gdn bo khdng khil nhdt vdi khdng gian dia ly: Thdnh lap Cpng dong Than-Thep Chdu Au (ECSC)
Trong qud trinh theo du6i v^ thirc hifn tir tuong thong nhdt chau Au, Phap chii trucmg thanh I^p mo hinh "lien bang" (Federal State) n^n luon gap s\f chong dli cua Anh v^ c^c niiijrc Scandinavia vdi quan diem "h(7p bang" (confederation of confederation).
Anh v^ cAc nu6c Scandinavia khong muln tu bo dii chi m9i phan nho chii quyen quoc gia cua minh. Vi v^y ho^it dgng cua H91 d6ng Chau Au liic do kha mo nh^t v^ vai tri bj x6i m6n tir n3m 1950 do s\f phan doi cua Anh. C6n Phip luon ngan can ki ho^ch lap mot
"Cgng d6ng Ph6ng thii Chau Au" vi cho rang do la mgt cich t^o dieu ki^n cho vi^c lA\ vu trang niroc Dire.
'" Saarland 14 viing dSt tranh chdp, gijiu tai nguyfin giOa Phip vi Due. Sau Chign tranh th6 gi6i 11, Phap cong nh$n day Ih vimg t^r trj trong khi Du-c yeu cau sdp nhSp vko lanh th6 Diic. Nh|in thuc dugc t3m quan trgng cua ngdnh c6ng nghidp than, thip dli vai qud trinh c6ng nghidp h6a d^t nudc, trong thi ky XX, Phip da tim cich kilm soit Ruhr va Saar cho an ninh kinh te vd qudn sy, trong khi sau Thg chiln 1. Due cQng c6 kl ho?ch Longwy-Briey vl ITnh vye qu?ing sit a viing giip vdi phfa BSc nudc Phip. Nginh c6n^
nghi?p khai thic than vi cic ngudn tii nguyen s8t trong viing Ruhr lim ting siic m^nh cho Tay Diic sau Thi chiln thii Hai.
Sdltinh thanh Mien minh &iiin cJin.. 67
vdi sy iham gia ciia 6 qude gia ndm d trung lam chdu Au md co sd chinh yiu Id cdc vung mo cho cdng nghiep ngng ndm Irgn luu vue song Rhine giiia bien gidi Phdp-Dirc. Mae dii xudt phdt diem chi mang y nghTa dja kinh t l nhung Id ehiic ndy ciing da neu bgt y tudng dja chinh Irj ve viec hgp nhdl chdu Au Ihdng qua Idi tuygn bd: Ddy la budc ddu lien tdi Ihanh lap Lien bang Chdu Au vdi su thdng nhdl hudn loan ve kinh le vd chinh tri ciia chdu Au.
Qua trinh hinh thdnh EU dien ra trong mpt khong gian luong ddi ly chii vd mdl dac diem dg nhdn thdy Id cdc quoc gia thdnh vien ciia EU hdu hit tham gia NATO tir 1949 (rieng Tdy Dire gia nhgp ndm 1955), ngudi ta thay dupe y dd lien ket dja-ehinh trj va qudn sir (mac dii chua rd ret) eiia td chiie nay. Vd cang ve sau lign kgt mang tinh ehinh trj cdng ro, Tom gpn lai ehiing ta ed the thdy rd nhdn to dja ehinh trj ldc dpng den sy ra ddi eua td chiie kinh te dau lien ciia EU Id:
1) Diing khudn khd eua hiep ude Hen kel quoc le vg kinh tg de xod bd cdc nghi ky va nguy co xung dot do tranh chdp ldi nguyen vd lanh thd, ddc biet Id xung dot giii'a hai nudc lang gilng Idn nhdl d Tdy Au Id Phap-Diic. Ndi mgt each ngdn gpn Id thu Heu ngoi no chien tranh eiia chdu Au;
DOng tren goc dd nghidn ciiu dia chi'nh tri vi vai tro cia tai nguyen thien nhien trong tdng hgp sire manh qu6c gia, viec bit tay cua Phip vi Diic trong vi^c th^h I^p ECSC dugc I;^ giai tir nhu c^u ^kn gui ve dja Iy vi c6 chung mgt lgi ich ve kinh te. Sau niy, Hi^p irdc thinh ISp Hgi d6ng Kinh tl Chau Au 25/03/57 tai Rome da md ra triln vgng hgp tic kinh tl toin difin giii'a cac thinh vien.
2) Chuygn giao mdt phdn ehu quyen qude gia Ign eho cap dieu till vd qudn Iri lign qudc gia nhdm tgo digu kien cho ly do hod kinh lg bgn trong, tang eudng giao luu giiia cdc ddn tde, dia phuang vd tilt gidm ehi tieu cho viec bdo ve bign gidi bgn ngodi;
3) Diing sire manh lien ket eua tap thg dg ngdn ngira sy trdi day don phuang cua chil nghTa quoc gia cue doan d Diic;
4) Lay lgi ieh kinh lg Idm muc tieu de nang cao y thiie trdch nhiem eiia cae bgn tham gia Hiep udc doi vdi viee gin giu' moi trudng hod binh vd dn djnh; tgo dieu kien tdng cudng giao luu vd higu bigt Idn nhau giiia cdc dan tdc lang gigng vdi nhau d chau Au;
5) Tdng cudng sire manh kinh te vd chinh trj tap thg trong eanh tranh dig chinh trj vdi cae ddi thii khdng Id md tryc tigp la Lien Xd vd xa hon Id My.
IV. Hieu ling dia chinh tri ciia viec thay ddi d u o n g bien gidi cua EU
Nhu vgy, nhd viec thiet lap EU (va limg budc md rdng khdng gian ciia nd), EU da tao ra nhimg kgt qua dja chinh trj to ldn, khdng chi edng hign eho rieng chdu Au ma con cho toan Ihl gidi mot khudn mau hdi nhdp day hieu qud va mgt nen hod binh ben vung, nhiing cdi da Idm ngn bdn sde cua EU.
Dudng bien gidi cua EU phdn anh gia tri, thai do vd nilm tin ciia cde xd hpi ben trong EU. Hieu qua eua nd ed the Id nhiing rdo cdn nhung eiing cd t h i Id nhjp cdu ndi ket Idng ngudi. Cu t h i chiing ta cd thg khdng djnh
NGHIEN C l f u CHAU AU - EUROPEAN b l U D l t S REVIEW N^S i'iS6).20}2
nhfrng ket qud dja ehinh Irj sau tlay eua vipe hinh thdnh HU:
1) Xod bo dudng hu'n gidi cicng giii'a cdc qudc gia thdnh vicn EU, lao ra mgt "the gidi khdng bien gidi", theo dd ede quoe gia khdng c(m phai lieu ton sire ngudi, sire ciia khong 16 \iK) \'icc iliiet lgp vd bao v$ an ninh e;ic dudng bien gidi quoe gia rieng ben trong npi bp EU. Cac ddng liru ehuyen vc lao dpng, ddo lao vd ddn cu ke ca cdc nhdm sde lgc cung nhu du lich dd dgt budc lien ddng ke nhd I liep udc Schengcn ky ngdy 146.1985.'-
2) Md rgng khdng ngirng dudng bien gidi ngodi eua EU bang cdch thu ngp them nhieu Ihdnh vien lien ke vao Idnh thd EU, Bang each dd, an ninh Idnh ihd ciia cdc nudc ndm d trung Idm/Idi/hat nhdn ciia EU dugc bdo ddm hon nhigu, va EU se hinh thanh ngn mdl hang rdo xung quanh dg chdng lgi su bat dn vd de dpa eiia the gidi. Gid day EU ehi edn tap trung vdo bdo ve dudng bien gidi ngodi vd thyc thi cdc trao ddi ihuong mgi xuygn bign gidi theo khudn khd lugt phap ehung. Nhu vgy, qua trinh thay dli dudng bign gidi bao gom hai qua trinh song song la
'" Muc tieu ciia chinh eiia Schengen nhim xda bd ranh gidi qudc te v i kiem soit trong ph^m vi khu v\rc Schengen li dfi ph6i hgp kilm soit ranh gidi bSn ngoii hoac cic nudc ngoii khu vuc Schengen, M$c dil cac thinh vien ban diu ho^t dgng dgc l(lp vdi EU, k l tCr luc dd Hi$p ude da dugc viat trong Hiln p h i p ciia Lien minh. Sau khi cie nudc gia nhap cung da ky v i o Hiep irde thi t6ng sd nudc da ky kit (neu chua li Ihanh vien) len tdi 26 nudc (2 trong sd dd khdng phii la thanh vign cua EU).
thing nhdt ben trong va md rgng ra ben ngodi.
3) Lgi ieh to ldn nhat tir thi Irudng lu do nhd bdi bd kiem sodt bien gidi chii yeu trong ITnh vy tai chinh, ihuong mai vd ITnh vuc cdng nghiep lu ban. Vipc cung cap ihj Irudng gan 500 tripu nhan khau va khai thac ihj trudng lao dgng ty do rgng ldn la mdt lgi ihl Irong ihuong mgi doi vdi cd EU vd eae quoc gia khde. Tuy nhien khdng phdi viee ly do hod luu thdng lao dgng Id hodn todn tot doi vdi bdt ky cdng ddn EU ndo, vi ngudi lao dgng chdc chdn phai canh tranh nhieu hon, nhdl Id d cdc qudc gia hgt nhan ciia EU trudc cde doi thii dgn tir eac qudc gia mdi vd sdn sang nhan viec vdi miic luong thap hon.
4) Tuy nhign mdt sd qudc gia van duy Iri kigm sodt bign gidi chat che trudc su mdt dan ranh gidi dang ngdy cdng gia tdng, nhat la van de nhgp eu bat hgp phdp vd budn lau.
Mdt nudc ben trong cd ihg ky cdc hiep dinh song phuong vdi mgt nude EU khde ed bign gidi ngodi ciia EU nhdm dua ngudi nhdp cu bat hgp phdp ve Idnh thd ciia nudc xudt phat, vi dy hipp djnh giua Diic vdi cdc nudc Idng gilng Ba Lan, Sec. Day Id khudn mau dugc duy tri d chau Au tir hon mia thi ky qua. Su bdt binh dang ben trong EU dd dugc thiet lap chdt che bdi mgt ehudi cac vdng trdn dong tdm bao gdm cac nude vdng ngoai vd eac nudc vimg ldi cd sy thich nghi phii hgp vdi Hiep djnh Schengen. Sy bdt binh ddng co tir trudc nam 2004 khi cdc thdnh vign chii chit khdng tham gia ddy dit cac kl hoach cua Hiep dinh Schengen (vi dy Vuong qudc
Sti binh thiuih Mien minh ^lau cAu... 69
Anh). Khdng logi trir khd ndng mgt sd qudc gia se bj tir ehdi quygn tham gia vdo hiep uac ly do bien gidi nay.'^ Hiep djnli Schengen co the lam tan vd cdc mdi lien he, tinh thong nhdt giiia dja phuang vd khu vye a chau Au. Vi du, nhiing cdng thdng Iren ranh gidi giua Slovenia va Croatia (img eii vien EU). Do cdc xung dot vd khiing hodng d cac nudc Idng gigng ngoai EU xuat hien Hnli trang di cu d at sang lanh thd eiia EU, ngn ngudi dan song dpc bign gidi ngodi eiia EU gap nhigu kho khan bdi xung dot vdi nhirng ngudi nhdp eu bat hgp phap hay ddn tj ngn, chang ban eupc chien d Nam Tu cu, khiing hoang Kosovo nhimg ndm 1990 vd 'miia xuan Arap' tir 2011 den nay.
Tdm lav. Ngdy nay khi nhin lgi, Ijch sir chau Au noi chung vd EU ndi rigng Id mpt birc Iranh phiic tap nhung dgc sdc vdi nhigu quoc gia va sac toe rat da dgng. Id mdt khdng gian dia chinh trj cua cdc xu thg van ddng ngupc chieu nhau eua cae chu the qudc gia:
chien tranh vd hod binh, ehia re vd Hen ket, thil djch vd ddng thugn, triet tieu vd tuong trg ldn nhau. Dg triet tigu nguy co eua cdc cuoc ehign tranh ed the xdy den vd Hep tue tan pha chau Au, y tudng hdi nhdp chdu Au da dugc hien thyc hda timg budc kg tir sau Chien tranh thg gidl thir Hai va dang bign chau luc nay trd lgi vj t h i la mgt chdu luc thjnh vugng nhat, mdu myc cho sy dodn kgt
Warwich Amstrong, Introduction - Border in an unequal world Trong' Amstrong, Warwick and Anderson, James (eds) (2007), Geopolitics of European Union Enlargement The fortress empire, RoutledppCnfTavUr A Franris nrniml Tr 7
qudc le va hda binh trong tuong lai. Ddng lyc cho cdc y ludng vd cdc qud trinh lign kit d chdu Au cd thg xem xgt tir cdc gdc dp dia vdn hod, dja kinh t l vd dja chfnh tri, Thuc t l ba loai tinh chdt ciia cdc qud trinh lien kit chdu Au gdn bd khdng khit vdi nhau, bet sire bien ehiing va sinh dpng, trong dd 'spi chi do' (roter Fader) xuygn suit khong h i thay doi la tinh chdt dia chinh Iri ciia chiing, cho dil trong thdi hien dgi, EU chii ygu dupc nhin nhgn nhu la hien tugng lien kit dia kinh ti.
Qud trinh hdi nhap eiia EU dg xir ly cdc xung dot vd nguy eo xung dot dja chinh trj eung nhu tao dyng tinh dodn kgt ndi bp giiia cdc dan lgc chdu Au vd tang cudng siic cgnh tranh ciia khu vye trong m6t thg gidi todn cdu hod chinh la mdt bdi hpc quy bdu eho hpi nhgp cua nhigu khu vye khde trgn thg gidi, nhdt la lien kit ASEAN.
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