Tgp chi Khoa hgc Tntang Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Pbdn B: Nong nghifp, Thuy sdn vd Cong nghi Sinh hgc: 33 (2014): 116-12P
Tap chf Khoa hoc Tru'cfng Dai hpc Can Thd website: sj. ctu. edu. vn
DANH GIA TINH HINH KHAI THAC RUOC {ACETES SPP.) BANG NGHE LlTOtl DAY Of VUNG VEN BlEN DONG BANG SONG CUtJ LONG
Le Van Tam' va Tran Van Viet ' Klwa Thuy sdn, Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Thdng tin chung:
Ngdy nhdn: 05/03/2014 Ngdy chdp nhdn: 28/08/2014 Title:
Assessment of fishing status ofsergestid shrimp on using the bagnet in Ihe coastal region oflhe Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Tir khda:
Ddy, rude, ndng sudt, khai thdc
Keywords:
Bagnet, sergestid shrimp, yield, fishing
ABSTRACT
Fishing status of Sergestid shrimp (Aceles spp.) in bagnet was studied from July 2013 until January 2014 in 3 coastal provinces of the Mekong
Delta including Bac Lieu, Ca Mau and Soc Trang. Data were collected from survey on 90 households. Results showed that fishing season was from March until August and each household had many bagnets. The fishing yield was not clearly different between West and East shores but
depended mainly on the weather. The yield was big different among provinces and within the province at the same time. The yield was less affected by mouth width of the bagnet and also did not depend on the fishermen's experiences. Bagnet rows were set up 1.5-10 km from the coastline, but the bagnet was located near the coastline get lower yield than the farther ones.
TOM TAT
Tinh hinh khai thdc rude bdng nghi ludi day da dugc nghiin ciru tir Ihdng 7 ndm 2013 din thdng 1 ndm 2014 tgi 3 tinh ven bien cua Ddng bang sdng Ciru Long bao gdm Bgc Liiu, Cd Mau vd Sdc Trdng. Sd liiu dugc thu thdp thdng qua khdo sdt 90 hg khai thdc. Kit qud cho thdy rdng miia vu khai thdc tir thdng 3-8 hang nam vd mdi hg cd nhieu miing day. Ndng sudt khai thdc khdng cd j y khdc biit ro rdng giira vitng biin phia Ddng vd phia Tdy, nhung phu thudc nhieu vdo thdi tiet. Ndng sudt khai thdc bien dgng ldn giira cdc tinh vd trong cimg mgt tinh tgi citng mdt thdi diim. Nang sudt il ph\i thugc vdo do rgng mieng day vd cUng khdng phu thudc vdo kinh nghiem cua ngu ddn. Cdc hdng day dugc dgt cdch bd 1,5-10 km, nhung day gdn ba khai thdc kem hiiu qud han day xa bd.
1 GlOfI THIEU
Con rude la lodi gidp xdc 10 chin tfaudc bg Deeapoda, tfaeo FAO (2008) thi con rude phdn bd lihilu d viing Chdu A Thai Binfa Duong, hinfa dang nhu con tdra nhd, kich ed rude tiiy thudc vdo loai va dye hay cai, chiiu ddi dao ddng tir 1 0 - 4 0 mm.
La loai rat quan ttgng ttong chuoi radt xich thiic an ty nhien cua he sinh tfadi biln nhd kich co nhd va sinh kfadi ldn cua nd.
Trudc ddy, con rude cfau yiu l i ldm tfaiic an gia siic vd gia cam nfad sin lugng ldn v i gid rl, nhung hiln nay con rude Id ddc sdn dugc nhieu ngudi ua tfaich d nhilu vung miln ttong nudc, dugc chi biin thinh nhiiu dgng khic nhau, vd dugc xudt khiu sang nhilu qudc gia d Chau A nhu Nhdt Bdn, Han Qudc, Trung Qudc, Malaysia, Indonesia v i Thii Lan (Bd NN va PT Ndng Thdn, 2013). Vi vly, con rude ngay cing ttd tfainfa muc tiiu kfaai thic ciia ngu din chuyin nghiep v i ban chuyen nghiip d
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Trudng Dgi bgc Cdn Tha Pbdn B: Ndng nghiep, Thuy sdn vd Cong nghi Sinh hgc: 33(2014): 116-121 nfaieu viing ven biin, vdi nfaiiu loai fainfa ngu cu
kfadc nfaau nhu te (xilp) vd ddy (Phan thj Yin Tuyit, 2013). Trong dd, diy li ngu cu khai thdc phd biln faien nay, diy dugc xip thdnh hang lien kit vdi nhau txt nfaihig milng day, nguyin tdc van hinh eiia ddy Id ngin ddng chay va lgc nudc thdng qua ldp ludi, ludi nay sl giii lai rude d mdt cdi ttii d cudi raiing ddy. Hien nay, dp luc khai tfadc con rude ngdy cdng cao ngoii nhu cdu thj trudng, thi con rude cdn phdi ddi mat vdi nhieu tic ddng tieu cyc do con ngudi giy ra nhu: ngn d nhiem radi trudng, sy thdra canh hda trong cjinh tdc, viing ven bien la noi tap ttung cic chat thai ndy tii ndi dia tfaii ra qua cic ciia sdng (Bd NN va PT Ndng Thdn, 2010).
Din thai diim niy thi cic nghiin ciiu ve con rude tten the gidi vd Viet Nam diu cfaua nhiiu, cdc d|c diira phdn loai ciia lodi rude (Aceles orientalis) dd dugc nghiin eiiu d An Do bdi Achuthankutty vd Ayyappannair (1976) nhung chi md t i hinfa ddng vd ddc diim nfadn dgng. Tucmg quan vi chilu dai-trgng lugng vd tang suit xuat hien ciia lodi (Acetes vulagris) da dugc nghien ciiu d Malaysia ttin ngtt cy li diy bdi Arshad et al (2008). Ngoai ra, sy bien ddng quan the loai rude (Acetes japonicus) dd dugc nghiin ciiu d ban dao Malacca,
Malaysia bdi Amin et al. (2009), nghiin cuu chi xic djnh ciu triic qudn the, miic tdng ttudng vd miic chit trin ngu cy khai thic la te.
Thdng tin vl con rude d Ddng bdng sdng Cihi Long (DBSCL) ciing rit hgn ehi, ca quan quin ly nhi nudc chua cd dii lieu ve ddi tugng nay. Vi vdy, muc tiiu nghien ciiu Id cung cap thdng tin vl khai thdc rude nhim cung cip thdng tin vl hien ttang ciia nghi kliai thdc ruic bdng ludi ddy, miia vu dinh bdt, cdc yiu td dnfa hudng din ndng suit khai thac vi cde khia cgnh kinh te xa hgi ciia ngu dan tham gia kfaai thac rude, lira co sd cho viec khai thic vd qudn li? ngudn tdi nguyen ndy hgp ly.
2 P H U O T ^ G PHAP NGHIEN ClTU 2.1 Thdi gian va dia diem
Nghien cihi thyc hiln tir thing 7 nira 2013 den thdng I nam 2014 d 3 tinh ven biin Bac Lilu, Ca Mau vd Sdc Trdng noi cd lang nghi khai thac rude truyen tfadng, t|p trung nhiiu ngu dan khai thac.
Cd Mau (CM): Dgi dien viing ven biln pfaia Tiy ciia DBSCL tga lac tgi ap Ddt Biin, xa My Binfa, thj ttin Sdng Ddc vd Hdn D i Bgc tgi ip Kuifa Hdn Bic, xa Khanh Binh Tay, huyen Trdn Vdn Thdi (Huih I).
- Bac Lieu (BL): Dgi dien viing ven bien phia Ddng ciia DBSCL tgi ip Binh Diin, xa Long Dien Tay, va Ap 1, 3, 4, thi ttan Gdnh Hdo, huyen Ddng Hii.
- Sdc Trdi^ (ST): Phia Ddng ciia DBSCL tgi kp My Thanfa, xa Vinfa Hai, huyen VTnh Chdu (My Thanh).
Mdi tinfa khao sat 30 fad khai thac rude bdng ngfae ludi ddy. Sd lieu dugc phdn tich thdng ke bang pfain mira raa ngudn rad R version 2.9.2 (2009-08-24).
S 6 c l V a n g \ V ^ Bgc Lieu f^^.^^-Mynianh
Ganh Hao. /
• Khu virc nghien ciiu
Hinh 1: Dia diira nghiin eiiu 2.2 Phdn tich si lilu
- Thdng ki md td: dugc ip dung danh gid tinh hinfa khai thac rude
- He sd tirong quan: dugc sii dyng nhdm xdc djnh mdi lien he tuang quan giua hai biin sd nhu:
giira nang suat, kinh nghiem khai thdc ciia ngu ddn, hay nang suat vdi dp rdng mieng day, chi phi dl lgi . cua.^day.. gan bd^-hay xa bd (Dalgaard, 2002;
Faraway72005). "
Kiim dinh su khdc biet nang sudt giira cdc tinh: nang suit khai thac giiia cdc tinh dugc kilm dinh bang phan tich phuang sai ANOVA, nang sudt khai thac trung binh ciia 3 tinh BL, CM vd ST.
Phirong trinh hdi quy da bien:
_V, =o: + ^,x„-+/?jX2,-r.... + ^^jCj,+e, (Faraway, 2006).
Vdi y la bien ddc lap (nang sudt khai thdc; i Id sd fad tfaii 0 cac biln cdn lgi li biin pfau tfaudc x(xi, x), X3), ttong do xi chi phi di lgi hdng ngay (ddu nhdt) don vi la (ngan ddng/ngiy), X2 do rdng ciia mieng day (ra), xjkinh nghiim ciia ngu dan (nam), vd mdi bien cd 1 thdng sd fij (/=1, 2, 3) can udc tinh. Tinh ^j dua vao phuang phdp buih phucmg
Tgp chi Kboa bgc Trudng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn B. Nong nghifp, Thiy sdn vd Cong nghi Sinh hgc • 33 (2014): 116-121' •' cua cie diy tfaudng ttin biin cdcfa bd 1,5-10 km, cac faing diy vdi nfaiiu milng ddy thudng xip thing gdc tir bd, nhiing mieng ddy gdn bd thi chi phi di lai thip han ddy d xa bd, vio miia rude ngu din ttap trung khai thdc raSi ngiy, nudc ldn lan nudc rdng, ludi sir dung la ludi cudc vdi mat ludi 1,2-1,5 mm. Cdch tiiiit ki kich cd ludi cOng khic nhau theo timg tinh, milng ludi ttung binh ciia ngu dan vimg biln d BL nhd nfaat so vdi ngu dan d vimg CM va ST, do mili^ ludi nhd giiip de dang van hdnh ttong dieu kien ddng chay manli.
Ngu cu niy thiet ke khai thdc duge nudc Idn va nude rdng khi cd ddng chdy di qua ludi, so mieng diy ciia mdi hp d cac tinh (Bing 1). Tuy nliiln, so lugng niy thay dii theo miia, vdo giiia vu thi so lugng raiing ddy nhilu hon ddu va cudi vu. Da sd la khai thdc truyen tfadng qua nhilu thi he, kinh nghiira kfaai thdc ciia cac hg (Bing I), kinfa nghiira kfaai thdc ciia ngu dan ciing cd sy biin ddng ldn trong cung 1 tinh, cd khodng 50-60% si hd lam theo truyen thing va sd cdn lai vi hoan canh khd khdn mdi tham gia khai thdc rude, raiia rude d DBSCL tiiudng bdt ddu tii tiidng 3 din tiling 8 hang nam, tuy nliiln dinh diera radi dja phuong lai cd sy biln ddng khdc nhau (Bang 1).
Bdng 1: Tfadng tin cu ban ve cac fag khai thdc ruic, sd lugng ddy ciia cac h§; kinh ngfaifm khai thac; kich cd* ludi; mda vu kfaai thac cua 2 tinh
nhd nhit, ggi y-=a-\-P^x^,^• p^x^-r-.... + p^x^ Id udc tinh ciia y„ phuang phdp binh phuong nhd nhit tim cac gia ttj a,P^,^^, fi^^^^ '^^
^(>',-j>-)^ nhd nfait (Verzani, 2005; Faraway, 2006).
Trong dd n: tdng si miu cua 3 tinh, k: sd tinh.
3 KET QUA
3.1 Tinh fainh kfaai thac rude bdng nghe ludi day
Ngfai khai thdc moc da cd tir Idu, nfaung tap trung eao diim vao cae nam 1998 vd ndm 2003, do tinh hinh khai thdc cie ddi tugng thiiy san khic kem hieu qua nin cac ngu ddn khdng du dilu kiln tiip tuc khai tfaic thiiy sdn chuyen sang khai thdc rude, 80% li ngudi ngheo, din tii nhilu viing mien kliac nhau d DBSCL, khi hit raiia rude thi chuyin sang khai thac cua giing va ca keo gidng, khoang 50% sd ngu dan cdn lai Id lam thue cho cac tau khai thdc khdc.
Ngfal day rude phd biln d viing ven bien, vj tti '
Tinh CM BL ST
So milng day/ho 17,7±2,8 9,2±4,2 9,6±2,2
Kinh nghiem (nam) 10,2±2,0 I2,7±5,2 12,7±6,1
Do rdng mieng day (m) 17,7±0,6 9,4±2,6 15±1,2
Do dai Iu6i day (m) 24,4*0,8 16,6±4,2 24±4,4
Miia vi^
(thang) 3-7 4-9 4-8 Ndng suat khai thdc cd sy biln ddng rdt ldn
gifla cdc Jinh vd ttong ciing mgt tinh (Bdng 2), viing ven biln" thudc huyin Vinh Chiu (ST) la khai thdc cd hieu qua cao nhdt (Bdng 2), vi cae hang day bi tri xa bd hon so vdi cdc tinh CM vd BL. Vi v|.y,
vile di lgi ciia ngu dan tdn kim hon, trong khi d CM thi chi phi di Igi ciia ngu dan khdng cd sy biin ddng ldn, do hdng ddy ngan kfadng cd sy kfaic bi|t nhilu giua gdn bd vd xa bd, ttong khi d BL do cdc hang day bd tri gan bd khoang cdch di lai ciia ngu dan ngan ban.
Bang 2: Chi phi va Ipi nfauan tiir kfaai thac ruic u 3 tinfa CM, BL va ST
Tinh Nang suat
(kg/day/ngay)
Chi phi khai thic (1,000 dong/day/ngay)
Doanh tfau (trieu/day/ngay)
Lgi nfaudn (trigu/day/ngay) CM
BL ST
10,31±10,1I 6,50±2,45 18,38±18,13
2l,6±7,71 8,3±3,6 50,0±21,7
0,44±0,16 0,45±0,16 0,90±0,25
0,30±0,11 0,40±0,16 0,76±0,23 Da sd ngfal diy rude la di v i vl ttong ngiy, vi
vdy chi phi cua ngu dan Id chi phi di lai (diu nhdt), ngoai ra cdn chi phi cd dinh nhu mua ghe, raay, chi phf niy cd sy kliac biet giua cdc tinh, biin ddng tir 4,25 - 48,5 ttilu ddng/lid, ST cd cdc chi phi cd dinli niy Idn nhat do khai thdc xa bd, vi tinh BL cd chi
phi thip nhit, thdi gian sii dung cua ghe miy bien dgng tu 4.5-6 ndm, radi hg dii it hay nhieu mieng ddy diu sii dyng 1 pfauai^ tien dl di lgi.
Doanh thu tii kfaai thac cua cdc hd d ST Id cao nhit, tiiy nhiin cung cd sy biin dgng ldn giO'a cic hd, do d ST cdc hdng ddy dii dugc bd tti xa bd, kit
Tgp chi Khoa hgc Tnr&ng Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Pbdn B: Ndng nghifp, Thuy si d Cdng nghi Sinh bgc: 33 (2014): 116-121 qud cung thiy rdng igi nfaudn ciia ngu dan ciing
tuong ling vdi doanh thu cho tiing tinfa (Bdng 2).
Trong kfaai tfadc ruic tfai ngu ddn Ididng sii dung nudc dd de udp vi nd se lim chdt Iugng rude giam vi chuyen thinh miu do, vi vdy khi tfadi tilt tfauan lgi rude dat cfadt lugng tit thi ban cho thuang ldi_ ha§c phai khd ngay sau khi khai thdc, ttong dieu kien thdi tilt xiu thi udp mudi Id gidi pfaap sau ciing.
Pfauong tfaiic chl bien ban sdn phdm ciing kfaic nfaau giua cdc tinfa, da sd d BL tiii ngu dan pfaai kfad bin vi hieu qui kinfa ti facm bin tuoi, tuy nfaien cich nay tuy tfaudc vio ca sd faa tdng, sin phoi cua tiing ldng, vi hieu qud kinh tl se khdng cao niu pfaii thul mudn sdn bdi vi lao ddng. Gii rude cung biin ddng rdt ldn, nd tuy thudc vdo thoi diim ttong ndm, gia rude khd la 30,7±13,5 ngin ddng/kg, thdng thudng 3,5-4,0 kg rude tuoi cfai bien tfaanfa 1 kg rude khd, gid rude tuoi Id 3,7±1,5 ngan ddng/kg, vi vdy ban rude kfad sl tang gii tri 100 300
con rude faon bin rude tuoi neu sii dung lao ddng gia dinfa. O CM thi ty 11 ngu din ban rude tuoi cfaiim 80% vi hgn cfae sdn bdi v i cbi piu tfaul mudn lao dgng phai mdc, ttong khi d ST tfai ty II ngu ddn ban rude kfad kfaodng 50%, tfaj truang rilu thu chii yeu ia eac tinfa miln Trung tfadng qua thuang ldi. Trong khai thdc rude thi rude la sdn pham chinfa ttong tfadnfa phan gidng lodi, cdc loii c i va cae ddi tugng kfadc cfaiim 8,5±7,2 %, vi mdt ludi kfaai thdc rude nhd nin kfadng tfae kfaai tfadc dugc cac ddi tugng khac.
3.2 HI so tmmg quan
Tfaeo Hinh 2 thi nang suit khai thdc ciia ngu dan khdng phu thudc vao kinh nghiim cOa ngu din, va nang sudt cd phu thudc rdt it tdi vj tti cua diy, nhiing day gdn bd thi chi phi vd nang sudt cung tfaap miic do tuong quan r = 0,39. Ngoii ra, ndng sudt ciing cd tuong quan din dp rdng cua mieng day (r = 0,46).
* * * "
I I I I I I 200 400 600
1—t T ' — I — r 5 10 20 30 Hinh 2: Tinmg quan giira cac faien cd anfa faudng din nang suat
Tgp cbi Kboa hgc Truang Dgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn B: Ndng nghiip. Thiy sdn vd Cdng nghf Sinh hgc: 33 (2014): 116-12r
Phan tich phuong sai
Kit qui thdy ring nang sudt khai thic BL thdp hon ST la 310 kg/day/ngdy, vdi do tin ciy 95% thi raiic dp dao ddng ndm ttong khodng 39,7 -350 (kg/ddy/ngay). Tuong ttr, ndng suit khai thac cua CM cao hon BL 219 (kg/day/ngdy) vi miic do dao ddng tir 32 -364 (kg/day/ngiy). Trong khi do, nang suit khai tiidc ciia ST cao hon CM Ii 16 (kg /day/ngay) vd khdng cd sy khdc biet gifla 2 tinh niy ip > 0,05).
3.3 Tuong quan hoi quy da biin Vdi A=3 vd ting hgp cCia cdc yeu td phu thugc nhu chi phi di lai (xi); rdng mieng diy (xi); kinh nghiim cua ngu dan (xj) chi ed inh hudng 24%
ning suit din nang suit khai tbac, phuong ttinh hdi quy da biln:
Ndng suit = 0.00l(chi phi di lai) + 0.08 (do rdng milng ddy) + 0.006 (kinh nghiera) - 0.14 (1)
4 T H A O L U J ^ N
Theo ngu dan do nhthig ndm gin ddy tinli hinh thdi tiet thay dii liln tuc nin san lugng va nang suit ngay cing gidm so vdi cdc nam trudc. Do dac tinh con rude la dl thanh bay dan nin nang sudt va san lugng cung phy thudc ldn vao hudng di vd di chuyin ciia din rude. Ndng suit khai thac bien ddng rat ldn gii^a cdc dia phuong va ttong ciing mgt dja phucmg, trong ciing radt thdi diim. Theo ngu ddn ning suit diy phu thudc vdo thdi tilt la chil yeu, khi cd sdng to gid ldn thi ndng sudt khai thic dat hi|u qud cao, theo kinh nghiera ngudi dan khi cd gid Ddng nira thdi vio li iiic bat ddu khai thac ruic. Kit qud thdy rang ndng sudt khdng phy thugc nhieu vao dg rgng cua mieng ludi (Hinh 2), niu ttong ciing 1 hing ddy thi vung xa bd se khai tiiai thdc hieu qua hon viing gdn bd, va Icri nhuan cung cao faon, tuy nfailn chi phi di lai ciia ngu dan ciing cao faon. Ngoii ra, nghiin ciiu cling tfaiy rang failu qui khai tiiic d vung biin phia Ddng va pfaia Tdy kfadng cd sy khdc bilt rd rang.
Mic dil, nglil khai thic rude bang ludi day cd hiiu qua cao nhung hogt d^ng chi 6 thang/ndm. Da si ngu ddn la ngudi nghlo, chi phi ddu tu tir vay raugn va hg klidng cd dit canh tic, sd nhan khiu 4,3 ±1,4 ngudi/lig. Cho du da sd ngu dan da tham gia khai thic rude tir 5-30 nim (Hinh 2), va nghi kliai thic ruoc da dem lai hieu qua dang ke nhung ngudi khai thdc vin ngheo, vi thu nhdp khdng i n dinli vd phy thupc vao thiin nhiin qud nhiiu nhu miia vy, thdi tiit. Ndng suit kfaai thdc khdng phu thudc vdo kinh nghi?ra (Hinh 2) vd (1), ma phu
thugc khodng cdch ddy so vdi bo, nhung day xa bd thi ed faieu qud han, dieu ndy khd dp dui^ cfao ngudi tfaiiu vdn ddu tu. Hon 70% ngu dan khai tfadc ruic ldm ngfai khde kfai fait mua ruoc nhu: lam thue mudn cfao cdc tiu khai thic thuy sin khdc hay khai thdc cua giong, cd keo gidng, 30% ngu ddn cdn Igi cd diiu kien kinh te faon thi dau tu ludi khai tilde ca com.
Diiu ndy khdng djnh vai ttd nguon lgi thiiy sdn tu nhiin ven biin rit quan ttpng cho cdng ddng d vimg DBSCL, vi mgi ting Idii trong x i hdi diu d ragi viing, mgi viing railn diu cd the khai thic ngudn tii nguyen nay vdi cic gdc dp khic nfaau cho sinh ki cua hg. Do dd, duy tti khai tiidc cd failu qui ngudn tdi nguyen niy khdng nhihig gdp pfadn cin bang sinfa thdi rad cdn gdp phin quan ttgng cfao sy phdt ttiin cdng ding a vimg ven biin DBSCL.
5 KETLU4.N
Ngfai khai tbac rude bdng ludi day d DBSCL ddng gdp ddng ke cho ngudi ngheo, tuy nfailn nang suit vd raiia vy khdng in djnh giiia cic viing khic nhau, ngay ci ciing 1 dia phuang nang suit cung khac nhau. Mdc dii, chi phi thap nfaung tfau nhdp ngudi khai thdc bi anh hudng bdi tiii trudng va khdu chi biin sdn phira, nang suit khai thdc khdng phu thugc vdo kinh nghiim ngudi kliai thac raa phy thudc vdo thdi tiet.
TAI LifU THAM KHAO
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Japar Sidik, 2009. Population structure, growth, mortality anh yield per recruit of segestid shrimp, Acetes japonicus (Deeapoda: Sergestidae) from the coastal waters of Malacca, Peninsular Malaysia.
Indian Joumal of Marine Sciences vol.38 (1), pp. 5 7 - 6 8 .
3. Arshad, A, 2008. Population Characteristics, Length - Weight and Length - Length Relationships of Acetas vulgaris (Deeapoda: Sergestidae) in the Coastal Waters of Pontian, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Biological Sciences 8 (8): 1298-1303.
4. Bg Ndng ngfailp va Phdt ttiin ndng tiidn, 2010. Bao cdo kit qud tiiyc hiln ki hogcfa
Tgp chi Khoa hgc TrudngDgi hgc Cdn Tha Phdn B: Ndng nghifp. Thuy sdn vd Cong nghf Sinb hgc: 33 (2014): 116-121 tfaing 3 vd quy I nam 2010 cua nganfa ndng
nghiep vi phdt triln ndng thdn, 19 trang.
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6. Copyright (C) 2009 Tfae R Foundation for Statistical Computing, ISBN 3-900O51-O7-O 7. Dalgaard, P., 2002. Inttoductory statistics witfa
R, statistic and computing. Springer 267pp.
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Rome, 331 p.
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texts in statistical science by Chapman and Hall, CRC,229 pp.
11. Phan Thi Yin Tuyit, 2013. Kuih ti van hda xd hgi cua viing biln Nam Bd vd vdn dl phdt trien bin viing, Tgp chi Pfaat ttien Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe, tap I6(x3): 119-130.
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