TAP CHl KHQA HOC VA C6NG NGHE, Tnrang Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - DH HuS Tip 6, SS 2 (2016)
PHAN TU" VA NHCTHG SUY NGHIEM
\ t NHtTNG VAN DE TOAN CAU HIEN NAY
Nguyin Tiin Dflng', Nguyen T h i Phdc Khoa Ly ludn chinh trj. Truang Dai hgc Khoa hgc — Dgi hgc Hui
Email: [email protected] T6M TAT
Phdn tu Id hinh thiic cao nhdt cua sy tyy thiic. V&i lu cdch la tiing noi phdn bien cua Ihi gi&i not tdm nen phdn tu gop phdn dinh hu&ng thi gi&i quan vd nhdn sinh quan cua cd nhdn.
Thi gi&i ngdy nay Id "The gi&i phdng", Irong Ihi gi&i dd ndilen nhiing vdn di nhu ngn that nghiip, sy bdt binh ddng chu nghia khiing bd, su biin ddi khi hau, ldn song di ddn, sy noi loan cua dfa chinh tri... Trong bdi cdnh do, swy nghiim khoa hpc se td sgi day lien kit cdc cd nhdn vdo cimg mot hu&ng, chung mgt muc dich. hgi trir su bdt binh dang ngay Irong nhgp cuge.
Tu khda: Phdn lu, ddi sdng ngi ldm. sy tuy thuc, that nghiep, ldn song di ddn, biin ddi khi hdu.
Khi ban vl y thfrc, cac nha kinh diln ciia Chu nghTa Mac Ll nin da khang djnh: "Y thfrc khong bao gid cd the Id cdi gi cd thi khdc ban la su tdn tai dupc y thfrc"' dilu dd khdng chi cat nghia mpt each khoa hpc vl ngudn gdc va ban chat ciia y thuc, ma cdn chi ro can nguyin cua su phdn tu {reflection) va mo ra tim hilu y nghia cua phan tu trong ddi sdng xa hdi hign dgi
Nhin vao lich sfr triit hpc cho thiy phdn tu duong nhu khdng thu hiit dupc su quan tam ciia cac nha duy vat tnrdc Marx, nhat la cac nha friet hpc chiu sy thdng tti cua phuong phap silu hmh. Cac trilt gia duy vat nay da gift khu khu lgp trudng sieu hinh ciia minh khi xem xet y thfrc, nen khd chip nhgn phan tu, vi vdy cdng khd dl thua nhan vai ttd cua phan tu ttong ddi song ciia con ngudi."
' C.Mdc va Angghen : Todn tgp. Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia, Hd ndi, 1995 , t.3, U 37
" s i phdn ciia phdn tu cd nhieu su song hfrng vdi tryc giac.' khong phdi nhd triet hgc duy vgt ndo ciing thira nhdn tryc gidc (intuition). Bdi thi c6 mgt thdi ky dai tryc giSc bj ghe lanh ttong triit duy vdt. Khdng it ngudi cho ring thfra nhdn tryc giac, xem xet vai U6 ciia tryc gidc la budc chdn sang chu nghTa duy tdm.
Tuy vay thinh thoang ciing xuat hiln hien tugng don nhdt nhu R. Descartes (1596-1650) nha trilt hgc duy vat Phap, ngudi cd nhilu lugn di triit hgc ndi tieng da tung hd, ci siiy cho tivc giac ttong nhan thiic, ttong nghien cfru khoa hgc. Ong xem tryc giac la mdt mdt nhdn td khdng the thieu trong bieu dd phuong phap cua dng
Phan tu va nhiing suy nghigm vS nhiing vin d§ toan du hi$n nay
Phdn tu khong phai Id hiln tupng thin bi vi phan tu Id hinh tiifrc cua su tu y thuc d miic dp cao nhit. Niu nhu 'Tu y thuc la cung la y thfrc, la mpt thanh td quan frpng ciia y thuc, song day la y thuc vl ban than minh trong moi quan hi vdi y thuc ve thi gidi bin ngoai. Tyy thiic la y thfrc ciia con ngudi vl nhiing hanh vi, nhftng tinh cam, tu tudng, dpng co, lpi ich ciia minh, vi dia vi ciia minh frong xd hpi. Tu y thuc la y thfrc hudng vi nhan thfrc ban thdn minh thdng qua quan he vdi thi gidi ben ngoai. Thdng qua phan anh thi gidi xung quanh, con ngudi y thuc vi minh nhu mpt cd nhan dang ton tai, dang hogt ddng, cd tu duy, cd cam giac, cd cac hanh vi dgo due vd cd vi tri frong xa hpi"' thi phan tu "... cd nghia la phan anh cimg nhu khdo sdt hdnh vi nhgn thdc (Tde gid nhdn mgnh)... Thuat ngu phan tu co nglila la hudng y thfrc vdo ban thdn minh, ngdm ngliT vi ttgng thai tam ly cua minh"^.
Nhu vay, diim chung ciia tu y thfrc va phan tu la diu hudng ngi, la su nhao nan ciia y thuc trong thi gidi ndi tam ciia con ngudi, la nhftng trinh dp khdc nhau ciia chii thi nhgn thiic y thfrc vl chinh minh,
Su khdc bilt giua phan tu va ty y thfrc Id d chd: tu y thfrc Id mpt trgng thai y thfrc ciia y thfrc vl y thuc, nhung khdng thodt ra khdi nhftng moi liln he npi tgi vd ben ngoai (the gidi), nen tu y thfrc thudng hudng ve y thuc trach nhilm cua cong dan ttong cac quan he vdi tu each la mdt ca nhan. Trong khi dd, phdn tu Id mdt hinh thuc phan bi$n cua J thuc ve y thuc. Nghia ta phan tu la mdt cudc dau franh frong thi gidi npi tam de di den phii dinh hay thfra nhan mdt quan nilm. Nhung can phai khang dinh rang phdn tu va ty y thuc diu the hign trinh do nhgn thuc ciia cd nhdn va su tham nhgp cua ca nhdn ttong xa hpi. Do vgy, phan tu va lu y thfrc la mgt trong nhftng tieu chi phan anh trinh do dan fri cua xa hdi.
Phan tu khdng phdi Id mpt khdi nilm cd tinh thdng nhdt, trong nhirng he thdng trilt hgc khac nhau se cd npi dung khac nhau. Khdng it trudng hpp phan tu va tu y thuc chdng lan vao nhau. Ching ban trong The Harper Cgllins Dictionary Of Philosophy da gidi thich: "Phan tu la hinh thfrc tim vin nhftng y nghTa cfra thi gidi npi tam; la cpi ngudn ciia suy Ihuc dirge ciia con ngu&i vi hien huu (tdc gid nhdn mgnh), vl cac trgng thai tinh than va cac hoat ddng nhu nhan thfrc, ly 11, suy tu, dfrc tin, sy ty nguygn, sir tham nhdp va cam nhgn; la yeu to khdng thi thieu cho su kich day cua nhung cam thy phuc hpp ttong con ngudi nhu xu hudng hogt d^ng, ndng lyc, ban sac cd nhan, su nhat tti, su dn djnh, sy md r$ng, su thich thii, su dau khd, tinh cot loi (cua vdn di. cua quan niim - tde gid thim vdo), su vd cimg, nguyen nhan va kit qua" Vdi each hiiu nhu vgy thi tu y thfrc chi la mpt mdt ciia phdn tu. Xet ttong chimg muc nao dd, quan nigm nay dd nhin thiy sy tuang tac gifta cdc yiu to va tinh bien chfrng cua cac nlidn td trong thi gidi ' Hdi ddng Trung ucmg chi dgo biln soan gido trinh Quic gia cdc mdn Khoa hgc Mdc LInui, tu tudng Ho Chi Minh (1999), Gido trinh Triit hpc Mdc Le nin - Nxb Chuih trj qudc gia, Hd ndi, U 204-205.
^ Tir diin Triit hgc - Nxb Tiin bd Moscow 1986, tt 430
(Nguyin van tieng Anh Id : Reflection : used interchangeably with most meaning of introspection.
Reflection is the source of our awarenness of our existence and mental slates and activities such as perceiving . reasoning, thinking . believing, willing, hearing, touchingand seeing. Reflection coupble with sensation provides us with complex idea such as active tendences , power, identity, unity, solidity, extension, pleasure, pain, substance, infinity, and cause and effect, page 259)
TAP CHl KHQA HQC VA CONG NGH$, Twong Dai hgc Khoa hgc - DH HuS Tip 6, SS 2 (2016) ndi tam con ngudi.
Khi nghiln cfru vl phan tu khdng thi xa rdi lap trudng ciia phep bien chiing duy vat va ly ludn nhdn thfrc ciia triit hpc Marx - Lenin. Bdi phan tu khdng phai la biet 11 ciia nhgn thfrc.
Phdn tu van phai tuan theo nhirng quy lugt ciia nhan thfrc vd xet din cung tiii phdn tu vdn chi la mdt hien tupng phdn anh nliihig ddi tupng phan anh (tdn tgi) tam tiidi ti^ xuit ra khdi liln he frong su phdn anh dd d l hudng vi chiiu sdu ciia ndi tam. Bdi thi, ranh gidi ciia khoa hpc va huyin bi ttxmg phan tu khd mong manh.
Trudng hpp tdc phim Kh&i sinh cua co ddc' cua Paul Auster, nhd van hau hiln dai MJ la chudi sy kiln dupc nliin tii gdc dp phdn tir. Q dd tit cd cdc sy ki^n dupc Igt di lat lgi frong ky uc cua ke hdi tudng, ke hdi tudng dang phan tu vi ke vd hinh" dl tim ra hinh hdi ciia ke vd hinh do. Phdn tu frd tiiartii cdng cu hihi hieu di lat tung trang sach ciia ndi tam ma d do khdng gi khac hon: "Nhiing trang sdch la ciia sd md sang nhfing cudc ddi khac, nhftng thi gidi khac. Va cung la chd dl anh sang mat trcri roi vao culc ddi minh"'. Khdm phd nhu Id sy bit chpt iia tu npi tam. Y nghia nay ciia phan tir ttd tiianh mgt tiic dien ttong sy hinh thanh ttiit tiiuyit hiln suih d phucmg Tay sau Thi chiin thu II. Ngudi ta bao ttiit hiln sinh la ttiit phan tinh"*, lam cho con ngudi tinh ngd, y thfrc dupc nhdn vi (perscn) la chi sd cao nhat ciia gia tti Ngudi (tdc gid viil hoa) ttong xa hdi. Con ngudi chi ngO ra dieu dd klii su phan tu thoi tiuic di tim J nghia ciia hien sinh dang sau su khiic xg cua nhung gia fri vat chat.
Vdi each hiiu nhu vgy, phdn tu la mpt frong rtiiiing hinh thuc ciia su di tim va tham dinh cai da frdi ve qua khfr de phat hien ra mpt quan nilm mdi, mpt gia tti mdi. Sy phat hien dd la kit qua mot qua trinh ttiln khai cai ddi lap ttong the gidi ndi tam. Dd la sy ddi dign vdi chinh minh thdng qua eat vin dc lam giau hieu bilt cua chu the .
Vdi phan tu, vai ttd cua chii thi dupc dac bilt de cao, do vgy kit qua ciia phan tu phy thupc vdo tinh khoa hpc va chan thyc cua nhftng dft lieu dupc dat ra vdi tu each la nhftng cai dii lap. Ndi each khac, tinh khoa hpc va chi'nh xac cua cac du lieu quylt djnh y nghTa ciia phan tu tnrdc khi dupc tham dinh trong thuc tien.
Xet theo quan diim hg thong, phan tu khdng chi dirng lai d mpt hinh thuc, mpt trang thdi ciia y thuc ma cdn la cdn the hiln tinh biln chiing, sy tuong tac ciia eac ylu td cau thanh hg thing dd. Thi gidi ndi tam ciia con ngudi. Theo chilu sau ngi tdm ciia con ngudi bat g^p ba ylu td ndi ttpi la tyy Ihdc. tiem thuc vd vd thiic theo so dd cau tnie tam than bO cu Frend. Ba ylu to nay liln kit vdi nhau va cac ylu td khac dl tao thanh bp may tinh than ciia con ngudi. Sy liln kit khdng chi quy dinh vai ttd ciia timg ylu td trong kit cau, ma cdn cho tiiay chinh sy tuong ' Xem Paul Auster - Khdi sinh cua cd d^c - Nxb Tre Tp HCM 2013
" Liy J tir hai chuong ciia Kh&i sinh ciia co dpc. Chuong I : chan dung mdt ngudi vd huih, tt 7-113.
Chuong II: Sdch ciia ky fre , tr 1 !3- 274
' Ngd Bao Chdu - Khdi sinh cua cd doc, Nxb Tri TPHCM2013, bia 4
'" Xem: Trin Thdi Dmh (2005), Triit hpc hiin sinh, Nxb Van hgc, Hd Ndi vd J- P. Sarte (1968), Hi^n sinh la mgt nhdn bdn thuyit, Nxb Giao d i i m , Sai gdn
" " understanding. NghTa trong bdi Chot nhgn ra. chgt hieu ra
Phan tu va nhung suy nghigm ve nhung vin <^ toan cau hien nay
tac ciia cac yiu td la mpt ttong nhftng ngudn lyc tgo ra tri thfrc mdi frong sy thiit lgp va ina hoa thdng tin vdi thi gidi bin ngoai. Qua frinh thiit lap va ma hda thdng tin chu yiu thdng qua phan tu. Theo nghia dd, phdn tu cd vai trd khdng thi phu dinh vdi su phat triin khoa hpc, phdt ttiin xa hpi va cai biln cdc quan he ciia con ngudi.
Vdi tu each la chu till cua mgi qud ttinli xa hgi, con ngudi la chii nhdn cua ljch sfr. Tinh biln chung cua quan hg Id d chd ngudi la mgt Self made man (ty lap thdn) nhung ngudi khong thi dem dpc trong qua frinh tao tac ra minh, ra ljch sfr. Mpi gia fri ma eon ngudi tgo ra ttin hanh tinh nay xet din cimg Id nhiing gia tri cua lien kit, cua hop tac cd tinh muc dich ttong bi?n chiing chung - riing - don nhat. Vi vay, khdng cd ddng nhat thudn tiiy rad chi cd ddng nhdt ttong khac bilt. Ddng nhat ttong nhung dieu kign lich sfr cu till.
Tu nhihig thgp niln cudi cua thi ky XX, frln thi gidi da xuat hiln khdng it nhan ti kich biy xa hdi loai ngudi phdt triln theo xu hudng hpi tu, tap trung vdi niit thdt ciia nd la sy toan cdu hda. Toan cdu hda la kit qua tit ylu cua su phat triln khoa hpc, cdng nghe vd lyc lupng san xuit. Va den lupt nd lai khai sinh ra mpt the he cdng dan mdi, mang hai thd eua thdi dgi - cdng dan toan ciu (citizen of the World; Ghbai citizen). Cdng dan toan cau la nhihig ngudi sing va lam vile d nhilu qudc gia khac nhau va khdng chiu dinh chi vl sd lupng qudc tich nin hp cd thi cd nliilu qudc tjch khac nhau. Sy xuat hign ciia cdng dan toan cau da lam thay ddi quan nigm tniyln tiiong vl lanh thd, biln gidi, chinh fri, quan ly nha nude... thi gidi frd thartii The gi&i phdng.
Thi gidi phang, till gidi cua bdo td ma con bao cd cudng dp manh nhat dang xd day the gidi vl hai phia: thugn Iy hogc nghich ly la cupc each mgng cdng nghiep lan thfr tu. Hilu mgt each dan gidn nhdt, dd la sy xuat hign ngay cang nhieu rd bot, cac dft li^u vd tti tui nhan tao thay till hogt dgng cua con ngudi. Chua bao gid mdt phan nhdn logi lgi phdi duong dau va cgnh tranh vdi chinh nhiing vat phim ma minh tao tac ra mpt each quylt ligt nhu ttong cudc each mang sd nay (each gpi khac). Cac thanh qua cua cua each mang da diy toe dp phdt ttiln kinh te khdng phdi theo cap sd cdng ma theo sd nhan. Dd la sy bimg nd nang suat lao dpng do ddi mdi cdng nghe, tilt kiem chi phi san sudt vd thdi gian ddn tdi lam thay ddi can ban ldi sdng, phong each Idra vi^c va quan hi xa hOi. Sy thugn ly nay Igi tgo cdi ddi lap, dd la gia tang sy that nghilp, gia tang bit binh ding trong xa hpi. Giao su Klaus Schwab tac gia ciia Cuge cdch mgng cdng nghiep ldn thu lu {The Forth Industrial Revolution) da cho ring: "Nhung thay ddi nay se sau sdc din mfrc chua bao gid trong ljch sfr lai cd mgt thdi diim con ngudi dfrng trude ciing liic nhiiu ca hpi ldn nii ro nliu thi. Mdi quan nggi ciia tdi la cac Idnh dao chinh frj va kinh doanh co the se gifr lii tu duy qua cd hii hogc qud am anh vdi vile cac dot pha cong ngh§ se thay doi tuong lai loai ngudi nliu thi nao." '
Sue manh eua cupc cdch mgng nay Id d cdng nghe. Cdng nghi da tao nin sy kit hpp
Din theo http://baotintuc.vn/ho-so/cuoc-cach-mang-cong-nghiep-lan-thu-4-ky-i- 20160120215723260.htin
TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA CONG NGHB. Tnrdng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - DH HuS Tap 6. So 2 (2016) gifra till gidi thyc, the gidi do va gidi sinh vgt.^ Vai trd con nguai bf thdch thdv irong thi gi&i dd. Chua bao gid con ngudi hdi du cdc dieu kiln dl phat huy su sdng tgo va nang lyc con nguiri ciia minh nhu liic nay, nhung cung chua bao gid con ngudi cd nhimg cdng cy hieu qua nhit dk tgo ra nhiing san pham khong chi buy hogi bdn thdn mmh ma ca gidng ndi nhu hiln nay'.
Nlu ttong the ky XX, con ngudi ddi diln vdi hai ttp lyc tao tiidnh quan he rudng cpt ciia xa hpi eong dan la thi trudng va nhd nu&c, thi d till ky XXI, vai ttd ciia nha nude se an di, dupc che lap di ttong ma ttan ciia cdng nghg. Nha nude d khdp noi nhung lai che diu duac khudn mat ciia nd. Nha nude ttd nen vd hinh, nhung sfrc mgnh lgi ^ 11 nghjeh vdi su vd hinh do - thdm chi la sieu nhd nu&c vi sy tap trung cua nd dd ddt l&i sieu tap trung. Trong nha nude do, ca nhan chi la mpt con sd dinh danh va sy djnh danh dd la khdng gidi han vi hp la cong ddn toan cau. Xet vl mdt ban the, hp da trd thdnh cdng dan vd hinh. Vay cdng dan toan cau phai suy xet nhu the ndo dl bao toan dupc cai don nhat, cai ban sac cua minh frong mpt day ma vach ngay cang dupc md rpng. Mot cau hdi the hign ban chat cua quan he xa hgi trong xa hpi hien dgi, khi thdnh td ngudi ttong luc lupng san xuat da cd sy bien ddi. Vi vgy, do la cdu hdi cdn phdi dupe suy nghiim nghiem luc vd khoa hge de giiip cho cd nhdn bdo tri dupc gid trj ngudi ttong cdc quan he xa hdi, xa ttanh dupc sy tha hda nhy Marx da canh bdo vl sy biln ddi cua nhung gia tri nhdn van ttong xa hpi hign dgi ^.
Mdi qua mot thap niln cua thi l^ XXl, the gidi dd xuat hiln nhilu van de md nhiing cai diu thdng thai nhit, nhirng chinh trj gia lao luyen nhat ciing khdng the tien lieu hit dupc hdu qua cua nd nhu ldn sdng di eu, sy ndi logn cua dia chinh tri, chu nghia khung bo. sy biin ddi khi hdu... mdi vin di la kit qua tdng hgp cua ljch sfr, chinh trj, van hda, kinh ti va ldn giao,,. Do vgy, khong Ihi phiin diln khi xem xet va cung khdng thi giai quylt nhftng vin di nay trong mdt sdm mpt chiiu. Nhin tu bi ndi dl dang cho thiy nguyin nhan ciia tang bang ttdi dd la do con ngudi khdng vd vi', con ngudi cuang bfrc quy ludt ty nhiln, con ngudi cho minh cdi quyln djnh doat sd phan cua mudn loai vi lpi ich cua minh va dd cung Id hdu qua ciia mpt thi gidi von Id da cyc da biin mit dk nhudng chd cho mpt thi gidi dan cue. Phin chim, phdn dn khuat ciia cac vin di ludn ludn la nhihig thi cd chinh trj va la cdi gid di mac cd nhung toan tinh cua giai cip, tham chi la mpt liln minh.' Diiu do cho thiy cd nhftng vin de toan ciu da tudt ra khdi mdt bp phan nhan logi nhung hp vin phai chju hau qua tilu cue cua nd. Xet vi mat khdi nilm tmh logic bj vi pham nhung khdng phai ai cung nhgn ra dilu dd.
Ldn sdng di eu, sy ndi logn eua dja ehinh tri, chU nghia khung bd, sy biin ddi khi hdu, sy bdt binh ddng, sy thdt nghiep... la mgt td hpp vdn dk ciia toan ciu hign nay. Tuy d mdi chau luc, mdi qudc gia cd sy biiu hiln khac nhau va tung qudc gia, mdi liln mirtii se cd nhung budc
^ Game Pokemon la mdt vi du . . . . . .
' Ngudi ta da chi tdc cac dung cu liln kit do di sex, din din hiiy hoai co the smh hpc va suy ddi ve dao diic
* Xem CMdc vd Ph. Angghen: Todn tap, Nxb Chtoh tri Qudc gia, Ha Ngi,1993, T.12. U 10- ' Khdi niem ttong triit hoc Llo tu cua Tnmg Hoa cd dai cd nghTa Id khdng ldm trdi vdi quy luat cua ty nhiln.
• Tmh trang hien nay ciia Syria Id mdt vi du
Phan tu va nhiing suy nghigm ve nhOng van de toan cau hi^n nay
J
di kliac nhau trong viec giai q u y l t nhung phai bilt hudng gia tri ciia cdi rieng, cai d a n nhdl rayc dich chung. Va dd la cot loi cua mpi suy nghilm ttong t h i gidi hdm nay, Mpi su phat triiiT d i u cd CO sd ttiit hpc cua nd dge biet la ttong ITnli v u c xa hpi vi ttiit hpc Id t i l u chi cao nhdt trong he t h i n g tham c h i l u - gift vai ttd p h u a n g p h u a n g phdp lugn, Vi vay khi suy nghilm nhftng v i n cd tinh todn c i u hign nay klidng t h i khdng xem xet tfr quan d i i m ciia chii nghia duy vgt b i l n ehiing va chii nghTa duy vat Ijch sfr. Theo nghia dd, suy n g h i l m khong phai chi dk suy nghilm, phan t u khdng phai chi d l phan tu. Y nghia ciia vdn de chi d u p c khdng djnh tiidng quan hoat dpng cai bien t y n h i l n va xa hdi cua con ngudi, d i cho cdy ddi mdi xanh tuai *
T A I LIfiU T H A M K H A O [1]. C.Mac vd Angghen (1995). Todn tap, Nxb Chfnh trj Quic gia. Ha Ngi, t.3, [2]. Simon Blackburn (2005). Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, Oxford University Press.
[3]. Perter A. Angeles (1992). The Harper Collins Dictionary Of Philosophy, HarperCollms Publisher.
[4], ri><?/^nft7eVApc, Nxb Tiin bd, Mdt-xeo va, 1975.
[5], Hgi dong Trung uong chi dao bien sogn giao trinh Quic gia cdc mdn Khoa hgc Mdc Lenin, tu tudng H i Chi Minh (1999). Gido n-inh Triit hgc Mdc Li nin, Nxb Chinh tri quic gia, Hd Ndi.
R E F L E C T I O N A N D H E U R I S T I C S O F C O N T E M P O R A R Y G L O B A L I S S U E S
Nguyen Tien Dung , Nguyen The Phuc Department of Philosophy, Hue University College of Sciences
Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT
Reflection or criticism is an ultimate status of self-awareness. As judging voice of inner world reflection hence contributes lo guiding each person's world view and conception of life.
Today, the world is flat, in which many emerging issues are prevalent, such as unemployment, unequality, terrorism, climate change, miration flows, outbreak of geopolitics... In this context, scientific reflection and heuristics will set an interconnecting tie among individuals towards a direction for a common goal, and eliminate unequality at once in integrating process.
Keywords • climate change, inner life, migration flow, reflection, self-awareness, unemployment
Lay y tudng ciia cua nha vdn, trilt gia Due Goethe (1749- 1832 ) uong Faust.
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