NHONG VAN DE KINH
Ti THEGldl
Luan CLF ly thuyet va thye tien ve phat trien ben vfrng
PCS. TS. TRAN VAN TUNG TS.VO DUG THANH**
Dinh nghia ve phdt trien ben vimg dicac biet den nhieu han ca, pho bien rong rdi tqi nhieu nuac duoc nen trong bdo cao cua Brundtland doc tqi Hoi nghi Montreal 1989. Theo do, phdt trien ben vung chinh Id co gang ddp img nhu cdu ciia hien igi md khong lam ton hai loi khd ndng thoa mdn nhu cdu cua cdc thi} he tuang lai. Ben cqnh dinh nghTa mang tinh phuang phdp luqn nay, mot so dinh nghia khac co noi dung ihien ve cdc pham trii, kinh te, moi trudng vd xd hoi.
D
irai goc nhin kinh le, phat trien ben vung dugc bieu hien cu the qua GDP binh quan dau ngirdi tang cao, co cau kinh te nghieng han ve cong nghiep va djch vu, ty le tang trirong divgc duy tri 6 mirc on djnh trong tam dai han. Dudi goc nhin xa hoi, kliai niem nay dugc danh gia qua clii so phat trien con nguoi, muc do binh dang ve thu nhap, trinh do van hoa va cong tac cham soc su'c klioe. Phat trien ben vung theo quan diem moi trirang, doi hoi trong qua trinh sir dung va khai thac cac yeu to moi truong nhir: khong khi, niroc, dat, canh quan, cac tai nguyen thien nhien... kliong divgc lam giam chat iugng cac yeu to do duoi mirc gioi han cho phep. Thieu di mot trong ba dieu kien tren thi moi trirdng dimg trudc nguy co kiiong ben vung.*Vicn Nghien ciiu chau Phi va Trung Dong
** Truong Oai hoc Kinh te - Dai hoc Quoc gia Ma Noi
Do do, ben vCrng ve kinh te, xa iioi, phai song lianh voi ben vimg ve moi truong. Cac dieu kien bao dam cho phat trien ben vQng thuong dugc xet theo quan diem Iich sii' va the che.
1. Nguyen tac va dieu kien cho phat trien ben vurng
Cho toi thap nien 1960, cac van de ve moi truong van bi xep vao hang thir yeu. Cac chinh sach ve moi trudng chii yeu mang tinh chat nho le, chong lai 6 nhiem moi truong cue bg theo khong gian va thai gian, khi nguyen nhan ciia 6 nhiem moi trudng rat de nhan biet. Chinh sach cong nghiep hoa vi muc tieu tang truong da dugc nhieu quoc gia dua len vi tri hang diu.
Dau thap nien 1970, nhifng ihay ddi nhan thirc ve. moi trirdng da dien ra d nhi§u quoc gia va tren binh dien qudc te. D6 chinh la viec phd bien rgng rai nhu'ng tham hoa ldn do cac hoat
Nhirng vdn dd KINH Tt VA CHJNH TRj THt GIOI So 11 (175) 2010-
Luan eir ly thuylt va thye t i i n phat triln... Trin Van Tung •VuDu'C Thanh
dong kinh te gay ra doi voi moi truong, cu th^
la tinh trang 6 nhiem chat thai cong nghiep, nudc thai, de doa toi he sinh thai \'a sire khoe cong dong. Nguoi dan tai nhieu quoc gia cho rang tac dgng xau cua cong ngtdep hoa den moi trudng la do cac quoc gia phat trien gay nen. Tinh trang can kiet tai nguyen thien nhien da bat dau tao nhan thirc moi rang, dieu kien hien tai cho tang trudng khong the dugc duy tri mai mai.
1.1. Dieu kien the che
Nhan thirc mdi ve tham hpa moi trudng da tao dieu kien cho nhieu quoc gia tren the gioi thong qua nhirng cong cu phap ly va soan thao nhijng co cau mai theo hudng quan tam toi phuang dien the che ciia ITnh vuc moi truong.
Viec the che hoa ITnh vuc moi trudng da dugc hoi nghi the gidi dau tien ve moi truong tai Stockholm (nam 1982) khdi xirdng. Sau nhieu cuoc tranh luan va hoi thao, tuyen bo ciia Hoi nghi Stockholm da thong quan 26 nguyen tac de soan thao cac hiep dinh da phuong va mot ban ke hoach hanh dgng vi moi truong. Rat tiec cac nguyen tac va cac kien nghi khong dugc dua vao phap che quoc te va khong dugc cu the hoa bang luat phap.
Hon 20 nam sau Hoi nghi Stockholm, 178 nudc da tham gia Hoi nghi Rio (nam 1992) ve moi truong va phat trien. Hoi nghi Rio da cho ra ddi mot dinh nghTa mai md rgng vugt ra ngoai nhiing moi quan he moi truong va phat trien bao gom ca moi quan he Bac - Nam, cuoc dau tranh chong ngheo nan, quyen binh dang xa hoi ciia phu nii'... Hoi nghi Rio da cho phep ky ket hai cong udc quoc te: Cong uac thay doi khi hau va Cong uac ve tinh da dang sinh hoc. Mot quy the gidi ve moi trirdng va mot uy ban phat trien da dugc thanh lap tai Lien hgp qudc. Tai cac nuac phat trien. phat trien ben virng da cd cho dirng trong cac chuong trinh hanh dgng, dugc cu the hoa trong cac chinh sach cong, chinh sach dia phuong \'a chien luge kinh doanh cua cac doanh nghiep. Mot thach thirc ddi vdi cac nuac dang phat trien la lieu theo
tieu chuan cua cac nudc phat trien dat ra thi ho phai hy sinh nhung gi? Ndu nhu cac nudc ngheo chi dua \'ao khai thac tai nguyen de .xuat khiu thi viec bao \'e moi trudng la khong the thuc hien dugc.
Til dau thap nien 1990, mdi quan he giifa phat tridn b8n vimg va moi truong bi dao ngugc theo hudng co Igi cho \iec quan ly cac nguon tai nguyen trong tang trudng kinh te. Theo quan diem nay, cong tac bao \'e mdi trudng va quan ly lau dai cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien la nhirng didu kien cho phep cac nudc ngheo tu phat trien thdng qua tu tuc luong thuc, bang nguon thu tir du Iich sinh thai, bang chuyen giao cdng nghe sach ma hg dugc hudng. De xir ly van de tu do tiep can cac nguon tai nguyen, each tiep can cdng ddng dugc xem la con dudng trung gian giira truyen thong va chiem hiru tu nhan.
Trong nhirng cuoc tranh luan lien quan tdi cong udc ve tinh da dang sinh hoc, each tiep can sd htfu tu nhan da dugc neu ra. Tai khdi cac nudc Nam - Nam, thien nhien thudc ve cac dang thieng lieng hay to tien. Do dd, chiem hun tu nhan khdng cd y nghia. Viec lam cho gia tri hang hoa ciia tinh da dang sinh hgc tang len cd the pha vo co cau xa hoi, bdi viec td chtjc cac nganh nghe mdi song song vdi viec thuc day cac hoat dgng cua chung, cd the la khd khan cho cac chinh quyen dia phuong. Trong co cau ve nganh nghe thi tinh ben virng ciia mdi sinh cd the bao dam dugc, nhung lai bat Igi cho cac pham trii xa hdi ciia phat trien ben virng. Do dd, each tiep can dugc cho la hgp ly, do chfnh la ngudi tham gia khai thac tai nguyen cd the hanh dgng mdt each tap the de quan ly ngudn tai nguyen. Cach tiep can nay da loai bd co hdi ddc chiem chinh sach mdi trudng va khai thac tai nguyen. Mat khac, ciing dung hoa nhu-ng xung dot ve quyen so hiiru, nhifng dac trung van hoa, xa hdi cua cac nhdm ddi tugng, ciia cac chinh phu va chi'nh quyen dia phuong.
A//?(>ng v^n dg KINH T^ VA CHiNH TR! T H 6 Giai Sd 11 (175)2010
Trin Van Tiing - Vu Dire Thanh Luan eir ly thuydt va thuc ti§n phat triln.
Mdi quan tam vd mdi trudng ludn dugc chii y d cac khu vuc trong khdi Nam - Nam, idac biet la doi vdi cac chuang trinh tai trg J-chu virc ndng nghiep cua nudc ngoai. Vdi tam nhin dai han, tinh bdn virng cua cac du an tnoi trudng bao ham ca ba pham trii kinh te,\m6i sinh va xa hdi. Do dd, viec thuc hien cac chinh sach mdi trirdng ludn la mot qua trinh thich nghi cd rang budc.
1.2. Cdc dieu kien kinh te
Xet lai dinh nghia ve phat trien ben vijng, ta th4y hinh nhu tinh ben vdng cua phat trien chi cd vi tri thich dang trong mdi quan he lien the he vd mat nhu cau. Neu nghien cuu sau hon dinh nghTa nay, ta thay cd ba thanh phan cau thanh nen dinh nghia. Thanh phan thir nhat, nhan manh tdi danh muc cac nhu cau can thoa man, thanh phan thu hai, can nhac viec tich luy cac ngudn luc va nhu'ng kha nang can thiet de thoa man cac ngudn lire. Mdi quan he giira hai thanh phan nay la rat chat che, lam xuat hien kha nang tiep can cac dich vu va hinh thanh cac kha nang thdng qua tich luy. Thanh phan thir ba, lien quan tdi thai do ciia cac the he hien nay ve tieu diing va tich luy. The he chiing ta cd the tieu diing tdi mirc do nao? The he chimg ta phai tich luy hay giir gin cai gi de khdng lam phuong hai tdi cac the he sau? Nhu vay dinh nghia hien nay ciia phat trien ben vung da lam ndi bat ba tieu chi cau thanh, dd la kha nang tiep can ciia dich vu, cimg cd va tich luy cac kha nang, cac ngudn lire san cd cd the chuyen giao dugc cac djch vu. Nhung tieu chi dd dugc md ta trong pham trii xa hdi ciia phat trien ben virng.
Phat trien the hien bang nhung thay ddi co cau dien ra trong mot thirc the kinh te - xa hoi phirc tap. Trong boi canh nay, mudn dua ndi dung phat trien ben vu'ng vao cac chinh sach phat trien can phai dir kien cac pham trii dac trung. chi phdi qua trinh phat trien ben vung nhu xa hdi, van hoa, chinh tri, dao dire... Dinh hirdng nay da dugc EU nhac lai trong Hdi nghi cap cao tai Goteberg, Dire, nam 2001. Hdi nglii
da dd ra mdt khuon kho chinh sach cdng tong hgp bao gom cac ndi dung kinh te, xa hoi va mdi sinh. Tinh ben virng ve kinh te dugc the hien thdng qua tdc do tang trudng, dua tren nguyen tac can ddi kinh te vT md, nguyen tac dau tu. Nhiing nguyen tac nay nham tdi uu hoa tang trudng nhirng khdng lam nay sinh khoan ng ldn ma cac the he sau phai ganh chiu. Tinh ben viing ve mdi trudng nhan manh tdi cudc d§u tranh chdng d nhiem, giii gin ngudn tai nguyen va chuyen giao vdn thien nhien cho cac the he sau. Ngugc lai, pham tru xa hoi cua tinh ben viing la rat khd xac dinh, nd chi dugc de cap trong cac cudc thao luan ve chdng ngheo ddi. Khd khan nay chi dugc giai quyet khi xem.
xet tac dgng qua lai giiia ba ITnh vuc kinh te, xa hoi va mdi sinh. Bdi vi thu nhat, ngay ca khi dat dugc tang trudng ben viing ve kinh te, cGng cd the nay sinh nhung hau qua nghiem trgng dudi dang nhirng bat cdng, pha hoai su gan ket xa hdi. Thu hai, Ichi cac bien phap chdng ngheo dugc nham vao mdt tang idp xa hdi dac biet thi cac bien phap nay cd the gay bat cdng cho tang idp xa hdi Ichac. Do dd, can hanh ddng mdt each than trgng de tim ra cac dac diem ciia tinh ben vung ve mat xa hdi trong bdi canh kinh te - xa hdi nhat dinh.
Tai cac nudc phat trien, bat chap che do biio trg xa hdi, ngheo nan van tai xuat hien dudi nhiing hinh thu'c mdi va tinh trang bi thai loai ve mat xa hdi cd xu hudng tang len. Trong cac nudc dang phat trien, cac chinh sach tai co cau nhu tang trudng van san sinh ra nhung hau qua xa hdi nghiem trgng. O nhieu noi, cac bat cdng tiep tuc tang, dii cho bat eir nguyen nhan nao di niia thi tang trudng, giam ngheo ddi, hay bao ve mdi trudng deu lam nay sinh nhirng cang thang xa hdi. Chinh dieu dd giai thich vi sao bao luc tiep tuc gia tang, mat can ddi ve mat xa hdi ngay cang sau sac. Mdt sd qudc gia chau Phi nhu Cameroon va Bd Bien Nga, ndi chien vin xay ra lien mien. Tinh hinh do khdng nhung lam giam di ty le tang trudng ma cdn ngan chan mgi hinh thu'c phat trien. Ddi mat vdi nhiing
NhCrng vdn dd KINH T 6 VA C H I N H TRj T H 6 G i a i Sd 11 (175)2010-
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Luan CUP ly thuydt va thuc tien phat triln. Tr4n Van Tiing - Vu DIFC Thanh
khd khan dd, xa hdi dan su gdp phan lam giam cac rui ro xung dot, chia se va phan phdi lai phuc Igi xa hdi, tang dau tu cho giao due va y te. Nhu vay, tinh ben virng ve mat xa hdi cd the dugc hieu theo hai each bd sung cho nhau. Cach thir nhat, xem xet cac rui ro, hdn loan ve mat xa hdi. Cach thir hai, dua ra cac giai phap phdng ngira do nhieu chu the xa hdi soan thao de ddi mat vdi cac riii ro xa hdi.
Mdt cau hdi dugc dat ra la nhiing yeu td nao dang lam chd dua cho ben viing xa hdi? Cach tiep can thdng qua kha nang dua chii yeu vao cdng trinh cua A. Sen nam 1987 - nha kinh te hgc An Do dugc giai thudng Nobel kinh te nam 1999, da dua ra nhiing cdng cu de do ludng tinh ben viing ve xa hdi. Luan diem ciia A. Sen dugc phat bieu mdt each ngan ggn: phat trien la quyen tu do. De dat tdi mdt muc sdng nhat dinh can ph4i cd kha nang thuc hien mdt sd quyen co ban: cu trii, an udng theo khau phan can ddi, dugc xa hdi tdn trgng, cd the tham gia vao cac quyet djnh tap the... Viec hinh thanh cac kha nang dd trudc het la tiem nang ve ciia cai, mdi quan he xa hdi; tiep theo la kha nang ciia ca nhan; cudi ciing la cac co hdi ve xa hdi.
Phat tridn bdn viing cd quan he chat che vdi kha nang tiep can cac co hdi. Viec khdng cd kha nang tiep can mdt sd cua cai nhat dinh da sinh ra ngheo ddi, dan den thieu thu nhap, thieu dat canh tac va cdng eu, thieu cac quan he xa hdi... Nhu vay, ngheo nan ve kha nang tiep can cac CO hdi la van de can phai quan tam dau tien ve tinh ben viing xa hdi. Ve lau dai, thieu kha nang tiep can cdn cd tac ddng xau tdi mgi qua trinh tich luy dudi dang tiem nang nhu khdng dugc hgc, khdng cd viec lam thudng xuyen thi ciing khdng tich luy dugc kinh nghiem, khdng tiep can djch vu cham sdc y te thi se khdng cd sire khoe. Ndi mdt each ngan ggn la khdng cd kha nang tiep can thi khdng the hinh thanh cac tidm nang, hau qua la khdng the chuyen giao kha nang tii' the he nay sang the he khac. Tinh trang ngheo ve kha nang nhu la mdt vat can
thir hai ddi vdi pham trii phat tridn ben virng ve xa hdi.
Cac bit cdng vd xa hdi la vat can thir ba cua pham trii nay. Mdt sd bit cdng cd thd nhin thay rk rd cd lien quan tdi kinh td la thu nhap bang tien, cai thien didu kien sdng. Tuy nhien, hau hit cac bat cdng khdng thudc pham trii kinh te ma cd lien quan tdi hoa nhap xa hdi, den thira nhan vd vSn hoa, ddn quydn luc hay chia se gia tri, ddn viec phan phdi lai pliiic Igi. Tat ca cac hinh thai bat cdng ddu tac ddng tieu cue tdi viec giam nghdo, ddi. Ba tieu chi nay dugc xem la nhirng tru cot chinh bao dam cho tinh bdn vung vd xa hdi. Tinh bdn viing vd xa hdi dang trd thanh nghia vu chay bdng ddi vdi cac chinh sach cdng, nhSm loai trir nan ngheo, ddi, phan biet chiing tdc, di cu cuong buc, xung dot vii trang, dich benh ... ,• • :
Hau hdt cac qudc gia dang phat trien deu thira nhan rSng tinh bdn vung ve xa hdi se chi dugc cai thien thdng qua cac chinh sach phat tridn. Trudc hdt, dd la cudc tranh dau chdng ngheo nan bang dky manh tdc do tang trudng.
Va thdng qua cac chinh sach phan phdi lai, tang trudng se lam cho vdn nhan luc, vdn xa iidi.
vdn vat chit dat tdi mirc do phat trien cao hon.
Cudc diu tranli chdng ngheo nan thudng tac ddng manh tdi chuyen dich co cau kinh te va nd khdng dii bao dam cho phat trien ben vung. Bdi mdt sd ngudi cd kha nang cd the tranh thii cac CO hdi but pha de trd thanh giau cd, nhung ngugc lai mdt sd ngudi khi chua dat dugc nhung kha nang de cai thien cudc sdng thi rat de bi tdn thuong (vi du that nghiep). Nhiing tdn thuong v£ mat xa hdi cd the khac phuc dugc bang each chuyen tir khu vuc ket cau sang phi ket cau de tao them nhieu viec lam, hoac thay ddi ket cau trong trang thai dn dinh. ,,,, ,
Ngay trong tang trudng thi tang trudng ciing tao ra bat cdng theo viing, theo nhdm xa hdi lien quan tdi mdi gan ket ve xa hdi, bit cdng lam tang them xung dot xa hdi. Nhiing cang thing
Nhung vdn dd KINH T^ VA C H I N H TR! J»t Giai Sd 11 (175) 2010
T r i n Van Tung - Vu Dipc Thanh Luan eir ly thuylt va thuc tien phat triln.
nay chi giam di khi hinh thanh cac phuang thuc phan phdi lai. Thuc td d nhidu qudc gia cho thay, khi bit cdng trong kha nang tiep can cua cai va dich vu tang thi giam ngheo ddi trd nen yeu dt, ddng thdi gin kdt xa hdi ciing yeu di. Do dd, viec chia se va phan phdi lai thanh qua ciia tang trudng la yeu td quan trgng ciia cudc dau tranh giam ngheo, ddi.
1.3. Cdc dieu kien ve tinh da dqng sinh hpc Tinh da dang sinh hgc klidng don gian chi la mdt bg suu tap ve cac loai ma la tdng the cudc sdng tren trai dat. NghTa la tdng the cac gene, cac loai, va cac he sinh thai tac ddng lan nhau trong qua trinh sinh hgc, vat ly, hoa hgc. Neu nhu hoat ddng ciia con ngudi, cac loai vat an mdi dugc thira nhan thi tinh trang xdi mdn tinh da dang sinh hgc can phai dugc ngan chan.
Ngay nay, tinh da dang sinh hgc dugc hieu mdt each khai quat hon, nhu la mdt each xir ly nhung quan he giQ'a he sinh thai vdi cac he thdng xa hdi.
Dieu thu'dng thay la con ngudi pha huy tinh da dang sinh hgc nhieu hon nhiing gi hg tao ra.
Tinh trang huy diet cac loai hien nay dien ra vdi tdc do cao gap hang nghin lan so vdi thdi ky dia chat bien ddi dan tdi su huy diet hang loat (Ramade, 1999). Do khiem khuyet ve nhan thirc, nen cdng tac quan ly mdi trudng, da dang sinh hgc thudng gap phai nhiing riii ro. Hon nua, cac cudc dimg do phan anh cac quan diem rat khac nhau dira vao dia vi xa hdi va uy tin ciia ngu'di tham gia, dira vao Igi ich kinh te dai dien cho dia phuong, vimg lanh thd, qudc gia...
ciing la nguyen nhan lam cho tinh da dang sinh hgc bi de dga. Khac vdi quan diem ciia cac chinh tri gia, cac nha khoa hgc, cac nha kinh te dd ldi cho tinh trang xdi mdn tinh da dang sinh hgc la do thieu cac quyen chiem him, dac biet la chiem hu'u tu nhan ddi vdi nhifng tai san tap the. Cudc dua theo Igi nhuan, qua trinh toan cau hoa. ly thuyet duy tri a mure thip ngudn vdn tu nhien, gian tra trong cdng nghe gene da giiip cho cdng chiing nhin thay ro mdi quan he da ran
nut giii'a khoa hgc va xa hdi. Riii ro da dang sinh hgc khdng the bii dap dugc bang mdt khoan tuong duong tinh ra tien. Ciing vdi phat trien ben virng, khoa hgc phai di trudc mot budc, tap trung nghien cii'u nhung tac ddng ve cac he sinh thai tdi he thdng xa hdi.
Neu nhu cac nha khoa hgc da cd gang neu len nhiing tham hoa ve sir huy diet cac loai, thi cac td chirc chinh phii, phi chinh phu va cac td chii'c ciia Lien hgp qudc thdi gian qua da phd bien rdng rai y nghia ciia tinh da dang sinh hgc va khang dinh bao ve da dang sinh hgc phai la trach nhiem cua tap the va ca nhan. Su vuon len ciia cac td chuc phi ehinli phii da gdp phan ngan chan tham hoa sinh thai. Bang each dd ldi cho d nhiem mdi trudng, xdi mdn da dang sinh hgc, la do khdng phan bd cac ngudn tai nguyen sd hiiu hgp ly, giai phap dugc dua ra ciia cac nha cdng nghiep la md rdng anh hudng cua thi trudng ddi vdi cac ngudn tai nguyen. Ndi khac di la dua van de mdi trirdng vao chuan muc kinh te va chiu cac rang budc ciia tinh da dang sinh hgc.
Tien trinh ciia phat trien ben vti'ng da cd thay ddi, chuyen tir van de mdi trudng toan cau sang van de quan ly ngudn tai nguyen, bao ham viec xac dinh quyen sd hiiu va tao lap thi trudng.
Khai niem thi trirdng dugc lam phong phii hon bdi viec md rdng irng dung cac cdng nghe sinh hgc, thi tru'dng mua ban giay phep phat thai khi cacbon gay hieu irng nha kinh, thi trirdng mua ban cdng nghe nang cao hieu qua sir dung nang Iugng. Dd la nhu'ng ITnh virc kinh te cd nhieu liira hen. Ndi chung, cac phuong an tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho phat trien cdng nghiep se tao lap ra nhieu thi trudng mdi.
Kinh te hoa tinh da dang sinh hgc la mdt viec lam can thiet. Trong bdi canh toan cau hoa va"
hdi nhap, cac nha khoa hgc, cac td chirc phi chinh phu da chap nhan khai niem kinh te da dang sinh hgc. Hg tin rang tinh da dang sinh hgc se cd gia tri kinh te cao neu nhu cac nha khoa hgc va cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach va du luan quan tam tdi khai niem nay. Dem lai
Nhu-ng vdn dd KINH Tt VA CHJNH TR! JHt G i a i Sd 11 (175) 2010-
Luan eir ly thuylt va thuc tiln phat triln... Trin Van Tung - Vu DifC Thanh
cho tinh da dang sinh hgc mdt gia tri nhu cung cap cac dich vu, hang hoa da trd thanh yeu ciu bat budc, mot nguyen tac hgp tac trong qua trinh thuong Iugng, ky ket cac hiep dinh thuong mai giiia nudc nay vdi nudc kia. Mudn vay, kinh te mdi trudng phai lam sao tao ra gia tri tien te cho cac yeu td cua tinli da dang sinh hgc.
Cach tdt nhat la tao ra thi trudng ao va phan phdi cac quyen sd hiiu. Ve phuong dien ly thuyet kinh te, mudn cho hang hoa cd the trao ddi dugc tren thi trudng thi ngudi chii sd hiiu phai xac dinh dugc ro rang gia tri ciia hang hoa.
Dd chinh la dieu kien de thay the vdn tu nhien bang tien te, nham tai tao lai vdn tu nhien khi nd bi tdn hai. Chi cd each dua vao danh muc hang hoa tat ca nhtfng gi nam ngoai thi trudng, khdng bi chiem hii'u gay tdn hai tdi mdi trudng mdi ngan chan dugc mdi de doa tdi mdi sinh.
Quyen sd hiru ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien dang trd thanh mdt trong nhiing yeu td trung tam ciia nen kinh te thi trudng.
Tdm lai, dieu kien bao dam cho phat trien ben vung dira vao ba yeu td chinh. Thii: nhdt, the che, dugc the hien thdng qua cac cam ket qudc te, he thdng luat phap va chien luge phat trien ciia timg qudc gia. Thic hai, thanh qua cua tang trudng kinh te phai dugc chia se cdng bang cho cac tang ldp xa hdi, tao ra nhieu kha nang lua chgn va co hdi lira chgn giup hg tham gia vao qua trinh phat trien. Thic ba, tinh da dang sinh hgc, mdi sinh phai dugc duy tri.
2. Quan he giira kinh te, xa hoi, moi trudng trong dieu kien phat trien ben vung ciia Viet Nam
Ve phu'ong dien ly thuyet, mdt sd nghien ciru cho rang cd tdn tai dudng cong Kuznets trong mdi trirdng theo hinh chu U ngirgc, vdi gia thiet d nhiem nidi trudng se xay ra vao thdi ky dau ciia qua trinh cdng nghiep hoa. Khi trinh do phat trien ciia mdt qudc gia dat tdi mirc do nao dd thi tinh trang d nhiem mdi trudng dugc cai thien. Dd la ly do khien cho nhieu nudc dang
phat tridn uu tien tang trudng trudc, khac phuc hau qua sau. Hau qua ma cac qudc gia nay phai ganh chiu khi tai nguyen can kiet, mdi trudng suy thoai, tdn thit da dang sinh hgc, thi chi phi cham sdc sue khoe va chua cac can benh hiem ngheo la vd cung ldn. Lieh sir kinh te the gidi da cho thiy, bit ky qua trinh tang trudng nao ddu lam cho mdi trudng suy thoai. Phan tich dinh Iugng qua cac chudi sd lieu thdi ky 1980 - 2000 cho thiy, Trung Qudc la nudc cd tdc do tang trudng cao nhit thd gidi, nhung tinh trang d nhiem nang dang xay ra tai mdt sd thanh phd ldn va hang tram cac khu cdng nghiep, khu che xuat. Hang chuc xi nghiep bi ngudi dan bao vay, do chat thai cdng nghiep ddc hai lam cho nhieu ngudi dan mac benh ung thu gan, hgng, da day, phdi. Tai cac thanh phd ldn ciia Han Qudc, mirc do ngung tu cac chat ddc hai dudi dang bui la 84 microgam/m^, cac ehi sd dd tai Indonesia la 271, Thai Lan la 223, dac biet Bang Kdc Thai Lan la mdt trong nhii'ng thanh phd d nhiem nang ciia chau A. Nhung khdng phai la tang trudng nhanh mdi dan den suy thoai mdi trudng. Ngugc lai vdi cac nudc Ddng A, tai cac nudc chau Phi, Trung Ddng, ty le tang trudng thap trong ca thdi ky quan sat, nhung tdc do khai thac tai nguyen, pha rimg, chuyen ddi muc dich sir dung dat ciia tang ldp ngudi ngheo vi cac muc tieu kinh te dang gay tdn that rat ldn cho mdi trudng sinh thai. Nhu vay, d nhiem mdi trudng khdng phai chi do tang trudng gay nen ma do nhieu yeu td khac, trong dd cd chinh sach kinh te - xa hdi, chinh sach phat trien cac viing kinh te, chinh sach do thi hoa, chinh sach dat dai chi phdi.
Viet Nam hien dang tien hanh cdng nghiep hoa vdi viec hinh thanh mdt loat cac khu cdng nghiep tao da cho tang trudng kinh te, cho tang trudng xuat khiu va tao ra nhidu viec lam mdi cho khu vuc ndng thdn dang dugc Chinh phu quan tam. Den cudi nam 2008, Viet Nam da cd 219 khu cdng nghiep chidni hon 61.000 hecta dat phan bd tai 54 tinh. thanh, thanh phd tren
W/iti-ng va'n d^ KINH TE VA CHINH TR! THE G i a i Sd 11 (175)2010
Trin Van Tung - Vu Du-c Thanh Luan cur ly thuylt va thirc tien phat triln.
pham vi ca nudc. Nhiing ddng gdp cua cac khu cdng nghiep nhu huy ddng dugc Iugng vdn ldn dau tu trong va ngoai nudc, phat trien san xuat cdng nghiep, md rdng thi trudng xuit khau, tao ra nhieu viec lam mdi va gdp phin nang cao ty le tang trudng va chuydn dich co cau kinh te la rit dang ghi nhan. Theo Kd hoach phat trien kinh td - xa hdi 5 nam 2006 - 2010, Chinh phil da de ra cac hoat ddng cu the cho cac muc tieu phat trien qudc gia theo hudng ben viing la day manh tang trudng, xoa ddi, giam ngheo, hd trg viec thuc hien chien luge phat trien ben vii'ng. Quan he tuong tac giu'a cac muc tieu phat trien neu tren cd the dugc xem xet danh gia tren mdt sd binh dien cu the, thdng qua viec phan tich cac mat chat Iugng cua tang trudng.
Thic nhdt, tang trirdng cao nhung khdng ben virng va chat Iugng thap. Ndi den chat Iugng tang trudng la ndi den hieu qua san xuat d ba cap do: san pham, doanh nghiep va qudc gia. 0 cap do san pham, sd lurgng lien tuc tang, nhung gia thanh khdng giam do chi phi trung gian tang. Hau het cac san pham xuat khau la gia cdng, lap rap, chiem tdi 65% tdng gia tri xuat khau, do dd nang lye canh tranh rat thap tren thi trudng the gidi. Ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep, ty suat Igi nhuan tren vdn ndi chung thap, doanh nghiep cd vdn dau tir nudc ngoai dat khoang 8%. doanh nghiep nha nudc dat khoang 4%.
Dieu dang lo ngai la theo bao cao nam 2008 ciia Kiem toan Nha nudc, thi hau het cac bao cao tai chinh ciia cac tap doan, doanh nghiep nha nudc deu khdng phan anh trung thuc ve tai san va cac khoan thu trong hoat ddng kinh doanh. Tren pham vi qudc gia, tdc do chuyen dich co cau kinh te chain, neu nhu so sanh vdi cac qudc gia ASEAN, thi co cau kinh te ciia Viet Nam hien nay tuong img vdi co cau kinh te ciia Thai Lan, Malaysia, Indonesia vao dau thap nien 1980. Sii' dung vdn dau tu hieu qua thap, cung la mot nguyen nhan can trd tang truong va chuydn dich CO cau kinh te. Nam 1991, he sd ICOR cua Viet Nam la 4 va thdi ky 2001 - 2006 he sd dd
ciia Viet Nam da vugt qua 5 cao hon ca Trung Qudc hien la 4, trong khi ty le tang trudng lai thip hon Trung Qudc. He sd ICOR cao mot phan do that thoat vdn dau tu, ma nguyen nhan chii yeu la do tham nhiing, lang phi, dau tu tran lan khdng theo quy hoach hay dinh hudng chung. Trudc nhiing dien bien cua khimg hoang tai chinh, tdc do tang trudng ciia Viet Nam da giam va xuat hien nhieu yeu td bat dn. Viec tang trudng chu yeu dua vao vdn. khdng dua vao nang suat, chay theo muc tieu tang trudng ngan han cd the lam thoa man cac yeu cau nhat thdi, chac chan khdng the dat dugc muc tieu tang trudng ben virng.
Thic hai, tang trudng kinh te gdp phan lam giam sd ngudi ngheo ddi, nhirng khoang each giau, ngheo gia tang. Cd hai yeu td chinh giup cho Viet Nam thanh cdng trong viec giam ngheo, ddi la tang trudng cao va nhieu ngudn lire cho tang trirdng da dugc huy ddng cd tac ddng tich cue tdi giam ngheo, ddi. Tir nam 1990 - 2004, theo sd lieu dieu tra mirc sdng hg gia dinh ciia Tdng ciic Thdng ke, ty le hd ngheo ciia Viet Nam nam 2004 cdn 14% va mdi nam Viet Nam giam 3%, nhanh gap ddi tdc do giam nglieo ciia Trung Qudc. Dac biet, ty le hd ngheo giam nhanh tir 58% nam 1993 xudng 37% vao nam 1998. Tuy nhien, chenh lech giau, ngheo dang tang d cac viing va cac tang ldp dan cu.
Qua trinh phan tang xa hdi hien nay cd nhieu dac diem khac trudc. Theo sd lieu dieu tra mirc sdng nam 2004 thi chenh lech niu'c chi tieu giua 20% sd dan giau vdi 20% sd dan ngheo da tang len hon 5,5 lan, chenh lech ve thu nhap tang hon 12 lan. Neu tinh 10% dan sd giau nhat va 10%) dan sd ngheo nhat thi mirc chenh lech ve thu nhap vugt qua 20 lan. Do dd, 20% dan sd giau nhat chiem tdi 47% tdng thu nhap xa hdi, cdn 20% sd dan ngheo nhat chi chiem 8%. Sd ngudi ngheo, ddi chii yeu tap trung d ndng thdn, vimg sau, viing xa, hien dang chiem tdi gan 90% sd ngudi ngheo ciia ca nudc. Trong khi ty le hd ngheo cua ca nudc nam 2004 la 14% thi ty
Nhung vdn dd KINH TE VA CHJNH TR! T H ^ G i a i Sd 11 (175) 2010-
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Luan cif ly thuylt va thuc tien phat triln. Trin Van Tung - Vu DLFC Thanh
le hd ngheo tai cac viing dan tdc thieu sd hon 61%). Vao nam 2004. hon 1/3 sd ngudi thudc cac viing dan tdc thieu sd van cdn ddi. Ngheo, ddi tai cac viing sau, viing xa da dan tdi tinh trang khai thac tai nguyen thien nhien trai phep, di cu d at tu do tir cac tinh phia Bac vao Tay Nguyen trong sudt thap nien 1990. Theo bao cao danh gia giii'a ky Ke hoach 5 nam 2006 - 2010 ve mdi quan he giii'a ngheo, ddi va mdi trudng, thi tir nam 1980 den 2005 da cd khoang 60.000 hd vdi hon 300.000 ngudi tir cac tinh phia Bac da di cu vao Dac Lae, hau het la cac hd ngheo. Do khdng durgc chinh quyen sd tai cap dat, ngudi dan da tu y pha rirng de lay dat canh tac, khai thac gd de ban, cd nam rirng tai Dac Lac bi chat pha len tdi 4.500 hecta.
Thir ba, 6 nhiem mdi trudng tai cac khu cdng nghiep dang dien ra d nhieu noi. Canh tranh thu hilt dau tir bang mgi gia da dan den tinh trang hau het cac khu cdng nghiep, cac du an dau tu ldn tap trung vao khai thac khoang san, san xuat xi mang, luyen thep, chi sir dung cdng nghe loai 2, loai 3. Cimg vdi cdng nghe lac hau, cac khu cdng nghiep hau het khdng cd he thdng xu ly chat thai tap trung, do dd d nhiem mdi trudng tai cac khu cdng nghiep cua Viet Nam la rat nghiem trgng. Sdng Cau, sdng Nhue, sdng Ddng Nai dugc ggi la cac ddng sdng chet. Nude thai cdng nghiep ngam sau vao Idng dat, hoa vao nudc sinh boat da dan den hau qua nghiem trgng la tai Viet Nam da xuat hien mdt sd lang ung thu nhu: Thach Son (Phii Thg), Ddng Ld (Ha Tay cii), Minh Dure Thuy Nguyen (Hai Phdng). Vu d nhiem nudc tai sdng Thi Vai la mdt thi du didn hinh hien chua cd giai phap khic phuc. Muc tieu Kd hoach 5 nam 2006 - 2010 do Bd Tai nguyen va Mdi trirdng dua ra la 75% sd hd gia dinh ndng thdn dugc sir dung nude sach, tang dien tich die phii rirng len 43%,
100% Iugng nudc thai tai cac khu cdng nghiep dugc xir ly va dat tieu chuin mdi trudng, 90%
Iugng chit thai rin dugc thu gom la khdng the thuc hien dugc. Ngoai ra, dit dai sir dung lang
phi, nhidu du an. khu cdng nghiep cham trien khai, ndng dan mit dit khdng cd viec lam, nhidu tinh lai phai thirc hien qua trinh ngugc lai la rut giiy phep mdt sd du an diu tu. Dieu dd chimg td, quy hoach phat tridn kinh te cac viing ciia Viet Nam khdng cd co sd khoa hgc.
Thir tic, tdc do tang trudng kinh te kha cao nhung cai each thd chd dien ra qua cham chap.
Ddng A da trai qua mdt thdi ky dai dat dugc ty le tang trudng cao nhd ap dung md hinh kinh te cd su didu tidt cua nha nudc. Tuy nhien. md hinh nay hien dang bdc Id nhidu didm yeu.
Nhiing bit cap trong md hinh phat trien nay cung dang xay ra vdi Viet Nam. Ci nudc ta hien nay, nhung rao can ve thd chd da ngan chan tdc do phat tridn do khdng tao ra mdi trudng canh tranh lanh manh, kinh td nha nudc cd vai trd chu dao, nhung lai hoat ddng khdng hieu qua.
Thic ndm, chinh quyen cac cap can md rdng dan chii thdng qua hinh thirc ddi thoai, ddng thdi khdng ngirng nang cao chat Iugng ciia hoat ddng quan ly, tao mdi trudng thuan Igi cho boat ddng san xuit kinh doanh, thu hiit vdn dau tu
Nang lire phat trien ciia mdt qudc gia dua vao ha ting co sd, nang luc khoa hgc cdng nghe, chit Iugng Iao ddng va the che. The che ciia Viet Nam dugc cai each cd tinh budc ngoat tir nhiing nam dau ddi mdi, nhung cho den nay cac chinh sach cai each dd dudng nhu da den gidi ban ciia viec phat huy tac dung.
Tang trudng kinh te cao trudc day thudng dugc xem la mdt chi tieu quan trgng cua phat trien. Hien nay, nhieu qudc gia da nhan thay rang thudc do nay khdng cdn^diing nira. Tang
• tru'dng kinh te ve sd Iugng phai di lien vdi chat Iugng, nghTa la tang trudng dat dugc muc tieu ciia phat trien ben virng, hai hoa giiia kinh td, xa hdi va mdi trudng. Cac md hinh phat tridn kinh te tren the gidi da trai qua trong sudt ca thdi ky
1965 - 1995 deu thudc ve ba dang:
Mo hinh I. Tang trudng kinh td khdng bdn viing, quy md kinh te dugc md rdng, o thdi ky
10 NhCmg vdn dg KINH T^ VA CHINH TR! JHt GIOI Sd 11 (175) 2010
Tran Van Tung - Vu Dire Thanh Luan cu ly thuylt va thuc tiin phat trien.
nay tang trudng nhanh nhung d thdi ky kliac tang truong cham lai. din ddn tinh trang tri tre.
Mo hinh 2. Tang trudng nhanh. mit can ddi ve viec huy ddng va sir dung cac ngudn lire, phai tra gia bai nhirng tdn thit mdi trudng, sinh thai. Do danh gia thip gia tri ciia cac ngudn luc, cho nen cham tre trong viec diu tu, hoac dau tu lang phi khdng nang cao hieu qua cua cac ngudn vdn va khdng san sinh ra vdn mdi.
Mo hinh 3. Tang trirdng ben vung nhd ngudn tich luy cac loai vdn theo thdi gian nhat dinh mdt each can ddi. Chinh phii dau tu nhieu hon cho khu vuc kinh te cdng, bao ve mdi trudng.
Vdn nhan lire dugc tiep sire cd gia tri gia tang cao tao dieu kien cho ddi mdi cdng nghe, nang cao nang lire canh tranh va bao dam duy tri tdc dp tang trudng dai ban.
Viet Nam dang ddi mat vdi nhieu muc tieu dat ra trong chien luge phat trien ben viing. Vao nam 2000, cac nha tai trg cho Viet Nam da de ra mot sd quan diem khac nhau ve cac chinh sach uu tien cho chien luge giam ngheo ddi va tang tru'dng. Mdt nhdm nhan manh tdi tam quan trpng ciia cac chinh sach phat trien con ngudi, bao dam ben vung cho cac hoat ddng sinh ke d cap CO sd. Mdt nhdm khac lai coi viec phat trien CO sd ha tang quy md ldn la chia khoa de bao dam cho tang trirdng ben vung, dan den giam ngheo. Se la khdn ngoan neu chinh sach uu tien khdng tap trung vao viec lira chgn mdt trong hai muc tieu phat trien. Cach tdt nhit la Viet Nam thirc hien cai each mdt each toan dien tren mgi nganh. mgi ITnh vuc va cd thir tu uu tien.
Thic nhdt. la dira vao cac dgng thai chinh sach (gdm cac quyet dinh nham phan ro vai trd ciia Chinh phii va cac ben lien quan khdng thudc Nha nudc) trong viec san xuit hang hoa va dich vu. Xay dimg hanh lang phap ly cho nen kinh te thi trudng va su dung tdt hon cac ngudn luc cdng. Ngoai ra. cung cin cd cac bien
phap dd tranh tinh trang ng du phdng trd thanh ganh nang, ma cai gia phai tra keo dai trong nhieu nam phat trien.
Thic hai. can uu tien cac chinh sach phat trien hoa nhap. Trong ITnh virc nay, can chii trgng cac chinh sach nham mang lai hieu qua cao til' cac hoat dgng phat trien, vi du giam ngheo, dac biet chii y tdi nhdm ngudi de bi tdn thuong nhu tan tat. vimg ludn xay ra thien tai, bi nhiem HIV/AIDS, hoan thien he thdng an sinh xa hdi.
Thic ba, can uu tien cai each nham duy tri thanh qua dat dugc trong thdi gian dai, bang each day manh tinh minh bach, dan chii, trach nhiem giai trinh cua cac co quan cdng quyen.
Cac dgng thai chinh sach nay xuat phat tir thuc te nen kinh te Viet Nam ngay cang trd nen phirc tap hon, do dd can xac dinh lai vai trd ciia Nha nudc. can dieu chinh cac the che cho phii hgp vdi nhirng thay ddi trong quan he giiia nha nudc va xa hdi, trong dd can cd co che cdng dan dugc phep phan hdi cac y kien vdi ngudi ra quyet dinh tir chinh quyen cac cap.
l^hic lie, xay dung the che va chinh sach di ddi vdi tang cudng cac ngudn lire cho cdng tac bao ve tai nguyen mdi trudng. Hien nay, Chinh phil da yeu cau cac dia phuong danh ra 1% tdng chi ngan sach nha nudc cho mdi trirdng, thanh lap quy mdi trudng. Da cd mdt sd tien bd trong viec quan ly tai nguyen va Idng ghep cac van de mdi tru'dng vao ke hoach phat trien. Tuy nhien, can phai sira ddi mdt sd luat, nhu Luat Dat dai, Luat Mdi trudng. Tien den phai danh gia dugc cac tac ddng mdi trudng, sir dung ngudn tai nguyen nhu la mdt phan bat budc ciia cac du an kha thi.
Cuoi ciing. la tao ra cdng bang trudc cac co ligi giao due va cham sdc y te de nang cao chat iugng ngudn nhan lire, tao cdng an viec lam va giam dan khoang each ve thu nhap*
A/h(>ng vJn dd KINH T 6 VA CHiNH TR! THe Giai Sd 11 (175)2010- 11
Luan cur ly thuylt va thuc tien phat triln... ^ ^ Trin Van Tung - Vu Dire Thanh Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Jean- Yves Martin (2007): Phdt triin bin vung, hoc ihuyit, thuc tiin, ddnh gid, NXB.
The gidi. Ha Ndi.
2. Tran Van Tung (2005): Anh huong cita mot sd khu cong nghiep phia Bdc loi sire khoe c'p«g ^d/7g, NXB. Khoa hgc Xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
3. Tran Van Tiing (2003): Chdt luong tdng truong nhin tic Dong A, NXB. The gidi. Ha Ndi.
4. Ti-an Van Tiing (2003): Nghich ly Irong tdng truong kinh fe cica Viet Nam, Tap chi Nhii'ng van de Kinh te the gidi, sd 5.
5. Bao cao phat trien Viet Nam (2007): Huong toi tdm cao moi, Bao cao ciia cac nha tai trg tai Hdi nghi tai trg cho Viet Nam, ngay 14,15 thang 12/2006.
6. Vii Thanh Tu Anh (2008): Tdng truong ciia Viet Nam co thuc su nhanh vd bin vung?
Bao Tia sang ngay 31/1.
7. Tran Van Tiing, Tran Dai NghTa, Nguyen Thang (2009): Bdo cdo ddnh gid giua ky Ke hoqch 5 ndm 2006 - 2010 ve quan he giica ngheo, doi vd moi truong (Du an PEP), thang 1.
8. David G. Victor (2006): Recovering Sustainable Development, Foreign Affair, Feb.
9. Anthony A. Leiserowitz (2006): Do Global Altitudes and Behaviours Support Sustainable Development? Environment, Vol 47, No. 9.
10. Robert W. Kates, Thomas M.Parris (2005): What is Sustainalhe Development?
Environment, April.
11. World Economic Forum (2009): iiwergy F/.s'/o/7 update 2009.
12. Brookings Global Economy and Development,'MsLrch2009.
13. Robert .1. Barro, Xavier Sala I-Martin (1995): Economic Growth, Mc Graw-Hill.
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