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uan diem chi dao cua Dang va Nha nuoc ve phat trien kien truc truyen thong Vi¢t Nam duqc the hi¢n rat r6 trong Nghl quyet Trung uong 5 khoa VIII cua Dang "Di san van h6a la tai san v6 gia, gan ket c9ng dong dar' toc, la cot loi ca ban sac dan toc, cas
de sang tao nhtng gia tri mdi va giao luu van h6a". Nghl quyet H9i nghl Ian 9 Ban chap hanh Trung uO'ng Bang khoa XI so 31-NQ/TW ngay 14/5/2104 ve xay dung va phit trien vain h6a, con nguoi Vi¢t Nam dap ung yeu cau phat trien ben vO'ng dat nuoc cCmg da neu: "Xay di,tng nen van h6a Vi¢t Nam tien tien, dam da ban sac dan toc, thong nhat trong da dang cia cong dong cac dan toc Vi¢t Nam, vdi cac dac trung dan toc, nhan van, dan chu va khoa hoc; chi dong don nhan co hoi phat trien, vugt qua cic thich thuc de giO' gln, hoan thi¢n ban sac van hoa dan toc; han che, khac ph1,1c nhO'ng anh huong tieu ci,tc, m~t trai cua toan cau h6a ve van h6a. Olnh huong phat trien Kien true Vi¢t Nam (Quyet dlnh 112/2002/QE)-TTg): Bao ton, phat huy cac gia trl van h6a kien truc truyen thong va ban sac dan t9c cua nuoc nha trongc / the toan cau h6a".
Quan diem cua Quoc h9i khi xay dung Luat Kien tric nham phat trien kien truc truyen thong la "Phat huy gia trl ban sac van h6a dan t9c trong kien tric". Cu the, tai khoan 3 Oieu 4 cua Luat Kien truc c6 neu: "Bao ton, ke thua, phat huy cac gia trl kien true truyen thing, tiep thu chon loc tinh hoa kien truc the gidi. Xay dung nen kien tric Viet Nam tien tien, hien dai, dam da ban sac van h6a dan t9c".
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Kien truc truyen thong phan anh nen van h6a vung mien va
phong tuc, tap quan song cua m9t dan t9c, m9t t9c nguoi. Vung van h6a de chi m9t khong gian c6 nhO'ng tuong dong ve hoan canh
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nhien, dan cu sinh song ...0
d6 tu lau da c6 nhO'ng moi quan he ve nguon goc va lich st, c6 Sl,I' tuO'ng dong ve trinh do phat trien kinh te - xa h9i, giO'a cac c9ng dong cung dja vuc da dien ra giao luu, anh huong van h6a qua lai. Vi vay, trong vung da hlnh thanh nhO'ng d~c trung chung, the hi¢n trong sinh hoat van hoa vat chit va van h6a tinh than cua cu dan, c6 the phan bi¢t voi vung van h6a khac.Vi¢t Nam c6 toi 6 vung van h6a d6 la: Vung van hoa Tay Bae, vung van h6a Vi¢t Bae, vung van h6a chau tho Bae b9, vung van h6a Trung b9, vung van h6a Tay Nguyen, vung van h6a Nam bo.
Ben canh cac vung van h6a tren, Vi¢t Nam voi 54 dan t9c anh em, moi dan toc lai co mot kien truc truyen thong rieng.
Nha cua moi dan t9c c6 nhO'ng net dac trung, the hi¢n van hoa, tap quan song cua m9t t9c nguoi, duqc gln giO' suot nhieu the ky.
Nuc ta co dac diem phan bd dan cu khong dong deu gita cac vung mien tren toan lanh tho va c6 sl,I' chenh I¢ch Ion trong phan bo dlnh cu dan cu giO'a thanh thl, vung dong bang (26%) va nong than, vung mien nui (74%). Nguyen nhan do thanh thl va cac vung dong bang co dieu kien song thu~n lqi hon, nguqc l9i vung nui dieu ki¢n song kh6 khan hon.
Nhan dinh ve kien truc dam ban sac vain hoa dan toc va kien true truyen thong t9i Vi¢t Nam. Trai qua chieu dai lich sit, tren co so dieu ki¢n tl,I' nhien, trlnh 09 khoa hoc cong nghe, vain h6a va tap quan sinh ho9t, san xuat... ma moi toc ngui da co nhO'ng su ti@p thu, anh hudong, chat loc, dic ket de tao nen suy lua chon rieng ve mo hlnh o (nha o, cong trlnh cong c9ng, cong trlnh sinh hoat cong dong ...) cho c9ng dong dan toc cua minh. Va theo thi gian cac mo hlnh o nay ngay cang duqc hoan thi¢n, phu hgp hon vii cuc song thoi dai, no trd thanh nhitng vat the
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kien true mang tfnh bieu tuqng cua moi dan tc)c, va d6 chfnh la san pham cia kien truc dam ban sac van hoa dan toc, kien tric truyen thong dan tc)c.
Theo KTS Ho The Vinh, "Khai niem ban sac kien tric lau nay thuong duqc ly giai va nhln nh~n theo kieu tinh than lu~n". Trong nhung nam qua, da co nhieu nghien c'tu ve kien truc phu hqp voi cac dieu kien tai Viet Nam, nhung da phin vii cich tiep can ve thong ke, danh gii so hoc ve di@u kien
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nhien (khi hau, dja hlnh ...), co cau su dt,mg dat, cap cac loai cong trinh xay dung.., Nhung nghien cuu nay chua du de bao ton va phit trien dugc cai goi la "ban sac kien tric dan toc".Cain phai co each nhln nh~n 1Ni phudng phap, le) trlnh uu tien de thl,lc hi$n c6ng vi$c nay mc)t each nghiem tuc, nhat quan va bai ban hdn. Cung theo KTS Ho The Vinh, "Tiep can ban sac kien true truoc het con la phan xuat ra duqc nhung net tieu bieu tao thanh phong cach dac trung cua mot khu vl,fc, mc)t do thi va dugc bieu hien cu the thanh nhung thanh tl,(u kien true cua mc)t khu vl,fc hay do thi d6, tren cd sd phan tich cac gia tri dac trung cua vung, danh gia anh huong cua dieu ki$nti/nhien dja phudng va tiem thuc van hoa kien true dja phudng; dong thoi ket hop vdi cac gia trj kien truc truyen thing de tim kiem va tao dl,lng cho do thi c6 net rieng khac bi$t so voi cac vung khac...".
Nghien cuu, tlm hieu ban sac kien tric cua tung vung, tung dja phudng la mc)t c6ng vi$c phuc tNp, nhung het sue can thiet.
Trong thoi dai hoi nhap, bin sac co the dong vai tro di@u tiet Sl,I phat trien kien true, nhung ban sac kien truc cung se la mc)t dong luc phat trien kinh te, gi6'i thi$u ban sac van h6a ...
Kham pha nhung ng6i nha truyen thong cua cac dan tc)c cua Vi$t Nam giup chung ta c6 them nhieu hieu biet ve kien true va van h6a cua nguoi dan tc)c. Chfnh nhung ng6i nha nay da lam nen mc)t phan van hoa Viet Nam va c6 the dua ra m9t so nh~n djnh sau:
Nhung ng6i nha truyen thong duqc tNo nen tu cac san pham cua thien nhien vi vay no gan gui v6'i con nguoi - la nguon cap duong khf trong lanh phl,Jc Vl:J sue kh6e con nguoi; t9o l~p ti$n
nghi song tot cho nguoi dan, song than thi$n voi m6i truong;
kh6ng gay ra anh huong bat lqi den sinh thaiti/nhien.
Hi$n c6 2 huong phat trien nha o n6ng th6n o cac vung mien Vi$t Nam: Thu nhat, nguoi dan c6 dieu ki$n kinh te co gang giu gln ng6i nha truyen thong nham muc dich tho cung to tien, nghi ngdi, luu giuvon quy cua cha 6ng ...; Thu hai, kh6ng gian kien true bien doi sang gia dlnh nh6 v6'i khu6n vien ngay cang thu hE;!p, chia 16 de ban hoaic chia cho cac con tu khu dat cha ong, nhu dang nha "ong" tai cic do thi co, xuat hi$n cac day nha "pho lang" t<;1i n6ng th6n, lam thay doi
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ban kh6ng gian truyen thong va neu kh6ng can thi$p thl n6 van bien doi, se di ch$ch hu6'ng, pha vo cau true m6i truongti/nhien, anh huong den ban sac van hoa kien truc truyen thong.IRI
! COQ . O. t sOs j ODe tao dung dien mao kien tric do thi va nong thon Viet Nam mang dam ban sac van hoa dan toc va kien tric cac vung mien phai ke thiua hieu qua cac gia trj cua kien true truyen thong, xin de xuat caic giai phap sau:
Ve c6ng tac quan ly Nha nuc. Nang cao hi$u qua c6ng tac quan ly phat trien kien triuc Vi$t Nam thong qua h$ thong c6ng Cl:J quan ly. Xac djnh c6ng tac bao ton, giu gln, phat huy gia tri di san van h6a cua dong bao cac dan tc)c la mc)t trong nhung nhi$m Vl:J quan tr9ng. Can tang cuong cong tac nghien cuu khoa hoc ve cac gia tri canh quan thien nhien noi trc)i, mo hlnh djnh cu va sinh song, san xuat cua cac tc)c nguoi trong mc)t khu Vl,J'C Cl,J the, nham ti;IO l~p h$ thong du li$u khoa hoc tot phl,JC Vl,J c6ng tac quy hoach xay dung do thi va n6ng th6n, thiet ke c6ng trlnh phu hqp v6'i kien true va van h6a truyen thong khu vl,fc va tung tc)c ngu'oi. Tang cu'ong c6ng tac nghien cuucd ban va tc;1Oracac san pham khoa hoc chat luqng ve lich su hlnh thanh va phat trien kien truc truyen thong Vi$t Nam qua cac thoi ky, cia moi toc ngui, moi vung mien trong giai doan can dai. Thuc hien tot cong tic kiem ke, lap ho
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khoa hoc di san van hoa vat the va phi vat the tai dja phuong. Day manh cong tac tuyen16 -,lil[Nlll ; g,d; df 6 6e e~ d4mg%NI I I
truyen, quang ba, pho bien va thl,(c hi¢n c6 hi¢u qua tinh than Nghj quyet Trung Liang V kh6a VIII cua Oang ve "xay dl,(ng van h6a Vi¢t Nam dam da ban sac dan t9c". Can baa ton phat huy nghe va lang nghe, le h9i truyen thong, cac mo hlnh san xuat kinh doanh gan voi cong trlnh kien true truyen thong can baa ton va giO' gln thanh di san kien tric. Chi trong ton vinh cac nghien ctu, phat hien cac gia tri kien tric truyen thong va cong trinh kien truc hi¢n dc;ii mang dau an truyen thing dic sac. Phat trien cong tac ly luan phe binh kien truc, trong do chi trong xay dung di ngu ly luan phe binh kien tric,
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ly luan phe binh kien truc Vi¢t Nam.Ve
cong tac dao tc;io va phat trien nghe nghi¢p. Coi trong cong tac dao tc;io cho hoc sinh, sinh vien ... tit viec soan thao, ban hanh cac giao trlnh giang dc;iy phu hqp voi tung cap hoc ve cac kien thuc?I
ban ve van hoa, tap quan cua cac vung mien, mo hlnh djnh cu va kien truc nha cac dan t9c Vi¢t Nam. Oam baa cha sinh vien dai hoc chuyen nganh kien truc phai nam bat, hieu sau r9ng va ky ve cac nguyen tac chfnh tc;io nen mo hlnh djnh elf, san xuat va kien tric, cau tao va ky thuat xay dung, kien true nha cua cac dan t¢c Vi¢t Nam.C6 chvong trlnh, ke hoc;ich va chfnh sach tot de dao tc;io, nang cao nang ll,(c chuyen mon, hieu biet cha cac cap can b9 quan ly, dac bi@t quan tam phat trien nguon can bo la nguoi dan t¢c; c6 ke hoc;ich su d1,mg cac h9c sinh, sinh vien dan t¢c da tot nghi¢p cac trlfong chuyen nganh kien true khi ra trlfong de ho ducc ve phuc vu chinh dong bao minh. Coi trong dao tao nguon nhan luc kien truc, trong d6 c6 dao tc;io phat trien nghe nghi¢p (thlfong xuyen, lien t1,1c) thong qua quy trlnh hanh nghe, quan ly hanh nghe va nang cao nang ll,(c d9i ngO quan ly, hanh nghe kien true Vi¢t Nam.
Tang clfong, day manh viec ing dung cac thanh tuyu khoa hoc ky thuat, giao lvu, hqp tac trong nvoc voi cac dja phvong va hqp tac qudc te trong hoat dong bao ton, phat huy gia tr! di san van h6a dan t9c. Chu d9ng va tfch cl,(c tham gia vdi cac to chuc qudc te trong cac hiep dinh cong nhan lan nhau, ve cac nghia
vu va hoat dong dich vu kien truc, cac hoc;it d9ng chuyen mon;
Oay mc;inh va thvong xuyen, tang clfong vai tro xa h9i cua cong tac ly luan va phe binh kien tric Vi¢t Nam. Lay yeu to, vai tro cua ly luan va phe binh kien truc lam nen ting de dan dat, dinh hung cho phat trien Kien tric Viet Nam dam da ban sac va hi¢n dc;ii.
Haan thi¢n moi trlfong hanh nghe kien true va nang cao thu nhap cho cac kien true slf de lam d9ng ll,(c cha sang tac kien truc theo xu hung tiem can vdi thong 1¢ quoc te. Xay dl,J'ng dong b9 h¢ thong chfnh sach phat trien kien true va d9i ngO kien true slf Viet Nam, quan ly kien truc, quan ly hanh nghe kien truc, che do dai ngo va bao h9 quyen tac gia.
Co giai phap truyen thong cha cac hoc;it d9ng kien true theo hung dong bo, nham nang cao nhan th'uc cua cong dong ve nghe kien true, ton vinh con nglfoi va tac phaim kien tric, xay dl,J'ng nang lvqng lanh mc;inh va tfch cl,(c hoc;it d9ng sang tac kien tric Vi¢t Nam hi¢n dc;ii va giau ban sac.
Trangsl,( phat trien cua kien true nlfoc nha, d~c bi¢t la trong thoi dc;ii moi, chung ta dung trlfoc co h◊i moi khi t;;io dl,J'ngsl,(
phat trien ben ving cua nen kien truc Vi¢t Nam, nen c6 nhO'ng ke thta ban sac dan t9c va tlf tl16ng moi tao bao, nhung phai tuan thu quan diem chi dc;io cua Oang va Nha nlfoc ve phat trien kien truc truyen thong Vi¢t Nam, de kien true thl,(csl,( di vao doi song va dugc xa hdi don nhan.
Cac giai phap tao dung dien mao kien truc do thj va nong thon Vi¢t Nam mang dam ban sac van h6a dan t◊c va kien true vung mien phai ke thua hi$u qua cac gia trj cua kien true truyen thong. Neu khong som thuc hien phuong phap tiep can nham tao ra mot ban sac rieng, thi kien truc, quy hoach O cac do thj va cac khu vl,(c nong thon sedan bj Ian l9n, khong con tfnh truyen thong. Do v~y, vi¢c tc;io dl,J'ng mo hlnh quy hoc;ich rieng trong moi do an, hlnh thai rieng cha cac cong trlnh kien true cha tung vung mien la m9t vi¢c lam can thiet de trong tlfong lai, cac do thj va cac khu vl,(c nong thon phat trien hoan hao.'
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