Cognitive decision-making in dynamic systems: When the objectivity (of the processing) does not guarantee the validity (of the choice of action). The most succinct characterization of decision-making faced with uncertainty [1] consists in describing it as an approach before choosing one course of action [Ai].
Field data
In many contexts, the action choices are designed to end a harmful situation by controlling its effects and the situation itself (for example, controlling a technological accident such as the Chernobyl disaster). In light of such obvious and recurring problems, we need to examine the methods and cognitive strategies involved in the decision-making process when faced with complex systems.
Decision-making in dynamic systems: the paradigm tool 1 Cognition and complex systems (reminder)
- Roles and functions of the paradigm
- Objective experimental paradigm and psychology
- Characteristics and migrations of the PEO
- Epistemological functions of the paradigm
Among the main ones, in addition to the public nature of the investigative process, is the constant concern for verification with a device conceived and/or built by the researcher. In addition to the intrinsic functions of the paradigm, information processing, Kuhn [6] adds a global, transsituational function.
Cognitive dilemmas 1 Opposed characteristics
An epistemological choice and its consequences
This type of operation, also used for a completely different purpose, is called "eidetic reduction" by the phenomenologists, to shift, with their terminology, from the "existence" of things to their "essence". Thus, a natural situation (i.e., outside the laboratory) is an instantiation surrounded by a "clutter" of temporal or indirect specifics, which prove secondary to those who wish to isolate general information to use for theorizing and modelling.
Cognitive map / heuristic map
However, although the mental representation is simplified, the reality of the situation nevertheless remains complex. Applying simplistic mental models to the reality of the situation promotes errors in judgment and therefore inappropriate decisions.
Management of globality: counterproductive simplifications 1 An essential requirement
Consider the globality: the example of gestalt psychology
Dynamisms
When he tried to outline an epistemology of globality, Lewin, who developed the concept of group techniques, tried to study every situation, every type of behavior, put into its natural context. His project consists in modeling the analysis approaches used in psychology on those of mathematics, but mainly of the physics of his time, in other words in terms of forces and results of forces.
Structural differences between the object and the tool 1 The decision-maker’s locus of control in situation
Means underlying the locus of control
Lewin also introduces the concept of psychological living space, which includes space, time and forces as dynamic elements; entities that pave the way for the distribution of dynamic complex systems in the humanities.
A transition
In light of the problems that arise in the field situations, the statement of reality indicates the potential existence of future obstacles. We will make the assumption, currently only supported by observations, that the application of this toolbox depends on a cognitive map and that the map is a simplified representation of the reality of field data, which remains complex.
Conclusion
Since [12] they are all high level scientists, engineers and technicians experienced in traditional scientific procedures, they will try to be objective in the decision choices by, of course you could say, applying the PEO through the cognitive map to data that is mostly complex and dynamic. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/.by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
TOP 1%
Introduction
If the news vendor orders too much, remaining (excess) stock is saved or heavily discounted. The news vendor would like to maintain a balance between overage and underage, depending on the importance of two opposing directions.
The traditional newsvendor model
- Mathematical model and solution approach
- Numerical example of discrete demand
- Numerical example of normally distributed demand
The vendor is expected to sell Christmas trees this year between Halloween and Christmas Eve. If the news seller were to calculate the expected profit for all other order quantities, he may recognize that order quantity 300 is the global optimum.
The inverse newsvendor model
- Mathematical model for identical service durations
- Numerical example for identical service durations
- Mathematical model for non-identical service durations
The reverse newsvendor must evaluate 2N 1 possible combinations to find the optimal number of customers to be served. The reverse newsvendor can adopt the sample average approximation (SAA) approach to get a close approximation [13].
The sequential newsvendor model
- Mathematical model and solution approach
The sequential news vendor must determine the optimal planned end time^yδ½ k of the th block,k∈K and the optimal block sequence^δ. Figure 2 depicts a graphical representation of the sequential newsvendor model. The sequential newsvendor must find the best solution from all minimized solutions. news vendor problem can be defined as follows:.
Conclusions
The purpose of the chapter is to improve decision-making in connection with natural disasters. The purpose of the chapter is to improve decision-making in connection with natural disasters.
Related work
- Geographic information system for the management of natural disasters [1, 2] Geographic Information Science is developed to manage and analyze spa-
- The ontologies for the management of natural disasters
The architecture of the system is based on the use of ontology, a geographic information system (GIS), an electronic sensor system and the papers of experts in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) to build a knowledge base on the influence of external actors on the Soil-Structure Interaction phenomenon. In Section 3, the ontology is presented for representing the phenomenon of Soil-Structure Interaction with Natural Disaster Connection (OSSIWAE).
Ontology of soil-structure interaction with external agents proposed In this chapter, the Protégé tool 5.2 is used to realize the ontology of OSSIWAE
For this purpose, we have based on the existing ontologies and the soil-structure interaction model proposed in the literature to propose a new ontology to represent the phenomenon of soil-structure interaction with the connection of external agents named OSSIWAE. Ontology of soil-structure interaction with external agents proposedIn this chapter, the Protégé tool 5.2 is used to realize the ontology of OSSIWAE.
Proposed architecture of a knowledge base of natural disasters
They then used these relationships to capture useful information with sensors placed at various locations in the ground and structure. The ontology is used to semantically capture information sent by sensors and also to annotate documents stored in a document repository.
Implementation
Conclusion
- Entropy based Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM)
- Application of MCDM in material selection
- Motivation
- Novelties
- Structure of the chapter
In this current techno-economic scenario, material selection is one of the biggest challenges in the industry. In the chapter, the authors also concluded that the best and the worst depend solely on the weight of the criteria.
Preliminaries
- Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM)
- Steps involved in decision making .1 GOFER method for taking decision
Based on the comparison, a predictive model is developed that can predict the outcome with different CE-integrated MCDM approaches. The first part is the introduction which describes the importance of material selection and comprehensive literature related to the topic.
Goal - Selection of material
Options - Set of readily available materials F: Facts - Performance with respect to the criteria
Review - Reviewing distinct facts and data associated to the options
Define the problem i.e. selection of material
All the criteria and factors are established on basis of which the decision is made i.e. enlisting the criteria
Enlisting the various available materials
- Discard the materials having high cost to benefit ratio
A plan is developed for selecting the finest alternative
Select the best material
- Cross entropy (CE) method
- Application of CE based MCDM techniques in engineering problem Cross Entropy is an important method for determining the weights of the
- Recent work of CE based MCDM
- Different CE-MCDM techniques
- The complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) method
- The MOORA method
11] compared the results obtained from different MCDM techniques where the weights of the criteria are evaluated using CE method. Some of the recent CE-based MCDM works reviewed are also presented in this chapter.
Ranking of alternatives
- The VIKOR method
- The TOPSIS method
- The modified TOPSIS method
- Application
- Material selection in sugar industry
- The problem
- Weighting of criteria
- Ranking by COPRAS method
- Ranking by MOORA method
- Ranking by VIKOR method
- Ranking by TOPSIS method
- Ranking by modified TOPSIS method
- Comparative analysis
- Comparison by r s
- Comparison by R 2
- Discussion
- Benefits of the present study in industrial information Benefits of implementing the present study in the industry
- Conclusion
- Methodology
- Application to decision making on food processing methods The proposed plithogenic SWARA-TOPSIS is illustrated with the decision
- Results
6. Corrosion resistance (C6): It is a measure of a material's ability to reduce the binding energy in metals. From Table 9 and Figure 12, it was found that 4 out of 5 multi-criteria decision-making methods, except for VIKOR, give exactly the same result. The reason for this is that the ranking of the alternatives is entirely based on the criteria values of the alternatives.
Based on their weight, the alternatives are ranked and the ranking of alternatives was observed to be the same for 4 methods out of 5. The method of plithogenic SWARA-TOPSIS is used to find the ranking of the alternatives.
RelaƟve Closeness Score under case I
Conclusion
The application of plithogen to such a hybrid method is the novelty of this decision-making model. This research work will certainly encourage the researchers to explore the applications of the proposed approach in various dimensions.
RelaƟve Closeness Score under case II
Theoretical background
Workplace innovation (WI) is a relatively new concept [3], which is a combination of structural and cultural practices that enable employees to participate in organizational change and renewal. Innovation in the workplace can mean many things, such as a change in business structure, human resource management, relationships with customers and suppliers, or in the work environment itself. Innovation Methodologies for Enabling Inclusive Growth in Organizations DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99150.
The benefits of WI and the effect on entity efficiency and performance are also proven by a review of sixteen American articles, with improvements of between 15% and 30% in the performance of those companies [8]. However, the influence of combined organizational factors and individual employee behavioral adoption has not been thoroughly analyzed in the railway sector.
Analyzing workplace innovation in EU rail sector
- Data and sample
- Definition of the general trends of WI in the European railway sector The analysis aimed to examine which organizational, process and individual
Most of the respondents (79.5%) indicated that their companies had introduced a new product or new process to the market during the last three years. Furthermore, 60.2% of the respondents confirmed that their entities have additionally introduced organizational and marketing innovation strategies as shown in Figure 2. More than half of the respondents confirmed that their organization used new methods to organize work assignments and decision-making in their enterprises.
More than half of the respondents confirmed that their organizations adopted new strategies for organizing work responsibilities and making decisions. The majority of respondents had their own technology control systems (69.9%) to monitor market trends and technological developments.
Workplace innovation scheme for rail industry
- Block 1: employees
- Block 2: organization
- Block 3: technology and market
- How to implement WI scheme for rail sector?
In this block or step, the company analyzes and deals with aspects directly related to employees within a company. After this, the company will decide whether to go for the three blocks of the Pilot Scheme or one of them. Clear responsibilities • The responsibilities of the employees must be clear, defined and shared, with the aim of avoiding a lack of motivation among the staff.
The company should easily check their strong and weak points for the proposed blocks and decide how to implement reinforcement and corrective actions respectively. Proactive approach to business • Maintain the company's business model continuously updated and matching with changing conditions.
A follow up is suggested every year. This monitoring is very important to ensure implementation of results and potential updates to include
- Frequent itemset mining based on apriori
- Frequent itemsets mining based on FP-growth
- Frequent itemsets mining based on Eclat framework
- Elements of learning behaviors and research problems
- Improved Eclat framework
- Related models
- Algorithm design
- Experiments
- Performance Indicators
- Probabilistic frequent itemsets analysis of learning behaviors
- Decision-making scheme for improving learning behaviors
- Learning content will affect the frequent itemsets of learning behaviors Learning content determines learners’ tendency. The data of learning behaviors
- Teaching goals will affect the frequent itemsets of learning behaviors The same learning content in different learning period, can produce different
- The frequent itemsets of learning behavior have the characteristics of explicit and implicit association
- Learning behavior needs the adaptive support of specific algorithm and data structure
- Conclusion
- Background
- Criteria weights
- The time-discrete Bayesian belief network modeling
- Expert judgment
- An integrated bridge system (IBS)
- Research process
- Methodology
- Simple additive Bayesian allocation network process (SABANP)
- Multi criteria decision making (MCDM)
- Delivery mechanism
- Validation
- Worthy of notice
- The S-E-L-F approach to political leadership
- The S-E-L-F approach
- The influential impact of individuality on political leadership Political leaders are influenced by their personality traits, which creates an
- The financial emolument of political leadership
- What is financial emolument?
- Financial emoluments and the political leadership motivation Over the years, money has been the major tool for individual and corporate
- The Maslow’s hierarchy angle
- Comparative analysis of emoluments in developing countries
- The profitability and corruptibility of political leadership
- Case analysis on the corruption effect
- The 21 pensible principles of political leadership
- Conclusion
- Commandment
- Decision
- Military leader is accountable for the decision
- Information, the key to victory
- What is fundamentally changing
- A more accurate and faster remote information acquisition
- Act remotely to remove the danger and increase the area of action
- The disruption of autonomy
- The contribution of new technologies to military decision-making These upheavals are based on technologies that create new opportunities in
- All deployed systems are interconnected
- Enriched information
- The immediacy of information processing
- To the detriment of human decision-making
- A support for information processing
- The contribution of artificial intelligence
- Reduction of the OODA decision cycle
- Observe: a better detection
- Orient: a better analysis
- Decide: a better reaction
- Act: a quicker and more accurate reaction
- Technology as a decision aid for the leader
- To reduce the “fog of war”
- For decision support
- For an optimization of its resources
- But technology as a decision aid subject to control and confidence Delegation of tasks to increasingly autonomous machines raises the question of
- The leader must always control execution of an autonomous system At first, the military will not use equipment or tools that they do not control,
- Operators must have confidence when delegating tasks to an autonomous system
- The risks inherent in the use of new technologies for military decision-making
- Tunnel effect
- Inhibit the action
- AI will influence the decision of the leader
- Too much predictability in operational decision-making patterns
- A principle of subsidiarity undermined
- Conclusion
From "assessment" and "final result", the group indicators for Literature courses and Technology courses are the same. On the basis of “Support”(>0.3) and “Conference”(>0.7), the probability of frequent item sets of each data set is extracted, and then the association degree of rules generated by item sets is verified by “Lift”. 1. The time at which the event occurs or the time of prescription, 2. The order in which the events are likely to occur, and.
The time for the system to reach obsolescence was modeled with a 95% confidence interval, i.e. the software and hardware would be obsolete within two years. In a one-dimensional case where the units are similar—for example, seconds, feet, and dollars—WSM is easy to use [17, 20]. The true table probabilities are the normalized values of the expert judgments shown in Table 3. The false table is the difference between the probabilities of each event as described in Eq.
The reason "why" the executive actions were taken seems to be more important and worthy of understanding.
