ch -Exchange I Nghien ciJu - Trao doi
NHUfNG L d i THI^OTNG GAP TRONG THIET KE SAN PHAM VA HANG HOA CONG NGHIEP
a Li TRi/dNc SON - TS Ba Lan
S u m m a r y : In t h e service business of market e c o n o m y , t h e harsh c o m p e t i t i o n sometimes leads t h e companies to t h e verge of b a n k r u p t c y . T h e reasons for products not sold can simply be a small or basic mistake in t h e design, or in t h e production t e c h n o l o g y that t h e designer, the inspector, the manager m a d e . This article tells us about some c o m m o n mistakes in design- ing industrial goods and products.
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dt khi nganh cdng nghiep ehUa dat trinh do dung nghTa cua nd thi trinh do thiet ke cung se boc Id nhieu ldi hoac nhUde d i e m , so vdi cac thiet ke cua cac hang thuOe cdc nUdc kinh te cdng nghidp phat trien.Trong kinh te thj trUdng, san p h a m va hdng hda dugc lam ra phdi dap Ung dUOc quy luat kinh t i thj trUdng, ede yeu cau ve kinh te xa hdi va van hoa d trong nUdc va neu cd xua't khau dUoe thi t i t nhien phdi dap Ung dUgc cac yeu cau dd tai noi hang dugc xua't khau d e n .
D i ban dugc va ed lai, sdn pham va hang hda cdng nghiep khong nhUng chi can dap Lfng di/ac tinh nSng muc dich su' dung, cac chJ tiiu ky thu$t, ma cdn phdi dap Ung ve toan bd he thd'ng cac chi tieu chat luong, trong dd con ed ehl tieu an toan thuan tien trong sU dung va bao dUdng sUa ehUa, khdng lam d n h i i m mdi trUdng va ton tai dUOc trong mdi trUdng khi hau va dieu kien cdng tdc, co tha'm my phu hgp, dUOc lam tU nguyen vat lieu va nang luong an toan, dUoe c h i tao tU cdng nghe bao d a m , dat cdc chf tieu kinh t i va yeu c i u cua xa hdi...
Ngay tU khau thiet ke', ngUdi t h i i t ke da phdi dU bdo trUde cho ede ehl tieu chat lUOng neu tren ve dd tin cay, do lAi tien eua chi tieu vdi ede he so ifu tien phu h^p, tinh phu hgp luat phap trong nUdc noi sdn xud't va tieu thu (vd ndi xua't k h i u den neu dugc xuat khau).
Thf du n h u khi c h i tao xe d t d , may bay hoac cdc phuong tien chuyen chd cho nguyen thu qud'c gia thi tfnh kinh t i khdng can phai dat ra nhU khi ta Idm hang dan dgng dai tra khdc, ma nd cd yeu cau an todn an n i n h va hoat ddng dac biet rieng, v i t h a m my cung eo yeu c i u rieng, trong Ijch sU trang trgng vd b i t h i . Cdn trong cdng nghiep xay dung, cac thiet k i t d a nha Qud'c h d i , nha H d i nghi qud'c gia, ede tda thj c h f n h , noi lam vide cua cde Cd quan nha nude khac... thi trdng phai dd sd the hien sU trang trgng va uy n g h i e m vd q u y i n lUc ci!ia chfnh quyen vd tfnh bdo mat cUc cao, khdng t h i
cd kien true trdng nhU cac tod nha van hda huyOn, nha hat duoc.
NhUng khi thiet k i hdng dan d u n g ban dai tra thi tfnh kinh t i phdi rd't duge ehu trong, dac biOt la phij hop quy d j n h cua luat p h d p va phong tuc tdp qudn noi hang dUdc b d n .
NhQng loi cd tU t h i e t ke thudng cdn tdn t^i, n h i i u khi do sd y, chCi quan, bdo t h u , ed ehd'p, co t i n h vi p h ^ m , nhUng da so do thiS'u hut tr^ch nhiem, dao duic, kien thi/c, thdng tin va kha nSng quan ly he thd'ng k4m cua ngUdi thiSt ki' va ngUdi duy$t thii't kS.
V d i nhUng yeu cau nhU vay, trong t h i i t ke doi vdi nhUng ngUdi t h i e t ke va duyet t h i i t k i thudng mac nhu'ng Idi hoac nhuge d i e m g i , sau ddy la mOt vdi v i du de ai quan t a m thi cd the t h a m khdo.
1 . Ldi do t u duy hO t h i n g k h d n g d i y d u : Ddy la ldi cung hay gap nhd't. Trong so do h?
thdng cac ehl tieu chat lUOng, ngUdi t h i i t k i e o khi lap dUdc so do khd'i vUa d u , nhUng nhieu khi thieu hoac thUa cac yeu td' t h d n h p h i n cua hO thd'ng chi tieu cha't luong.
TrUdng hgp t h i i u t h d n h p h i n trong so do hO thdng hay gap hon, thf dg cdng trinh xdy dgng t h i i t ke thieu nha ve sinh, khu dd thj t h i i u c h g , trUdng hgc, benh v i e n , thieu khd nang hd trd cho ngUdi tan tdt, t h i i t ke ban p h f m t h i i u dd'u hd trg ngUdi m\
(md thudng la cd nd't p h f m cd not gd ndi l§n),... ' TrUdng hdp thUa trong sd dd hO thdng Id c6 nhieu tfnh nang sCf d u n g hoac cac c h i tiOu c h i t lugng khdc qua mUe c i n t h i i t , gay Idng phf vd khdng kinh te, ke cd cho trUdng hgp tai m d i trUflnf tdn t^i vd hoat dOng cua sdn p h a m chUa dO d i i u kien hoac ngUdi sCr d u n g chUa dat t r i n h dg hodd khdng cd nhu c i u .
Vi pham phAp tuat v^ coi thudng ySu td'xa hdi la mgt t h i hiOn cua ldi nay.
N h i i u khi cac ehl l i e u khac t h i e t ke r i t t d t , song v i mat xd hdi khdng d d p Ung dUde do p h a m lud' hoac do xd hOi khdng c h i p n h d n , p h d i hCiy b^
3 2 I Tap chi Doanh nghiep Ctf khf & Dfri sfl'ng - So 5/2014
Nghi§n cuU - Trao d^i | Research - Exch
thiet k i , thf dy gan day nha't la phuong an xdy c i u lien quan den di sdn C i u Long Bien Ha N d i , Cau vUOt Xd Dan H a N d i . . . neu vi p h a m Luat di sdn v a n hda hoac cdc luat khac.
N h i e u ban thiet k i t au tU khau ghi cac don vi do Iudng cung sai so vdi quy d i n h cua N h d nUdc vd cac tieu chuan khac.
Nhieu sdn p h a m dUdc thiet ke'vi pham phap luat, se bj loai bd. Thf du lam tU cdc vat tU vat lieu gay dgc hai, nhat Id trong cdng nghiep det nhudm, cdng nghiep do choi tre e m , vat dung ddn dung khac,...
Ldi he thd'ng cdn the hien d tU duy chgn h§ so' Uu t i ^ n cho cac chf tieu chat lUdng trong he thdng b| bd qua hoac k e m .
2 . Loi do khdng lUa chgn phUtfng a n p h i j hop cho tijfng ch? t i e u c h a t lUdng
Chon phuong dn t h i i t ke ma d dd c h i tieu cha't lUdng cao hdn ngUdng cao va tha'p hdn ngUdng tha'p can c d , khdng d d p Ung duoc tfnh nang hoat d d n g vd cd the gay sU cd' tai nan hoac lang phf, dac biet la cho cdc co ca'u bdo h i e m an toan.
Thf du ldi v i vat tU, chi d j n h mua xi mang theo cdng nghe Id dUng se khdng bao d d m chd't luong, mua p h d i d d gia, do k e m cha't luong,...
N h i i u khi t h i e t k i khdng chu y den an ninh cho muc d i c h sU d g n g . T h i du ede cdng t r i n h xay d g n g can bdo mat cao lai thue eae hang khdng tin cay thUc hien xay lap, hg lap t h e m cdc thiet bi t i n h bao nghe quay l e n , mua cdc c h i p tC, cac sim dieu k h i i n de lap vdo cdc t h i i t bi quan sU, khi chien tranh xdy ra, nha cung ca'p khda ma dieu khien lam cho t h i e t bj qudn sU bj liet,...
N h i e u sdn p h i m , nhd't la t h i i t bi y t i bi tU chd'i do khdng phu h d p trong mdi trUdng bOnh vidn cd khi c h i do cd m i u d e n , hoac cd cau true khdng phu hdp vdi ngUdi b e n h , khdng phu hgp vdi viec kiem tra, xet n g h i d m , d i i u t r i , khdng phu hop vdi thao tdc cda Bdc sy,...
3. Loi do k h d n g c h u y t i n h t o a n va dU bao v i do t i n c$y, t u o i t h o , . . .
Theo phUdng an t h i i t ke nguyen ly hoac c h i tieu ky thuat, cho den vat tU vdt lieu ndng lUdng va cdng nghe dUoe lUa chon hoac nghien cUu t i m mdi hoac dp d u n g edi m d i , ldi nay hay the hien thf du n h u khi khdng chu y den kha nang chju ben mdi cua vat lieu khi eo dao ddng, sU lao hda cua vat lieu, khdng nghien cdu ky den mdi trUdng khf hau trong dd san p h a m ton tai va dieu kien cdng tdc, dieu kien cdng viec bao dUdng bdo tri,...
Ldi nay cdn the hien khi lUa chgn cdng nghe khdng du dd tin cay cho yeu cau.
Thiet ke kem ve phUOng dien d i gay sai sdt hoac khd trong sda chUa, bdo tri bao dUdng, khdng lUdng trUde trinh do chung cua ngUdi sU dung hoac m d i trUdng xa hdi noi ban h a n g . . .
4 . Ldi khong chii t r o n g c h i t i ^ u cdng t h a i hoc (Ergonomie),
Ldi nay the hien thiet ke kem, tao ra sdn pham khdng an toan, khong cdnh bao ve sU nguy hiem eua sdn pham cho ngUdi sU dung va cho mdi truOng sinh thai, thi du thiet ke sai de tao sU khd khan trong nhdn dang he thong nut bam, ddng hd do lUdng, bdng chi d a n , . . . d i n den s U n h i m Idn trong dieu khien, khdng phu hgp kfch thudc nhan trac hgc cua ngUdi sd dung, lam ngUdi sU dung chdng met moi trong dieu kien lao dong trung binh trong thdi gian dai,...
5. Ldi coi nhe c h i ti§u t h a m my cdng nghiep:
Ldi nay thudng ed d nhUng nha thiet ke thuoc ede khu vUc kinh te kem hoac dang phat trien, lam cho hang hda khdng dap Ung dUOc nhu cau ngay cang cao cOa ngUdi tieu dung. Hinh ddng thd thien, m i u sac lung tung, trang tri bUa bai lam cho san pham khdng phCi hop vdi nen vdn hda va van minh cdng nghiep.
6. Loi t h i e t ke kem ve t i n h kinh t i t d n g hop Khi nha thiet ke tao ra mdt ban thiet ke md kem ve mat thiet ke chi tieu kinh te tdng hop, gay ton kem Idng phf va hieu qua kinh te tha'p cho nha sdn xua't vd cho xa hdi thi ban thiet ke dd d i u d^ bj loai bd hoac hang lam ra khdng ban duge.
Tren day la mOt sd'thf dg ve cac loi thudng gap trong qua trinh t h i i t k i san pha'm va hang hda cdng nghiep.
Vd'n de ndi ra thi dUdng nhU ai cung biet, song trdn thue t i cac ldi ndy day ddy trong cac sdn p h a m va hang cdng nghiep dugc cde doanh nghiep V i e t N a m san xua't ra.
NgUdi ta cho rang trong cdc doanh nghiep nen cd cdc ky sU thiet ke trUdng, cdng nghe trUdng, ludt sU vd nhd kinh t e , hoac dudi d a n g Idm viec theo c h i do cgng tdc v i e n chuyen gia d i hd trg cho doanh nghiep cd cdc bdn thiet k i ngay cang hodn t h i e n vd giup cho viOc sdn xud't kinh doanh d j c h vu ngdy cdng hieu q u d , d a p Ung yeu c i u an n i n h qudc p h d n g , an toan cho xa hdi vd mdi trUdng./. •
Tap chi Doanh nghiep Cd khi & m sfl'ng - S6 5/2014 I 3 3
