nmHim-nmM
NGHICH IY THEN THI TRlTJlNG NEOAI TE:
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Ty gia giam manh - lai suat USD tang cao - ngan tiang thuang mai lach luat thu phi
TS. H A THj SAU Hoc vifn Ngan hang
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hdi gian gan day dien ra nhieu nghich ly tren thi trddng ngoai te d nUdc ta: Trong khi liii suat USD tren thi trudng lien te qud^c te giam manh thi lai suat USD d nUdc ta tang cao; ty gia mua USD thifc te cua ngan hang thifdng mai (NHTM) thap hdn ly giii mua vao cua cu'a hang kinh doanh vang bac tUnhan;NHTM lach quy dinh ciia Ngan hang Nha nUdc (NHNN) thu phi
"quan ly ngoai te lien mat" qua cao! Nhifng van de tren dang thu hut sU quan tam Idn ciia dU luan.
IMI sud't USD tren thi trUdng tien t^ quoc te gidm, con trong midc thi tdng cao
Lai sua't USD d nifdc ta da dupc tu do hod tir nam 2000. Do dd theo thdng le trong 8 nam qua.
lai sua't USD tren thi trUdng nUdc ta theo siit lai sua't thi trUdng qud'c te'.
Khi lai suat USD thi trUdng qudc te tang, lai sua't USD trong nUdc Cling tang, neu ciic NHTM huy dpng dUpc USD khd cho vay ra thi dem giJi d nUdc ngoai hudng chenh lech lai sua't. Nen cd thdi diem so du tien gifi USD cua cac NHTM d nudc ta tiii nUdc ngoai len tdi 3 - 4 ty USD, NgUpc Icii, khi lai sua't USD giam. neu huy ddng
trong nUdc khdng dUpc thi ciic NHTM rut lien gifi d nUdc ngoai ve de cho vay. Song thdi diem hien nay thi tinh hinh dang dien ra ngUPc lai.
TU dau nam 2008 de'n nay, lai sua't tren thi trUdng quoc te lien tuc giam tha'p, rieng Cue DU triT
'^^ Tin hoc Thdng ke, Bd Tai chmh cho biet: "70 - 80% cac boat ddng tai chinh dUOc dien ra U-en raang cue bd va mang dien rdng, dan den viec hinh thanh rat nhieu cd sd dif heu tap trung, nhu cau xay difng mot he thdng an toan bao raat cho cac giao dich tai chinh la vd ciing can thiet" Chia se quan diera ve tinh bao mat ciia thdng tin trong thdi diem hien nay, dng Nguyen Viet The, Cue trUdng Cue Cdng nghe Tra hoc nghiep vu, Tong cue Ky thuat (Bd Cdng an) nhan manh:
"Cdng nghe bao mat cd tien tien, bao ve nhieu tang Idp nhulng y thifc ngtfdi diing
1 0 1 THimNG MAI So 13/2008
khdng nghiem tiic thifc hien thi cac quy trinh bao mat, tuan thii cac nguyen tac ve bao mat cQng khdng cd y nghla gi. Do dd, nang cao y thifc ve an ninh an toan mang la yeu tdquan trong dau tien cho ngUdi siir dung,^'an hanh cac he thdng CNTT".
Tdm lai, TMDT se phat trien va se ngay cang trd nen quan trong nham phuc vu ldi ich cdng cdng, ldi Ich DN va cdng ddng. Hdn bao gid het, Chinh phu, cdng ddng DN va ngifdi dan can tham gia tich cifc de nhanh chdng dUa TMDT phat trien nhanh va ben vifng •
Lai suat huy d0ng USD tiep (yc tang
lien bang My (FED) thUc hien 2 lan cat giam manh lai suat chu dao USD. Ngay 22/1/2008 FED cat giiim tdi 0,75% mu'c lai sua't chu diio ciia minh, tif 4,25%/nam, xuong cdn 3,5%/nam, mtfc cat giam ldn nha't trong nhieu nam va tir ngay 30/1/2008 tie'p tuc cat giam them 0,5%/nam xud'ng cdn 3,0%/nam. Ngay 19/3/2008, FED tie'p tuc cat giam lai sua't chii dao USD xuong cdn 2,25%.
Trai ngUpc vdi dien bie'n ndi tren, tif dau nam de'n nay cac NHTM thudng xuyen thUc hien tdi 2 - 3 lan dieu chinh tang lai suat huy dpng USD. Gan day nhat, tie'p theo NHTM cd phan A chau (ACB) thUc hien tang lai suat USD tU n^ay 7/3/2008 vdi ky han 12 thiing la 5,8%/nam va ky han 13 thiing la 5,85%/nam. thi tif ngay 12/3/2008 NHTM cd phan Sai Gdn - Ha Npi (SHB) cung trien khai chUdng trinh gifi USD vdi lai suat sieu hap dan va hien dang cd mifc
lai sua't tien gcri USD cao nhat. Cu the lai suat gifi USD ky han 1 thang len tdi 6.3%/nam; 2 thiing:
6,35%/nam; 6 thiing: 6.45%/nam va 12 thang la 6,47%/nam. NHTM CP Ddng Nam A (Sea Bank) cung cd mUc lai suat tien gijTi USD cao;
cu the i thang; 6,0%/nam, 2 thiing 6,25%/nam, 6 thiing: 6,75%/nam.
Lai sua't ky hiin 12 thiing cua NHTM CP Qud'c te la 6,4%. Lai sua't tien gifi USD ky han 12 thiing cua mpt SO NHTM khdc co mUc thap hdn nhieu, nhU NHNo&PTNT la 5,8%/nam, NHTM CP Sai Gon Cdng thUdng la 5,5%/nam....
Nguyen nhan ciia tinh hinh tren la do lai sua't vay vdn USD chi bdng dUdi 1/2 so vdi lai sua't vay VND, cu the lai sua't vay USD chl khoang 6.0%/nam. trong khi lai sua't vay VND tdi 12%/nam, ma vay VND liii rat khd khdn.
NgUdc liii ty gid lien tuc giam tha'p, nen cdc DN nhan tha'y vay USD cd ldi hdn rat nhieu. Trong khi dd nhap sieu trong nhifng thang dau nam 2008 tang cao, nhu cau vay vdn ngoai te cua DN de NK tang manh. Mpt nguyen nhan quan trpng khdc dd la cung do dien bien lai suat va ty gid ndi tren. nen thdi gian gan day rfil ddng khach hang den rut tien giiri USD ciia minh liii cdc NHTM de chuyen sang gifi tiet kiem bang VND vdi lai suat 1 1 - 12%/nam so vdi mUc hdn 5%/nam gifi USD.
Bdi vay cdc NHTM tang lai suiit USD de ban che' ngUdi dan riit lien gii'i USD ra, ddng thdi tang cUdng huy dpng vdn USD trong xii hpi vao.
NHTM lach ludt tliu phi mua ngogi rf qua cao
\\i ngay 10/.3/2OO8, theo quy dinh cua NHNN thi bien dp mua ban ngosii te cua NHTM doi vdi khdch hang dtfdc dieu chinh ldng len ±1,0%. NhUng ve danh nghia cdc NHTM thifc hien nhU vay, con
thUc le thi lai thu them cua DN.
cua khdch hang \di nhieu ten goi khac nhau. nhU: phi -qudn ly ngoiii te tien mat", phi "kiem dem ngoai te tien mat", phi thu ddi ngoai te..., phd bien d mUc khoang 2%. Do dd thUc te ty gid cua DN ban cho NHTM cdn tha'p hdn rat nhieu ty gid danh nghia.
Hoac thuc te ty gia NHTM mua USD cua DN tha'p hdn 3% so vdi ty gid do NHNN cdng bd. chif khong phai 1% nhUquy dinh.
Ke tu ngay 10/3/2008 khi dp dung bien do giao dich ty gid mdi. NHTM cd phan Ddng A cung chinh thUc dUa ra mUc bieu phi tU 1.7 - 2,4% tren sd USD ma khdch hang bdn cho ngan hang.
Mac du niem yet nhU vay nhUng thUc te' bieu phi dp dung phd bien la 2.3 - 2,4%, tinh ra ty gid NHTM CP Ddng A mua vdo chi cd 15.497 VND/USD. tu'dng dUdng ty gid mua vao tren thi trudng tu do. NHTM CP Phdt ' trien nha TP. Ho Chi .Minh cung cdng khai viec khau trd them 2%
tren ly gid khi khdch hang ban USD cho ngan hang.
Mpt sd NHTM cdn thifc hien mifc phi cao hdn cdc NHTM noi tren. Cu the ngay 12/.3/2008. tv gid mua vao thap nhat theo diing bien dp ciia NHNN la 15,860 VND/USD. nhung sau khi trif di phi qudn ly tien mat ngoai te thi ty gia thanh loan Icii cho khdch hang cua ACB chi con 15.460 VND/USD. chl bang 96.5% ty gia lien ngan hang do NHN.N cong bo, tifc tUdng Ung \di thap hdn 3,5%. thay cho mi'fc 1.0% theo quy dinh. nhif vay phi d day la 2.5%
Ty gia thUc te thanh loan cho khdch hang cua NHT.M CP Ddng Nam A la 15.241 VND. vdi mifc phi tUdng Ung khoang 3.9'^f.
Khdng chi co cac NHT.M cd phan.
ma nhieu chi nhanh NHT.M Nhii niTdc cung \ Udt rao lach lual Cu
the nhuty gid thifc t e s a u khi kha'u trU phi thanh todn cho khach hang cua NHNo&PTNT la 15.495 VND/USD. tUdng dUdng vdi mUc phi 2.3%; cua NHDT&PT Viet Nam la 15.310 VND/USD. mUc phi tUdng dUdng 3.5%;... •
Mpt phUdng thii'c khdc la cdc NHTM Idch luat bang viec ky hdp ddng hodn ddi ngoai te. tUc la DN chuyen ddi USD cua minh can bdn sang Euro, Yen Nhat hay Bang Anh,... de bdn cho NHTM.
bdi vi NHNN khdng quy dinh bien dp ddi \di cac loiii ngoiii te dd.
NHTM mua ngogi te thd'p hem ciia tu nhdn
Den ngay 12/3/2008. ty gia mua ngoai te eda cdc cifa hang vang biic tU nhan phd bien d mUc 15.470- 15.500 VND/USD va bdn ra d mdc 15.560 VND. NhU vay hien nay dang dien ra nghich ly la cdc NHTM mua USD thap hdn cua lU nhan. Song dieu nghich ly nay dang diit ra van dc quan ly cdc ban thu doi ngoai te cua NHTM va cua NHNN. Bdi vi hau het cdc cifa hang kinh doanh vang bac tif nhan thUc hien cdng khai viec mua ban ngoai te deu treo bien; Dai ly thu ddi ngoai tc dUdc uy nhiem cua Vietcombank, lill^V. Incombank. E.ximbank...
cd nghla la phai dUdc uy nhiem ciia NHTM nao dd dUdc phep kinh doanh ngoiii te, Cung theo quy dinh. cdc diii ly thu ddi ngoai te phai ban liii ngoiii te thu ddi dUdc cho NHTM. NhUng vdi nghich ly \ e ty gid ndi tren ro rang la cdc cifa hang vang bac tU nhan dang tif do kinh doanh ngoiii te nup dudi danh nghia dUdc uy nhiem cua NH'r.\L...
Dien bien thi trUdng ngoai le hien nay ddi hdi phai cd sU ddi mdi manh me \ e cd che dieu hanh ty gid cung nhU quan l\
ngoai te de kim siio ci'i hieu quii nhai cho ndn kniti Id •
THIATNG MAI 11
