Nghien cihi & trao cloi
Asia-Pacinc Business Maga
MOT SO NHAN TO TANG CUONG LIEN KET GIUA TANG TRUONG KINH Tfi vA P H A T T R I ^ N CON NGUOI
Doi voi con nguoi, phat trien la mot qua trinh tir than, hien nhien vi chinh ban than con nguvi. Phat
trien con ngum khong the la phuong tien cua bit cir sir phat
trien nao khac. Mgi qua trinh phat trien khac nhau xet cho cung d^u huong toi sir phat trien
truong tdn, b^n vung cua con nguoi. Con nguoi vi thi tir lau da trd thanh trung tam cua mpi qua trinh phat trien. Tuy nhien, trong
lich sir phat trien cua minh, ngheo doi la mot hiem hoa sinh tin, luon thuvng trirc de doa con
ngum. Chinh vi vay, thoat khoi ngheo doi, tang truong kinh te
dan trd thanh muc tieu quan trpng chi phdi mpi qua trinh phat trien.
T
fen thue te. tang trucmg kinh te da tao ra cac phuong tien ca ban can thiet de cai thien cugc sdng con ngucM, dua con ngudi thoat khdi nguy ca ciia su ngheo ddi. Do dd, mgi no luc ciia loai ngucM ducing nhu deu hucmg vao muc tieu tang truong kinh te. Tang trudng kinh te trd thanh chia khda ciia su phat trien. Tu duy nhu vay da tdn tai trong mot thcM gian kha dai. Con ngudi dudng n h u ciing da quen mat chinh mmh de deo dudi mot muc tieu meii la tang trucmg kinh te. Nhung su thue, tang trucmg kinh te cd phai la phuong tien mac nhien se tao ra nhiing thanh tuu ve phat trien con ngucil? Neu khdng mac nhien nhu vay thi cac nhan to nao cd kha nang tang cucmg chuyen hoa cac Icri ich tang trucmg kinh te thanh cac thanh tuu ve phat trien con ngudi?1. QUAN NIEM VE PHAT TRIEN CON NGIJOI
Khoang hai thap ky gan day, vao nhiing nam 1990, cac chuyen gia ciia Chuong trinh phat trien Lien Hap Qudc (UNDP) da khao sat qua trinh phat trien eon ngudi tien the gicM ke tii nam 1960. Thanh tuu tang trucmg kinh te va phat trien con ngucM trong suot 30 nam ay da dien ra theo nhiing md hinh trai ngugc nhau khien cac chuyen gia nhan thay can phai cd mot each tiep can rong hon bao ham tat ca cac khia canh ciia phat trien con ngucM.
Theo UNDP, phat trien con nguai la mot qua trinh ma rong nhihig liia chon cila con nguai. Ve nguyen tac, nhiing lua chgn nay la vd han va thay ddi theo thdi gian.
Nhung d tat ca cac nac thang phat trien, lua chgn then chot nhat doi vtil con nguai la hudng tdi mot cugc sdng khoe manh, trucmg thg; cd kien thiic va cd ca hgl tiep can cac ngudn luc can thilt de dat dugc miic sdng tii te. Neu nhiing lua chgn c i n thilt nay khdng the cd dugc thi nhieu ca hgl khac khong t h i dat dugc. Nhung phat trien con ngudi khong diing d day. Dal lua chgn c i n dugc ma rdng va dugc danh gia cao ddi vol con ngudi cdn la mdt tap hcrp tii su tu do vl chinh tri, kinh t l va xa hgl din nhiing su lua chgn d l cd quyln con ngudi dugc dam bao va su tu trgng la mot con ngudi. Khai niem phat trien con ngudi 6 day bao ham hai khia canh: 1) qua trinh hinh thanh nang luc con ngudi nhu cai thien sue khoe, kien thiic va ky
2 S KY 4 THANG ID/ZDOB s 6 Z 3 6
TONG HOP-PHiNTlCH-DPAO
nang va 11) each thiic m a con ngudi sii d u n g n a n g luc dat dugc cho muc dich lam vlee, nghi ngai hay de chii ddng tiong cac h o a t ddng van hda, xa hgl va chinh tri. Qua trinh p h a t t r i l n con ngudi se bi p h a vd n e u hai k h i a canh nay khdng d u g c p h a t trien hai hda veil n h a u . Theo q u a n niem nay, t h u n h a p rd r a n g chi la mot trong nhiing lua chgn m a con ngudi thich cd m a c dii la mot lua chgn q u a n trgng. N h u n g thu n h a p khdng phai la tat ca.
Thu n h a p dugc xem n h u mot phuang tien chinh de gia t a n g lua chgn. Con ngudi mcii la m u c tieu ciia s u p h a t trien [10,9].
Phat trien con ngudi la mot quan niem md, n h u n g cho den nay, nhiing ndl d u n g cdt Idl trong quan niem p h a t trien ciia UNDP da lam thda m a n thai do ciia nhieu cdng ddng ngudi cd n l n van hda, tdn glao hay chinh tri khac n h a u . Q u a n niem nay dan cd a n h h u d n g s a u s i c den toan t h i gldl n h i t la khi UNDP dua ra kem theo dd bd cdng cu do lucmg trinh do p h a t trien con ngucM ma Chi sd p h a t trien con ngudi (HDI) la d i l n hinh.
Phat trien con ngucil la mot qua trinh bao h a m mdt sd dac diem sau: Thii n h i t , p h a t trien con ngucM phai do chinh con nguoi thue hien h a y ndi mot each khac, nguoi dan phai duoc trao quyen lua chgn. Ngudi d a n c i n cd q u y l n lua chgn de t h a m gia tich cue va s a n g tao vao q u a trinh phat trien. Quyen nay p h u thudc vao n a n g luc lua chgn ciia con ngudi vi t h e con ngucM khdng the sii d u n g cac quyen lua chgn nay n l u t h i l u dl cac n ^ g luc c i n t h i l t . Trong cugc
sdng t h u d n g ngay, ngudi d a n cd t h i t h a m gia hoac n h a t tri veil vlee ra cac quyet dinh m a se a n h hucmg tcM cudc sdng ciia ho.
Ngudi d a n khdng n e n la n h i i n g ngudi t h u hucmg t h u dgng mdt q u a trinh do ngudi k h a c p h a t ddng. Hg phai la nhiing dai dien tich cue tiong chinh s u p h a t trien ciia minh.
Thii hai, p h a t trien con ngucM phai dugc tiep can tren quan diem toan the. Cach tiep c a n nay de cap den s u m d rdng khdng gian lua chgn ciia con ngucM tien tat ca cac khia c a n h c u a dcM sdng xa hgl bao gdm cac linh vuc kinh te, ehinh tri, van hoa, glao due, y te, mdi trucmg... tiong mdi lien he va tac dong q u a lai, chii khdng chi glcM h a n trong p h a m vi kinh te. Khi ngueil d a n dugc hucmg t h u cac dich vu glao due va y te tdt hon, t h a m gia tich cue h o n vao cac q u a trinh chinh tri, thi ngoai gia tri t u t h a n , ngucii d a n cdn n a n g cao dugc chinh n a n g luc lua chgn ciia minh gdp p h a n n a n g cao miic sdng cho b a n t h a n va phiic lai c h u n g cho ca xa hdi va cdng ddng.
Q u a n niem p h a t trien con ngucM cdn tinh den chat lucmg cugc sdng eiia tat ca mgi ngucM m o t e a c h b i n h d a n g , k h d n g p h a n biet chiing tgc, t a n g leip, tdn giao, gieil tinh, qudc tich... va dugc ap d u n g cho cac the he k h a c n h a u . Binh dang t h u d n g dugc xet tien p h u o n g dien ciia eal hoac t h u n h a p . Nhung p h a t trien con ngucM cd mdt eal nhin rdng hon nhieu. Nd tim kiem s u b m h dang trong cac n a n g luc ca ban va cac ca hdi lua chgn. Theo q u a n diem nay, p h a t trien phai h u d n g tdi viec tao r a s u b m h
d i n g v l ca hdi cho tat ca mgi ngucii, ddng thcil q u a n t a m den viec p h a n bd n a n g luc cdng b i n g h o n trong t o a n bg d a n cu.
Cling theo q u a n diem toan t h i , p h a t t r i l n phai la qua trinh b i n viing tii the he nay s a n g the h e k h a c . Phat trien con ngudi se la b i n viing khi nhiing n h u c a u ciia t h e h e hien tai dugc dap u n g n h u n g khdng lam mai mdt k h a n a n g d a p ling dugc nhiing n h u cau ciia cac the he tuong lai. Vi vay, can cd nhiing can n h a c ve s u binh d a n g giiia cac the he. S u q u a n t a m den Icrt ich ciia the he hien tai khdng dugc bd q u a Icrt ich ciia cac the he tucmg lai va n h a t la vlee xay dap cac n a n g luc p h a t trien cho cac the he s a u . Theo y nghia nay, tang trucmg kinh te n h a n h d u a tren s u xdl mdn va d nhiem mdi trudng ciing n h u s u can kiet tai nguyen la trai ngugc vol q u a n niem p h a t trien con ngueil. Quan diem ben viing ddi hdi mgi ca n h a n phai bao tdn mdi t r u d n g p h a t trien cho the he tuong lai.
Thii ba, p h a t trien con ngudi p h u t h u d c vao each thiic m a d a n chiing lua chgn hay hgp tac vcM n h a u de ciing c h u n g sdng. Con ngudi sdng trong mdt m a n g lucM tdng hap ciia cac cau tiuc xa hgl tii gia dinh tcil n h a nude, tii cac hiep hdi dia p h u o n g d i n cac td chiic d a qudc gia. Trong m a n g lucil nay, con ngudi la n h u n g t h u e the xa hgl col trgng s u t h a m gia vao cugc sdng cdng ddng. S u t h a m gia nay dem lai cho con ngudi s u cam n h a n v l m u c dich, y nghia cugc sdng. Va chinh s u cam n h a n vl s u g i n bd cdng ddng dat tren n l n tang van hda va cac gia tri cung n h u niem
KY 4 T M A M Q 1 0 / 2 D 0 B sCl 2 3 6 2 9
T v a o d o i tin dugc chia se, d a dinh h i n h
cho s u p h a t trien ca n h a n con ngudi. Vi the, n e u d a n c h u n g Cling hap tac, c h u n g sdng h d a t h u a n vcM n h a u theo each ciing tao r a n g u d n vdn xa hgl, ciing lam giau lan n h a u , thi s u l u a chgn ciia ca n h a n hg se dugc m d rdng. Do vay, p h a t trien con ngucM khdng chi p h u t h u d c vao d a n chiing veil t u each la n h i i n g ca the m a eon p h u t h u d c vao each thiic d a n chiing hcyp tac vai n h a u tiong cac cdng ddng.
2. HIEN TRANG MOI QUAN HE GIIJA TANG TRUONG KINH TE VA PHAT TRIEN CON NGUOI
Theo q u a n niem p h a t trien con ngudi, tang trucmg k i n h te la p h u o n g tien ca b a n n h a m n a n g cao chat lucmg cugc sdng. Veil each tiep can n h u vay thi d u o n g nhien tang t r u d n g kinh t l se la bien sd quyet dinh t i i n trinh p h a t trien con ngucil.
Khao s a t t i n h h i n h t a n g t r u d n g kinh t l va p h a t t r i l n con ngudi cua 177 n u d e theo sd lieu bao cao ciia UNDP n a m 2 0 0 7 , ngudi ta t h i y rang, d miic t h u n h a p cang cao thi chi sd p h a t trien con ngudi cang Uen g i n tri gia b i n g 1 (xem h i n h 1). Tiic la, t a n g t r u d n g kinh t l cd q u a n h e ddng t h u a n vdi c h i t lucmg p h a t trien eon ngudi. Tang trudng kinh te ve co ban la phuong tien phat trien con ngudi. N h u n g x u t h i nay khdng dii d l k i t l u a n r i n g , cii tang t r u d n g k i n h t l thi c h a t lucmg cugc sdng ngudi d a n se tang len. Hoai nghi n a y x u i t p h a t tren ca sd p h a t t r i l n con ngudi la mot q u a trinh t o a n dien, tinh den s u p h a t t r i l n c u a tat ca mgi ngudi d a n chii k h d n g chi tinh t r u n g binh. Vi vay, r i t
cd the miic do b a t b i n h d i n g cd t h e xay r a d n h i e u n u d e k h a c n h a u , t h a m tri d ca ngay n h i i n g n u d e cd tdc do t a n g trucmg k i n h te cao trong n h i e u n a m . Tinh x u the Cling cd t h e se s a n b a n g mot t h u e te la n h i e u n u d e cd t h e t a n g trucmg k i n h te n h u n g c h a t lucmg p h a t trien con ngucM k h d n g d u g c cai thien t u o n g ling va n g u g c lai.
Xu t h e n a y ciing cd the cho t h a y
con ngudi ciia UNDP n a m 1993, t h e gicii cd 50 n u d e cd t h i i t u xep h a n g t h u n h a p b i n h q u a n dau ngucii cao h o n hoac t h a p hem t h i i t u xep h a n g theo chi sd HDI h o n 20 b a c . Mae dii giam theo t h a i gian, n a m 2 0 0 1 t h i glcil v i n ghi n h a n 2 9 qudc gia cd miic c h e n h lech t u o n g tu. S a u dd sau n a m , vao n a m 2007, con sd nay la 2 4 qudc gia (xem b a n g 1).
HDI
1000
800
600
400
200
Observed
° Inverse 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000
TNBQ
Hinh. 1. D6 thi phan aiili tuoaig quan giiia HDI va TNBQ d i u ngudi (Sit dung sd lieu t5ng he?p tu HDR nam 2007)
t a n g trucjng k i n h t l la m d t p h u a n g t i e n p h a t t r i l n c o n ngudi h i i u h i e u n h u n g k h d n g p h a i d u o n g n h i e n n h u vay m a p h a i c h a n g se p h u t h u g e vao n h i l u y l u td t r u n g gian k h a c n h a u , khi dd, cac n h a n td n a y mdi la cac n h a n td q u y l t d i n h x u t h e n e u t r e n ?
Sd Ueu t h u e t l v l t a n g t r u o n g k i n h te va p h a t t r i l n eon ngucM t h o n g q u a cac chi so ca b a n trong n h i e u n a m q u a cd t h e se m i n h chiing d u g c cho n h a n dinh tren. Theo Bao cao Phat trien
Vcii do c h e n h lech dugc tinh d e n 20 b a c txa len, rd rang s u t u o n g thich giiia tang trudng k i n h te va p h a t trien eon ngudi la k h o n g de xay ra. Nhieu qudc gia veil do lech r i t cao n h u Albania, M y a n m a hay Angola cho t h a y de cd mot s u tuong thich h o a n toan la mot thach thiic Idn. T h a c h thiic nay khdng chi d a t r a ddi vol cac n h d m nude cd chi sd p h a t t r i l n con nguoi t h i p m a d ngay ca n h i i n g n u d e d u g c d a n h gia cao h o n (xem b a n g 2). Neu m u d n n a n g do lech
3 a K Y A T H A N G 1 a / Z O D B s 6 Z 3 6
TONG HO?-PHANTlCH-Di;BAO
Bing 1. S6 ninSc c6 chenh I§ch thu hang theo imic thu nhSp binh tjuan dflu ngirtl vd
thii hang HDI tiJ 20 bac trd Ifin trong khoang 15 nSm qua
1993 1997 2001 2007 S6 DUOC CO chenh lech thu nhap binh quan dau nguoi
va thii hang HDI tu 20 bac tro len
I s6 nuOc cd hieu s6 chenh lecli dufmg (tang trucmg xfp j
! tren pliat trien con nguoi tu 20 bac tra len) SO [luoc CO hieu s6 clieiih lecli am (tang U\iorig .x6p I duol phat trien con nguoi tii 20 bac tra len)
50
26
24 27
10
17 29
10
19 24
13
11
Tucmg tu, khi khao sat cac qudc gia cd chi sd p h a t trien con n g u a i t u o n g d u o n g n h a u (khoang 0.750 dugc chgn de k h a o sat), t h i gidi cung ghi n h a n mot s u k h a c biet niia gliia miic t h u n h a p b m h q u a n d a u ngueii ciia cac qudc gia nay. T h u n h a p binh q u a n d i u ngudi la mdt d u d n g h i n h sin len xudng vdi
len den 30 bac hay t h a m tri cao hon mia, the gieii ciing khdng khd tim r a mot loat cac n u d e de dua vao d a n h sach. Nhu vay, cd the ndi, tang trucmg k i n h te va phat trien con ngucM se cd s u van dgng tial c h i l u n h a u . Tang trucmg kinh t l va p h a t trien con ngudi khdng n h i t t h i l t se ddng thuan veil n h a u .
De Cling cd cho n h a n dinh tien, nhiing khao ciiu s a u h o n ve xu the nay tid n e n het siic c i n thilt. Thue t l da ghi n h a n mdt s u Uen trien tial chieu, theo dd nhieu qudc gia cd ket q u a tang trudng tdt n h u n g khdng cai thien dugc chi sd p h a t trien con ngudi. Khao sat mot sd qudc gia cd miic tang t r u d n g binh q u a n dau ngudi t u o n g d u o n g n h a u (tren dual 5.000 PPP.USD/ngudl dugc chgn de p h a n tich), cd the n h a n t h i y mot s u k h a c biet rd ret giiia cac chi sd p h a t trien ciia cac qudc gia nay. S u k h a c biet n h u vay dugc md ta cu the h o n a hinh 2. C h i n g h a n , Maroeco dirorc bilt d i n veil m u c t h u n h a p binh q u a n d a u ngucil la 4555USD tuong d u o n g vcM miic t h u n h a p ciia S r i L a n c a la 4595USD, n h u n g chi sd p h a t trien con ngucM ciia SriLanca lai cao hon 0 . 0 9 7 d i l m , t u a n g duong 15% so veil miic chi sd
B a n g 2 . Mpt so nutSc d i i n hinh v€ c h e n h I^ch t h u h a n g t h u n h S thii h a n g HDI t h e o b a o cao n a m 2 0 0 7
Nhom n u o c phat til&i con nguoi cao o Cu b a
o Albanl
Nhdm nude p h i t trl&i con ngudi trung binh o Uzebekistan
o T u n i s i a o S o u t h Africa o M y a n m a
Nhdm nude phSt trl4n con ngudi thap c G u i n e a
o Angola
x e p h a n g GDP/ngudl (1)
9 4 9 8
1 3 8 6 8 .56 167
1 3 0 129
3 binh quan
x i p h a n g HDI (2)
51 6 8
113 91 121 132
160 162
dau ngudi va
C h t o h l#ch (1) - (2)
4 3 3 0
25 - 2 3 - 6 5 35
- 3 0 - 3 3
n a y ciia Maroeco. Tuy nhien, n l u dem so s a n h veil Swaziland (qudc gia cd miic t h u n h a p b i n h q u a n cao h o n m o t c h u t la 4824USD), Maroeco lai v u o n len, vucrt trdi vol miic diem cao h o n la 0,099 diem, t u o n g d u o n g 18%. N h u vay la, m a c dii ciing d a t mot k i t q u a t a n g t r u d n g n h u n h a u , n h u n g khdng p h a i cac Igi ich tii tang t r u d n g d u o n g n h i e n se chay tian lam gia t a n g c h i t l u g n g c u g c s d n g n h u n h a u . Cd tang trucmg kinh t l h a y tang t r u d n g kinh te d miic cao dl niia thi k h d n g vi the t r i n h do p h a t trien eon ngudi se cao len t u o n g ling.
nhieu bien do khac n h a u (xem h i n h 3). Tii day cd t h i k i t l u a n rang, k h d n g phai c h i t lugng cugc sdng n h u n h a u deu la he q u a tat yeu ciia cac t h a n h t u u n h u n h a u ve kinh t l .
Nhiing k i t luan n h u tren k h a don gian n h u n g dudng n h u lai cd mdt y nghia Idn lao trudc mot t h u e te la tiong sudt mdt thdi gian n h i l u t h a p ky viia qua, n h i e u n u d e tren t h i gldl da deo dudi m u c tieu tang trudng va Un tuong m a n h Het r i n g dd la each tdt n h a t de c h i t lutmg cudc sdng d u g c eal thien tuong ling. S u that, tang trudng kinh t l la d i l u kien c i n n h u n g c h u a phai la
KY A T M X N G 1 D / 2 D D B 3 1
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Trao d o i
Hinh 2: HDI cua mot so quoc gia co miic thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi tuang dumg nhau (l<hoang 5000 USD) theo HDR nam 2007
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dieu kien dii de phat trien con ngucM. De trd thanh phuong tien phat trien con ngudi', tang trudng
kinh te con phu thuoc vao each thue tang trudng hay cac nhan td chuyen hoa trung gian - cac nhan to giup tang cudng mdi lien ket giua tang trudng kinh te va phat trien con ngudi.
3. CAC NHAN TO HUONG TANG TRUONG KINH TE VAO MUC TIEU PHAT TRIEN CON NGUOI
UNDP tiong Bao cao phat trien con ngudi nam 1996 da dua ra mot nghien ciiu va nhan dinh: "Nhiing tien bg tiong n g i n han ve phat trien con ngiroi la cd the dat dugc, song chiing se khdng cd kha nang duy tri n l u tang trudng khdng tilp t u c . Ngugc lai, tang trudng kinh t l se khdng bin vung n l u khdng cd phat trien eon ngudl"[10,61. Vi vay, viec xac dinh cac nhan t l d l tang cudng hen kit giiia tang truong vol phat triln con ngudi, de qua trinh va kit qua tang truong cd the chuyin hda thanh nhiing tlln bg ve c h i t lucmg
cudc sdng, la mot doi hoi thiet thue. Quan trgng hon, cac nhan td nay se la ca sa tao ra s u ddng thuan ciia ca xa hgl trong viec xay dung va thue thi mot chiln lugc tang truong vi con ngucM.
Vay, nhiing nhan td nay la gi?
Dae diem bao tnim len toan bg qua trinh phat trien con ngucil chinh la tinh muc tieu ciia su phat trien, theo dd, con ngudi
la muc tieu dich thue eiia su phat trien chii khdng phai la tang trucmg kinh te. Vi vay, vl nguyen tac, qua trinh tang trudng khdng bi thien lech chinh la qua trinh dam bao nang luc lua chgn ciia con ngucM dugc phat trien tot, cac ca hgl lua chgn dugc phan phdi cdng bing.
Tang trutmg eal gii tang truong n h u the nao, va cho al phai dugc dat tiong nhiing rang huge neu tren. Khi nhiing rang huge nay dugc tinh den, qua trinh tang trudng kinh te cd the dugc col la bat dau van hanh theo quy dao hudng tcil muc tieu phat triln con ngucM. Tren quy dao ciia minh, qua trinh tang trucmg nay se vucrt qua nhiing Iqri ich "nho glgt" de chii dgng tao ra mot cugc sdng cd chat lutmg. VcM each tiep can n h u vay, cac nhan to tang cueing lien k i t gliia tang truong va phat trien eon ngudi bao gom:
Tao cac co hpi viec lam Thu nhap la mot tiong nhiing lua chgn then chdt de ngudi dan cd phuong tien nang cao nang
Hinh 3. M u ^ thu nhap binh quan dau ngirai cua mot so quoc gia co chi so HDI tiroiig dirong nhau (khoang 0.730) theo HDR nam 2007
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luc lua chgn ciia m i n h . Vi vay, cac ca hdi viec lam mang lai t h u n h a p cho ngudi d a n la mdt tiong nhiing rang budc q u a n trgng m a cac q u a trinh tang trudng phai tinh d i n . Theo q u a n diem toan dien, ca hgl viec lam a day phai dugc m d ra cho tat ca mgi ngudi d a n k h d n g p h a n biet tang Icip, tdn giao, van hda hay gidi tinh. N h u n g ap luc viec lam n h u vay, tren t h u e t l , k h d n g phai la nhd. N h i l u nude khdng cd s u t a n g trucmg n e n d u o n g nhien khdng cd ca hgl m d rdng viec lam. Nhung ngay ca d nhiing nude cd tang trucmg n h a n h h o n thi cung khdng cd gi d a m bao r i n g , d i y la mot q u a trinh tang trudng tao nhieu viec lam. Vi vay, tao r a cac ca hgl viec lam tiong cac c h i l n luge tang trudng trudc het phai dugc d a m bao b i n g cac cam k i t chinh tri dugc kiem soat chat che. Md h i n h tang trudng tao n h i l u vlee lam c i n d u g c xem n h u la mot u u Uen h a n g d a u .
Md rong dan chu
Phat trien con ngudi la q u a trinh trao q u y l n lua chgn ngay mot rdng rai h o n cho ngudi dan, ddng thdi Cling la q u a trinh do chinh ngucM dan t h u e hien vi vay ngudi d a n phai dugc chii ddng t h a m gia vao cac qua trinh p h a t t r i l n ca v l chinh tri l i n kinh t l de q u y l t dinh q u a trinh p h a t t r i l n ciia chinh minh. Nhung t h u e t l cho t h i y , qua trinh tang trudng kinh te khdng phai luc nao ciing dugc van h a n h ducM s u kiem soat chat che ciia dan chiing. Qua trinh tang t r u o n g n h u vay t h u d n g dugc xem la thieu d a n chii va c i n phai dugc loal bo. Md hinh tang t r u o n g hien dai phai k i t hcip dugc vcii mot xa hdi d a n chii. C h a n g h a n , mdt n e n kinh te d u g c dieu h a n h m o t e a c h cdng khai, minh bach se l a m giam b d t n a n t h a m n h i i n g va nhiing quy dinh ddc d o a n . Khi nay, xa hdi se giam thieu s u meo md va vi t h e h i e u q u a t a n g trudng se cao h o n . Nhin c h u n g , m d rdng d a n chii tren t i t ca cac linh v u c la m o t n h u c i u t h i l t yeu cho p h a t trien con n g u d i . Me? r d n g d a n chii la mdt m a t xich t h e n c h d t k i t ndi t a n g t r u d n g vdi phat trien con ngucM.
Binh dang trong phan phoi co hoi
Theo quan diem toan dien, p h a t trien eon ngudi phai hudng tdi vlee tao ra s u b"mh d i n g v l ca hdi cho tat ca mgi ngudi. Q u y l n tilp c a n cac nguon luc phai dugc trao cho rdng rai mgi ngudi dan.
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Tren ca sd dd, ngueil d a n mcil cd k h a n a n g trong viec duy tri va cai thien chat lucmg cudc sdng.
Thue chat, s u p h a n bd cdng bang ve ca hdi ndi chung, n h a t la ca hdi tiep can cac ngudn luc n h u dat dai, tin dung, h a t i n g ca sd khi dugc d a m bao se cd xu hucmg thiic d i y tang trudng n h d cd nhiing tac ddng kich thich d a n chiing lam g i i u mdt each s a u s i c va rdng Icm hon. Nd thai thac s u ddng gdp ciia t i t ca mgi ngudi vao s u p h a t t r i l n c h u n g va lam giam t h i l u cac chi phi d a n h cho viec dn dinh xa hgl. Mat khac, khi dugc p h a n phdi mot each cdng bang, cac ca hdi kinh doanh se dugc t a n d u n g mot each tdi u u hon, hieu qua h a n va he q u a tat yeu la Icri ich tang t r u d n g se cao h a n .
Thiet lap xa hpi hpp tac
Phat trien eon ngudi la mdt qua trinh tdn trgng cac gia tri sdng cung n h u each thiic m a dan chiing lua chgn de ciing c h u n g sdng. Trong sd dd, s u t h a m gia vao cac hoat ddng cdng ddng ciia cac ca the xa hgl dugc dac biet col tigng. N l u dan c h u n g cam n h a n dugc gia tri t h u e s u ciia s u g i n k i t x a hgl khdng phai theo each cd tiuyin (la thdng q u a cac cam ket xa hdi) m a la d u a tren ca sci ciia n i l m Un va cac gia tri van hda c h u n g khac thi xa hdi se tid len ddng t h u a n h o n tiong vlee hgp tac vol n h a u de tao nen mot ngudn vdn mdi vd hinh - n g u d n vdn xa hgl. Ngudn vdn nay se dgng luc tang trucmg chii y l u , bd s u n g hiiu hieu cho ngudn vdn vat c h i t va vdn con ngudi tiing budc dang m i t dl vai trd dgng luc bdi quy luat n a n g s u i t bien giam d i n . Xu h u d n g g i n k i t , hgp tac c h a t che h a n cung se d i y llii cac x u n g dot xa hgl. Vi vay, vlee xay d u n g mot xa hgl hgp tac la tiin d l ciia s u phat triln. Cac t h i
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c h i dan chu va t u nguyen la mdi trudng hgp tac quan trgng. Hen kit chat che mgi ngudi veil nhau. Trong cac the che n h u vay, cac ca nhan se cd mot siic manh mdi de tang cucmg nang luc hanh dgng, lua chgn va kiem soat, tang cudng su anh hutmg den cac van de lien quan den chat lucmg cugc sdng. Siic manh dd la siic manh cdng ddng. Mac du xa hgl hcyp tac la mat xich lien kit quan tigng nhu vay, nhung dang luu y la dudng nhu ehinh phu lai khdng the cd nhiing anh hudng dang ke nao ngoai t n i viec md ra khdng gian tu do cho qua trinh hinh thanh mot xa hgl hgp tac.
Phat trien kinh te ben vimg
Phat trien eon ngudi phai la qua trinh phat trien ben viing theo quan diem toan dien. Cac t h i he
tuong lai ciing can dugc d i m bao mot cd mot moi trucmg sdng it nhat dugc nhu hien tai. Vi vay viec tang trudng kinh te n h i m phuc vu Icri ich ciia t h i he hien tai khdng dugc lam xdl mdn cac ca hgl tang trucmg va phat triln ciia t h i he tuong lai.
Theo y nghia nay, tang trudng kinh t l nhanh dl kem vdi su gia tang d nhilm mdi trudng, su can kiet tai nguyen thien nhien la mot qua trinh tang trudng khong cd tuong lai. Trong khi dd, tich liiy cho tuong lai la tien de de tang truong b i n viing, Vugt ra ngoai khudn khd ciia v i n d l mdi trudng.
Nghien cihi
cac the he hien tai eon phai ludng truac ducxc nhiing thach thiic khac ma t h i he tuong lai phai ganh chiu do nhiing h a n h dgng thieu can n h i c eiia minh. Nhiing can benh xa hgl kinh nien hay nhiing mdn ng tai chinh khdng Id (nhat la ng nude ngoai) khdng phai la nhiing tai san ma the he tuong lai mudn thiia k l . Vi vay, chu tigng phat trien ben viing la nhan td phii hci^) vcM ca quan diem phat trien eon ngutil va tang truong kinh te.
Nhu vay, phat trien con ngudi la mot qua trinh md rdng i pham vl lua chgn
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"t hucmg tdi mot cugc sdng khoe manh, trucmg thg, cd kien thiic va cd ca hgl tiep can cac ngudn luc c i n thiet de dat dugc miic sdng tii t l . Vi vay, tang truong kinh t l vl ca ban se la phuang tien can thilt de phat trien con ngudi. Nhung khdng phai cii tang trudng kinh t l thi chat lugng cugc sdng ciia ngudi dan se dugc cai thien. Vlee chuyen hoa cac Igi ich tang trucmg kinh te thanh cac thanh tuu phat trien con ngucM se cdn phu thudc vao rat nhilu cac ylu td trung gian khac nhau - cac yeu td tang cudng lien kit gliia tang trudng kinh te va phat triln con ngudi. Nhan dien rd net cac nhan td nay la ca sd quan tigng de qua trinh tang truong kinh t l thue su la mot qua trinh phat triln hucmg teil con ngudi •
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