Tap chi Ddn tdc hoc so 4 - 2018
DAN TOC HOC/NHAN HOC VA TIEP CAN NGHIEN CUtJ NGHEO DA CHIEU (3 VIET NAM*
ThS. Vu Dinh Miroi Vien Dan toe hoc
Tom tat: Nghien cim Ddn toe hoc/Nhdn hoc ve tinh trang doi ngheo cua cdc tpc ngudi
& nudc ta mac du dd co nhung tiep can ly thuyet vd khdo sdt trudng hap tai mot so toe ngudi vd mot so vung nhu Tay Nguyen, Bdc Trung Bo, mien nui phia Bdc vd Nam Bo. Song viec tiep can phuong phdp nghien cim lien ngdnh, so sdnh su tucmg dong vd khdc Met ve bite tranh ngheo dot cung nhu su tham gop y Iden trong viec thuc hien chinh sdch xda doi gidm ngheo tren ca sd du lieu nghien cim vi mo, dgc trung vdn hoa toe ngu&i vdn cdn nhimg han ehe nhdt dinh, bdi vi tit goc nhin ve ngheo da chieu cdn cd cdch tiep can mang tinh pho qudt nhdm khoa lap nhihig thieu vang do. Qua viec trinh bdy nhimg quan diem eua cdc to ehice quoc te ciing nhu nhimg ly thuyet tiep can phd bien cua cdc nhd nhdn hoc, xa hoi hoc dd su dung, bdi viet ndy neu len mot so vdn de edn thdo ludn ve each tiep can trong bdi cdnh phdt trien ben vimg vd hoi nhgp, gop phdn nghien ciru ve ngheo da chieu a cdc toe ngudi, nhdm xd hoi vd cong dong cu trit tgi cdc vung mien cua Viet Nam.
Tif khda: Tiep can Nhdn hoe/Ddn toe hoc, nghien cicu ngheo da chieu, toe ngudi, ddn toe thieu so.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 29/6/2018; ngdy gui phdn bien: 2/7/2018; ngdy duyet ddng: 8/8/2018
l.Mtf dau
Trai qua hon 30 nam thuc hien Doi mai, den nay Viet Nam da dat dugc nhimg thanh tuu to Ion trong cong cuoc xoa doi, giam ngheo. Tang tnrong kinh te da dem lai nhimg cai thien dang ke ve chat lugng cugc song cho hau het nguoi dan a cac viing mien va cac dan toe tren ca nuoc. Chi tinh rieng tir nam 1993 den nam 2008, gan 30 trieu nguoi a Viet Nam da thoat ngheo. Day la thanh tuu rat an tugng da dugc cgng dong quoc te ghi nhan va danh gia cao (Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, 2011, tr. 15). De co dugc thanh tuu nay, ngoai nhimg chinh sach va n6 lire cua Dang va Nha nuoc, cac nganh, cac cap, cac to chuc va ca nhan trong nuoc, con c6 su dong gop rat Ion cua cac ca nhan va to chuc phat trien quoc te; trong do bao gom ca kinh nghiem quan ly, tiep can va nhiing de xuat ve giai phap giam ngheo.
' Bai viet la ket qua cua de tai cap Bp "Sinh ke bin vUng ciia nguai Kfia-me a Soc Trdng" (2017 - 2018) do ThS. Vij Dinh Muai lam Chu nhiem.
va Binh Mu&i Ngoai viec tai trg va ti8n hanh cac nghien cmi thyc tien ve doi ngheo thi nhihig ly thuydt, quan diSm va each ti^p can cua hg cung co anh huong rat Ion den cac nha nghien ctru, hoach dinh va thuc thi chinh sach trong nuoc trong qua trinh tham gia vao cong tac xoa doi giam ngheo.
Doi ngheo la chu d^ thu hut dugc su quan tam nghien cihi cua nganh DSn tgc hgc/Nhan hgc tir rat som, boi nganh nay co vi the rat dgc dao giup tang cuong su nhan thuc vS doi ngheo, dugc coi la c6 hieu biet nhieu hon ve doi ngheo so voi cac hgc gia va nhiing nha thuc hanh khac (Sillitoe, 2007). Dac biet nhu o Viet Nam, vung dan tgc thieu s6 la dia ban mik mil, kinh tS - xa hgi chua phat trien so voi dong bang va do thi, a mgt so dan tgc kinh t6 hang hoa va thi truong chua phat trien, nen ty le hg ngheo va thieu doi van con rat cao. Ngay tir nhirng nam d4u thuc hien chii tnrong, chmh sach xoa doi giam ngheo cua Dang va Nha nuoc, cung voi cac nganh khoa hgc xa hgi khac, nhieu nghien cmi Dan tgc hgc/Nhan hoc nuoc ta da c6 dong gop ve ly luan va thuc tien nhat dinh thong qua cac cong trinh nghien ciru, hoat dgng tu van, danh gia cac chuong trinh, dir an xoa doi giam ngheo, an ninh lucmg thuc o mi6n mii va viing dan tgc thieu so cua Nha nuoc hay to chiic quoc te. Song, cac kit qua nghien ciiu tir goc nhin Dan tgc hgc/Nhan hgc con tuong doi ca biet cho timg dia ban (mien mii, do thi, hay dong bang) ma chua c6 mgt each nhin xuyen tam ve ly thuyet, each tiep can chuyen nganh, lien nganh, nhat la trong boi canh phat trien ben vimg va hgi nhap a nuoc ta. Vi vay, bai viet nay gop phan tim hieu va ggi mo ve ly thuyet va each tiep can nghien ciiu ngheo da chieu, dac biet la a viing dan tgc thieu so nuoc ta. Qua do, neu len mot so van de can thao luan ve each tiep can trong boi canh phat trien ben vimg va hgi nhap, dong thai gop phan nghien eiiu ve ngheo da chieu 6 nuac ta hien nay.
2. Tiep c^n nghien cihi doi ngheo va ngheo da chi§u o nir^c ta 2.1. Boi cdnh
Nhung thap ky vira qua, Viet Nam dugc the gioi chii y boi nhimg thanh tuu trong cong tac xoa doi, giam ngheo va nang cao miic song cua nguofi dan. Theo tong ket ciia Chuang trinh Phat trien Lien Hiep Quoc (UNDP), trong diSu kien kinh te - xa hgi eua minh, so vdi cac nuoc co eiing tong san pham qudc ngi (GDP), Viet Nam da su dung nhirng nguon lire co duge mgt each hieu qua vao eong tac nang cao miic song nguoi dan, trinh do dan tri, tuoi tho,... Tuy nhien, tien bg dat dugc trong xoa doi, giam ngheo la khong dong deu. Theo nghien ciiu cua Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam nam 2011 (do Ngan hang The gioi tai tro), ty le ngheo a cac nhom dan tgc thieu so van cao hon nhieu so voi miic ngheo eua cac nhom nguoi Kinh va Hoa. Ty le hg ngheo c6 chu hg la nguoi dan tgc thieu so tang manh tir 17,7%
nam 1993 len 40,7% nam 2008 (do thay d6i tieu chi danh gia vk chu4n ngheo doi). Van de ngheo 6 nuac ta dang co xu huong tap trung nhi^u han o nguai dan tgc thieu so mac dii day la doi tugng da dugc Chinh phii quan tam, dac biet thong qua mgt loat cac chinh sach va chuong trinh thuc hien trong sudt m4y chuc nam qua. Hien con nhidu nguai dan tgc thieu so
Tgp cm uan tgc hoc sti 4- lOli^
dang song trong canh ngheo kinh nien, nghia la hg ngheo ngay ca trong thai ky nen kinh te dang di len va con ngheo hon khi nen kinh te gap kho khan (Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam, 2011, tr. 16, 83). Ty le hp ngheo a cae vung sau, viing xa v ^ cao gap 4-5 lan so vai miic binh quan cua ca nuoc. Da so nguai ngheo it c6 didu kidn tidp can voi cac dich vu xa hgi CO ban. Ben canh do, nhirng thanh tuu xoa doi giam ngheo da dat dugc con thidu tinh bdn viing, nguy co tai ngheo con cao. Nguy co de bi ton thuong ciia nguai ngheo tru6c nhiing nii ro eiia cugc song van hidn hiiu a nhieu noi. Viet Nam n5m trong vung thuang xuydn xay ra thidn tai, bao lut va 80% nguoi ngheo lam vide trong ITnh vuc nong nghidp co nguy ca tai ngheo doi eao. Dac bidt la nhirng nam gan day do bidn ddi khi hau va thien tai, cac vimg mii, dong bang ven bidn dang phai hiing chiu nhirng tdn thit vd kinh td, hoat dgng sinh ke bi de dga, CO so ha tang, dich vu va an sinh xa hgi, tai san gia dinh bi tan pha. Didu do da va dang tao nguy co hien hiiu khong ehi doi voi cac hg gia dinh ngheo doi ma con ca nhung hg khong thugc didn ngheo doi nhung miic thu nhap khdng on dinh, nam giap ranh chuan ngheo doi Cling CO nguy co tai doi ngheo rat cao. Ngheo doi co mdi lidn quan mat thiet voi tinh trang suy thoai moi truang; co thd khidn cho ndng dan khai thac qua mue nguon tai nguydn vdn da han hep va cang lam cho ngheo doi tro nen tram trgng hon (Nguyen Thi Lan Huang, 2014). Cac van dd trdn dat ra nhirng thach thiic lan khong chi doi vai eong tae xoa doi giam ngheo ma cho ca cac nha nghidn ciiu va tu van chinh sach.
2.2. Quan diem vd tieu chi ve ddi ngheo da chieu
Cac nghien cuu gan day chi ra rang, doi ngheo la van dd da chieu (multi-dimensional problem) va phiic hgp (complex) trong ca thuc tien va nhan thiic, mang sac thai khac nhau
giira nhiing ndn van hoa, cac xa hdi; giua nguoi ngheo va nhirng nguai thuc hidn cong tac xoa doi giam ngheo (Macfadyen va Corcoran, 2002; UNDP, 2006). Tai Hdi nghi ban vd xoa doi giam ngheo do ESCAP td chicc tai Bangkok, Thai Lan (9/1993), mgt khai nidm dugc coi la dd chap nhan hem dugc ndu ra: doi ngheo dugc hieu la tinh trang mdt bg phan dan cu khdng dugc huang va thoa man nhung nhu cau ea ban cua con nguoi da duge xa hgi thira nhan tiiy theo trinh do phat tridn kinh te - xa hgi va phong tuc tap quan eiia eac dia phuong.
Gan day, Lidn Hiep Qudc da dua ra mgt khai nidm co ngi ham phan anh kha ro tinh da chidu cua doi ngheo: ngheo la thieu nang lire tdi thidu de tham gia hidu qua vao cae hoat ddng xa hgi. Ngheo eo nghia la khong co dii an, dii mac, khdng dugc di hge, khdng dugc kham chira benh, khong eo dat dai dd trong trgt hoac khdng c6 nghd nghidp de nuoi sdng ban than, khdng duge tidp can tin dung. Ngheo ciing eo nghia la khdng an toan, khdng co quydn va bj loai trir, dd bi bao hanh, phai song trong cac dieu kidn rui ro, khong tidp can duge nuoc sach va cdng trinh vd sinh. Trdn co sa do, van dd ngheo da chieu eo the do bang ea tidu chi thu nhap va eac tidu ehi phi thu nhap. Su thieu hut ca hgi, di kem vai tinh trang suy dinh duoTig, that hgc, benh tat, bat hanh va tuyet vgng la nhirng ngi dung dugc quan tam trong khai nidm ngheo da ehidu. Thieu di sir tham gia va tieng noi ve kinh td, xa hgi hay chinh tri
va Dink Muai se diy cac ca nhan dSn tinh trang bi loai trir, khong duac thii huong nhiing lgi ich phat triSn kinh tS - xa hpi va do vay bi tuoc di cac quygn con nguai co ban (Dan theo Dang Nguyen Anh, 2015).
Nhin chung, c6 rit nhieu bieu hien, khia canh, nguyen nhan cua doi ngheo, voi cac miic do khac nhau, tiiy theo d6i tuong va hoan canh, bao g5m: ngheo v6 vat chat, do dia ban cu tni cua nguoi ngheo, han chS vd to chuc va tiep can 16 chuc, thiSu su anh huong chinh trj, thiiu thoi gian, thiSu siic khoe, trinh do hgc vin thdp, tmh trang khong an toan, dia ban cu tru khong thuan lgi, it cac m6i quan he xa hoi, vi tri thap kem do bi quy kjt hay do phap luat, thiSu thong tin, ngheo doi tinh mua vu... (UNDP, 2006, tr. 5-6). Khai niem ngheo da chiSu da dugc cac t5 chiic phat triSn quoc t§ va nhung dinh che tai chinh qu6c tS ldn nhu UNDP, WB, ADB &h cap va da dugc ap dung trong cac chuang trinh, du an giam ngheo tir nhiing nam 80 ciia thi ky XX. Tuy nhien, 6 Viet Nam khai niem chuan ngheo da chieu raoi dugc ap dung 0 giai doan 2016 - 2020 theo Quyfa dinh s6 59/2015/QD-TTg, ngay 9/11/2015 cua Thii tuang Chinh phii. Trong cac tieu chi tiep can do luong ngheo da chieu, ngoai nhung tieu chi thu nhap (tieu chi duy nhat ap dung cho cac giai doan truoc), nhirng tieu chi ve mirc do thieu hut su tilp can dich vu xa hoi co ban da duoc ap dung. Tren co sa do, nhimg chi so do luong mirc do thieu hut cac dich vu xa hgi co ban dugc ap dung bao gom: tiep can cac dich vu y te, bao hiem y te, trinh do giao due ciia nguoi lan, tinh trang di hgc cua tre em, chat lugng nha 6, dien tich nha 6 binh quan dau nguai, nguon nuac sinh hoat, ho xi/nha tieu hgp ve sinh, sit dung dich vu vien thong, tai san phuc vu tiep can thong tin.
2.3. Tiep can nghien cim dot ngheo tii" goc do sinh ke
Gan day sinh ke tro thanh van de trung tam trong cac phan tich ve doi ngheo, boi le tinh trang ngheo doi la he qua true tiep tir bat on sinh kl, su han chi trong tiep can hay sir thieu hut ve tai san/nguon von sinh ke. Ciing nhu van de ngheo doi, sinh ke dugc thira nhan la mot vjn dl da chieu (TrSn Tiln Khai va Nguyin Nggc Danh, 2012, tr. 2-10). Noi mgt each khac, nghien cim vl doi ngheo chinh la xem xet, tim hiiu sinh kl ciia cac cu dan ngheo.
Do nhan thiic dugc tinh chat da chieu cua vin dl doi ngheo, gin day nhieu to chiic trong nuoc va qu6c tl da sii dung Khung sinh kl bin virng hay Tilp can sinh kl bin virng {Sustainable liveliiioods approach) lam nin tang trong phuang phap luan nghien cuu ve doi ngheo ii Viet nam ciing nhu mgt s6 nuoc khac. Tilp can sinh kl bin vimg nay dugc Robert Chambers va Gorden R. Conway dua ra vao nam 1991. Sau do, DFID va mgt s6 hgc gia nhu Andrew Dorward va Nigel Poole phat tiln hoan thien them vao diu nhiing nam 2000 (Chambers va Conway, 1991; Vu Manh Loi, 2015). Tilp can nay la kit qua tich hgp rit nhieu luan thuyet, quan diem lien nganh, dugc coi la each tilp can toan dien trong nghien ciiu ve sinh ke va doi ngheo, ap dung doi vdi nhiiu cip do nghien ciiu tir vi mo din vi mo (bao gom ca chinh sach phat trien va can thiep). Vai each tilp can nay, con nguoi va sinh kl ciia hp dugc lay lam trung tam trong cac phan tich (Nguyin Van Sthi, 2010, tr. 4-6; World Bank, 2013, tr. 11 -15). O dSy, cac nha dan tgc hgc/nhan hgc co mi thi la dua tren viec phan tich nhung yeu to hen quan den khia canh van hoa - xa hpi cua cong ding, tgc nguoi va nhom xa hpi.
Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc s6'4 - 2018
Theo mgt so nha nghidn ciiu tren thd gioi, mae du trong thuc tidn, tiiy tCmg bdi canh cu the, vide ap dung tidp can nay linh hoat va co ddi chiit khac biet nhung ve co ban la tuang ddi giong nhau. Trong do, sinh kd duge hidu la bao gdm kha nang, ngudn vdn, tai san (kd ca ngudn luc vat chat, xa hgi) va cac hoat dgng kidm sdng ckn thidt (Dorward va Poole, 2003, tr. 74). Noi each khac, sinh kd co thd dugc coi la sir tap hgp cac ngudn luc va kha nang ma con nguoi c6 dugc kdt hgp vdi nhirng quydt dinh va hoat dgng ma hg thue thi dd kidm sdng cung nhu dat dugc cac muc tieu va uoc nguydn eua hg (DFID va MPI, 2003). Sinh kd dugc coi la ben vimg khi c6 the duong dau va vugt qua nhimg ap luc va cac cii sdc, duy tri va nang cao kha nang ciing nhu tai san d ca hidn tai va tuong lai, nhung khdng gay anh huong xau ddn tai nguydn thien nhidn (Andrew Dorward va Nigel Poole, 2003, tr. 74).
Nhieu nha nghidn curu vd sinh ke ben viing cung dac biet Iim y rang, chidn luge sinh kd chinh la each thiic ma cac hg gia dinh sit dung nhiing ngudn luc sin co cho cac hoat ddng kiem sdng, san xuat. Ngudn vdn sinh ke bao gdm toan bd nang lue vat ehat va phi vat chat ma con nguoi co the sii dung de duy tri va phat trien. Ngudn vdn sinh kd thudng dugc ehia lam 5 nhom chinh: 1) Vdn tu nhien, bao gdm cac yeu td lidn quan hay thudc vd mdi truong tu nhien nhu khi hau, dia hinh, dat dai, sdng ngdi, rimg bien... ma con ngud'i phu thugc hay bi anh hirong; 2) Vdn con nguai hay eon ggi la vdn nhan lire, gdm cac yeu td lien quan den dac diem ca nhan vai tu each la ngudn lao ddng xa hdi nhu: trinh do hgc van, chuyen mdn ky thuat, ky nang, siic khde va kha nang lao ddng,... Vdn con ngudi cd vai trd quan trgng, quyet dinh kha nang cua mgt ca nhan va hg gia dinh trong vide sii dung va quan ly eac ngudn vdn khae; 3) Vdn tai ehinh la cac ngudn lire tai chinh ma ea nhan va hd gia dinh cd dugc, bao gdm: nhiing phuang tidn va dich vu tai chinh hidn cd va kha nang tiep can, phuang thiic tiet kidm, cae dang thu nhap; 4) Vdn vat chat la nhirng yeu td c6 tinh chat "hien vat", bao gdm cac cdng trinh ca sd ha tang xa hgi co ban (dien, dudng, trudng hgc, tram y td, cau, cdng trinh thuy lgi, nuac sinh hoat, ve sinh va nha d...), tai san cua hd gia dinh (do dung sinh hoat, cdng cu, trang thidt bi va may mdc san xuat...); 5) Vdn xa hdi de cap den mang ludi cac mdi quan he xa hgi, nhirng td ehiic va eac nhom xa hgi chinh thiic ciing nhu phi chinh thiie ma ea nhan va hd tham gia de tir do ed nhung co hdi va lgi ich - thdng qua cae mdi quan he nay cd the cai thien nhung ngudn vdn khac. Dd la nhiing mang ludi kinh te - xa hdi thidt lap tir eac nhdm ban be, hg hang, lang gieng; eac co che hgp tac trong san xukt va thi trudng, cac mang ludi budn ban, cung cap va nhung ngudi tham gia vao mang ludi; cac luat le va quy udc chi phdi nhiing hanh vi img xir, sir trao ddi va quan he; cae co hdi tidp can thdng tin va nhimg ngudn tai nguyen; eac co hdi tham gia va tao anh huang den nhirng cdng viec d dia phuang nhu tham gia vao cac td chitc doan the, chinh quyen... (Nguyen Thi Lan Huang, 2015, tr. 15-16).
2.4. Tiip can doi ngheo tic goc do Ddn tpc hoc/Nhan hgc
Khia canh tde ngudi va van hda trong iing xir kinh te, ddi ngheo dang ngay cang dugc cac nha nghien ciru va eae td ehiic qude te quan tam. Tren the gidi, nghien eiiu ve mdi quan he
Vu Dinh Micai giiia van hda va ddi ngheo tit gdc do Dan tdc hgc/Nhan hgc da dugc de cap tir nhiing nam 70 cua thd ky XX. Lewis da dd cap true tidp ddn tac ddng, mdi lien he giiia van hda va ddi ngheo, theo dd van hda ddi ngheo (Culture of poverty) la ldi sdng dugc hinh thanh bdi cac dac tinh, dac didm van hda dugc trao truydn tir the he nay qua the he khac; bao gdm nhiing dac didm nhu: thidu su tham gia hoa nhap mdt each hieu qua ciia ngudi ngheo vao trong cac thidt chd xa hdi rdng ldn; cude sdng ciia ngudi ngheo thudng mang dac trung bdi dieu kien nha d thSp, chat ehdi, co cum, hidm khi dugc td chire ldn hon tidu gia dmh hay gia dmh md rdng; d mot s6 hd ngheo, tre em it dugc bao ve, quan he tinh due sdm; ed xu hudng nu gidi lam ehu hd; va mdt sd dac didm khac nhu hg cd cam giac manh vd tmh trang bi xa hdi bd red, loai ra ngoai 16, khdng dugc bao ve va trg giiip, bi phu thugc va tu ti vd than phan ciia mmh,... Ong cung nh§n manh, van hda ddi ngheo vira la su thich nghi vita la su phan iing eiia ngucd ngheo trong bdi canh bi dSy ra ngoai Id trong cac xa hgi tu ban chii nghia, noi ed su phan tang va ca nhan hoa cao. Mdt khi xudt hidn, nd tdn tai rat dai ding, ngay ca khi dieu kien xa hgi da thay ddi, bdi vi nd anh hudng va "di truydn" cho the he sau. Do do, vide xda bd van hda ddi ngheo cdn kho hon vide xda bd ddi ngheo (Lewis, 1970, tr. 69-77). Tuy nhien, nghien eiiu eua Lewis bi chi trich nhidu vi each tidp can gian hda luan tam ly, vide su dung khai niem van hda map md va phi bdi canh thuc tidn, vi nd Id di su lien he vdi co cau ehinh tri va kinh te nang ddng vT md, bao gdm quan he quyen luc, van de gidi, van hda va cac gia tri ca nhan. Tiep can cua dng bj coi la dien hinh cua viec tiep can "do ldi cho ngudi ngheo" {blame the victim) (Bourgois, 2001;
Gajdosikiene, 2004).
Tuong tu, Cliffort Geertz (1963) khi nghien ciiu vd hai thi tran d Indonesia da nhan manh vai trd ciia van hda trong viec tao ra su khac biet vd kinh te giua hai cdng ddng theo Islam giao va An Do giao d gan dao Bali. O dd, cd su tuong phan giiia mgt thi tran budn ban nhdn nhip cua nhirng ngudi theo dao Islam va mdt thi tran An Do giao vdi nhieu den dai diu hiu eiia nhung chiic sac tdn giao va ngudi ndng dan. Thi tran cua nhiing ngudi Java theo dao Islam tu tap nhihig thuang nhan va van hoa d day thuc dSy, khuyen khich vide kiem lgi, tdi da hda lgi ich ea nhan; trong khi do d thi trSn ciia nhiing ngudi Bali theo An Do giao lai chim trong cac mdi quan he truyen thdng, van hoa dd cao sy cd kdt va hda hgp cdng ddng.
Thi tran cua nhimg ngudi Java khdng cd nhieu sir can trd, trdi budc vd van hda ddi vdi viec budn ban kinh doanh va ngudi dan it cd su tin tudng Ian nhau. Didu nay dan toi sir canh tranh, xung dot va phat trien. Ngugc lai, ed qua nhidu rao can, han chd va nghia vu mang tinh van hda d thi tran cua nhirng ngudi Bali da ngan can su phat trien cua cae doanh nghiep.
Va theo Geertz, gdc re eua su tuong phan nay ehinh la nhirng khac bidt ve van hda.
Nhu vay, ndu theo quan diem quydt dinh luan van hda nhu de cap d tren, se khdng tranh khdi tiep can "dd ldi cho ngudi ngheo"; va ndu van hda la nguyen nhan ehinh eua doi ngheo thi each duy nhit de eon nguoi thoat khdi ddi ngheo la hg e4n phai thay ddi van hda eua minh. Sau cae nghien cim nhu eua Lewis va Geertz, cd kha nhidu tranh luan lien quan den van hda va ddi ngheo. Mdt sd hgc gia tidp tuc dua cac phan tich van hda vao nghien cihi ddi ngheo; mdt sd khac lai nghi ngd, tham chi chdng lai nhiing no luc dd vi cho ring c6
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so 4 - 2018
nhung ddng co chinh tri trong cac nghien eiiu van hda va ddi ngheo; ddng thcri phe phan phan lan cac nghien ciiu nay ed each tiep can phd bidn la "dd loi cho ngudi ngheo". Chinh vi vay, da cd sir de dat phan nao trong eac nd luc dua nhung phan tich vd van hoa trong nghien ciiu cac van de lien quan den ddi ngheo duong dai.
Tuy vay, mdt sd hgc gia cho rang, cac phan tich van hda dua tren ndn tang ly thuyet tdt va cd tinh thue nghiem cao ddng vai trd quan trgng trong nghien ciiu ve ddi ngheo, bdi vi: 1) Van hda cho chiing ta biet tai sao con nguoi ddi phd vdi ddi ngheo theo each nhu vay - bao gdm ca vide hg duong dau va thoat khdi nd nhu the nao; 2) Nd giiip hieu ro nhung tac nhan an ma chiing ta ehua biet ve xu hudng van hda cua ngudi ngheo; 3) Nd giiip lam rd quan niem cua ngudi ngheo ve ngheo ddi. Quan trgng han niia, cac chinh saeh ciing la san pham van hda, sy thieu hieu biet ve van hda se din den nhung chinh sach sai ISm. Ngoai ra, cac hge gia nghien citu ngay nay ciing than trgng ban trong vide danh gia vd ddi ngheo tit gdc do van hda, cae khai niem, quan diem ve van hda trong nhung phan tich lien quan ddn ddi ngheo cung dugc lam ro, cu the hda va dugc kiem soat tdt hon trong nghien ciiu thuc tidn (Small va cdng su, 2010, tr. 8-12). Them vao do, neu nhu trong cac nghien ciiu ve van hda va ddi ngheo trudc day, con ngudi dugc cho la thudng thu ddng, bi chi phdi bdi van hda thi nhung nghien ciiu gan day da dd cao han tinh chu ddng, tich cue eua con ngudi, su khac biet ben trong timg nhdm van hda trong vide vSn dung van hda de thich iing, ung phd vdi ngheo ddi; coi trgng tiep can lay chu the [ngudi ngheo] lam trung tam (agent oriented).
Van de ddi ngheo la Itnh vuc ma cac nha dan tdc hgc/nhan hgc quan tam nghien citu d cac dan tdc, cgng ddng va nhdm xa hgi. O nudc ta, do sy da dang tdc ngudi va van hda, nen vide nghien cim va de xuat giai phap xay dyng ehinh sach tham gdp cho phat trien ben viing va xda ddi, giam ngheo ben viing d cae Imh vuc da ndu ve co ban edn nhieu van de can thao luan.
Cac nghien ciru dan tdc hgc/nhan hge ve ddi ngheo d Viet Nam, ngoai nhiing nghien eiiu ve cac ehii de ddi ngheo cu the, cdn cd mdt sd de cap den ly thuyet, each tidp can, thuc hanh phuang phap nghien ciiu. Vd Iy thuyet va each tiep can, dang chii y cd Vuong Xuan Tinh va cdng su ve tidp can sinh ke ben viing lien quan den an toan luong thue ciia mdt sd tde nguoi d Bac Trung Bd va mien mii phia Bac Viet Nam, va hgp tac vai Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi Lao de so sanh vdi mgt sd cdng ddng tai Lao, dugc the hien trong khudn khd cua hai dy an do Rockerfeller Foundation tai trg (Vuong Xuan Tinh va edng su, 2006; 2008). Nguyen Van Suu (2010) gidi thieu cac ngi dung co ban cua khung phan tich sinh ke ben virng, danh gia nhiing the manh cung nhu mdt so han chd cua khung phan tich nay d khu vuc dd thi. Khi tiep can nghien ciiu ddi ngheo da chieu va phat trien ben viing, van de gidi ciing dugc quan tam nghien ciiu nhu la mdt gdc nhin khdng the thieu eua Dan tdc hgc/Nhan hgc, boi vi phu nii thudng la nhiing ngudi chiu nhieu thiet thdi, bi anh hudng nhieu nhat tir ddi ngheo; them vao dd bat binh dang gidi ciing la mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan dan den ddi ngheo. Trong cdng trinh Gi&i vd cong tdc gidm ngheo: Tdi lieu gidng day dgi hoc cua Dd Thi Binh va TrSn Thi
va Dinh Muai Van Anh (2003) da gioi thieu vd cae khai niem gidi, nhung quan didm ly thuydt vd gidi va ddi ngheo, tidp can giai trong ddi ngheo - ehi ra su khac bidt giiia phu nu va nam gioi vd miic do ddi ngheo, kha nang va co hdi thoat ngheo.
Cd khdng it nghien ciiu cu thd vd ddi ngheo tit cac gde do khac nhau nhu mdi tiordng, dk dai va rimg, bidn ddi nhan thiic vd ddi sdng dudi tac ddng eiia eae ehinh sach ddi ngheo, phy nu va gidi, dan sd va di dan, dd thi va dd thi hda, quan ly xa hgi, chinh saeh ddi ngheo, tinh trang sue khde,... Ngoai ra, cdn cd nhirng nghien eiiu ve thyc trang va cae giai phap xda ddi, giam ngheo; vd tac ddng cua eac yeu td van hda, xa hdi tdi doi ngheo d mgt sd tdc ngudi cu thd. Nhiing nghien eiiu nay da phan anh kha da dang biic tranh vd thuc trang ddi ngheo tai Viet Nam d mdt sd tde ngudi, vimg midn qua cae thoi ky khac nhau. Tuy nhidn, cd the de nhan thky phan Ion cac nghien eiiu nay la nhiing nghien ciiu diem, nghien ciiu trudng hgp, tap trung vao md ta va phan tich cac thdng tin thu thap dugc d dia ban nghien ciiu. Trong h4u hdt cae nghien citu, ly thuydt va each tidp can cdn it dugc de cap, neu cd ciing kha so luge. Trong khi cac phan tich vd dae trung van hda, xa hdi tde ngudi dugc coi la the manh, thi a hau het nhung nghien ciiu Dan tde hgc/Nhan hgc ve ddi ngheo khia canh nay lai chua dugc quan tam mpt each thda dang.
Cd mgt dieu rat dang luu y tit gdc nhin Dan tdc hgc/Nhan hgc cua mdt sd hgc gia Viet Nam va nudc ngoai ve ddi ngheo ndi rieng va iing xii kinh td ndi chung da cd su so sanh ve cac chi sd. Nghien ciiu vd ddi ngheo d ngudi Kho-me Nam Bg la mdt vi du. Gan day tinh trang ddi ngheo d cac cdng dong ngudi Kho-me da thu hut kha nhieu sy quan tam nghien ciiu. Khdng cd dat, thidu ky nang nganh nghe, trinh do hgc van thap khien cho viec nang cao ddi sdng ciia hg gap nhieu khd khan, bat chap nhiing nd luc trg giiip tit Nha nude va cac to chiic qudc te (Vii Dinh Mudi, 2014). Mac du sdng giiia khu vuc nang ddng nhat cua dat nudc nhung ty Id ddi nghdo d ngudi Kho-me van cdn rat cao, tde do xda ddi giam ngheo cham; sd ngudi lao ddng chan tay va lam thue ngay cang nhidu. Tir bdi canh dd, Phan Xuan Bidn (2004) va Ngd Van Le (2013) cho rang, cae yeu td van hda - xa hdi tdc ngudi cd tac ddng tidu cyc den thuc trang ddi ngheo nay. Tuy nhidn, dya trdn ly thuyet kinh te duy tinh (moral economy) cua James Scott, Phillip Taylor (2007) lai cho r^ng, do bi tac dgng tieu cue tit kinh te thi trudng, cac chuang trinh phat tridn, sy xudng cap cua mdi trucmg sinh thai, ddi sdng ciia ngudi Kha-me ndi rieng trd nen b4t dn va ngheo di, lam cho hg m&t nidm tin; vi the hg van dung cac yeu td van hda, tdn giao, nghi Ie va cd kdt xa hdi tdc nguci truyen thdng nhu chd dua, phuong tien hay co chd dd ty ve, ehdng lai cae tac ddng tieu cue dd. Phan khac, do lo sg bi ddng hda, mat ban sac nen ngudi Kho-me cd xu hudng cd kdt vdi nhau, tang cudng va eung cd van hda truydn thdng, nhit la vd mat tdn giao. Tuong ty, trong mdt nghien cim ve ngudi Hmdng d Viet Nam, Turner va Michaud (2009) ciing cho ring, ngudi Hmdng thudng chu ddng lira chgn nhiing hoat ddng muu sinh phii hgp vdi mong mudn gin giii, bao ve va tang eudng ban sic van hda fruydn thdng. Cho du cac hoat ddng thu cdng, dich vu va
Tgp chi Dan tdc hgc so 4- 2018 ^ 11.
budn ban nhd - cae ioai hinh muu sinh moi hua hen nhidu lgi nhuan, cho thu nhap cao hon, nhung hg van cd thien hudng duy tri nhiing hoat dgng sinh kd truydn thdng. 6 mgt thai eye khac, dien hinh nhat cho viec chu dgng van dung cac ydu td van hda - xa hdi vao boat ddng kinh td la trudng hgp cua cae edng ddng Hoa kidu d Viet Nam va Ddng Nam A. Trong kinh doanh, ngudi Hoa rk coi trgng quan he (guanxi) va nidm tin (xinyong). Chinh vi vay, hg thudng uu tidn viee chgn nhung ngudi cd quan he gia dinh, ddng hg va ddng huong dd lam an cimg. Day cd the eoi la each thite chidn luge trong hoat ddng kinh doanh budn ban cua ngudi Hoa nham img pho vdi chinh quyen so tai va han chd nhiing rui ro tiem an trong kinh doanh (Tong va Yong, 2014).
3. Mdt vai nhan xet
Trong nhiing nam vita qua, tuy dat dugc nhieu thanh qua trong edng cude xda ddi giam ngheo, song thyc trang ddi ngheo hidn nay d nudc ta vin dat ra nhidu thach thiic va dang cd xu hudng tap trung nhidu hon d ngudi dan tdc thieu sd. Ben canh dd, cac thanh tyu xda ddi giam ngheo da dat dugc cdn thidu tinh ben viing, nguy co tai ngheo cdn cao, nhat la trong bdi canh cd nhung didn bien phiie tap cua co chd thi trudng va tac ddng tidu cyc cua bien ddi khi hau. Cae van de dd dat ra cho Dan tgc hgc/Nhan hgc nhimg thach thiic va ca hgi trong nghien ciiu iing dung va phat trien ben viing vung dan tdc thidu sd, gdp phan thyc hidn chinh sach xda ddi giam ngheo.
Cac nghien ciiu Dan tgc hgc/Nhan hgc ve ddi ngheo d Viet Nam nhung nam vira qua cho thay, ben canh nhiing chu de ddi ngheo tai cac dan tdc, vung midn vdi nhiing trudng hgp cu the, da ed de cap den ly thuyet, each tiep can, phuong phap nghien cuu. Ket qua cua nhiing nghien ciiu nay da phan anh kha da dang biic tranh ve thyc trang va nguyen nhan, dac thii ddi ngheo d mdt sd tdc ngudi tai eac vung mien d nude ta, qua nhung thdi ky khac nhau.
Tuy nhien, viec tiep can ngheo ben viing d cac tdc ngudi, nhdm xa hdi va cac cgng ddng cu dan thdi gian qua la chua dii. Phan ldn chi dimg lai d eac nghien eitu didm, nghidn ciiu trudng hgp, tap trung vao md ta va phan tich nhiing thdng tin thu thap d dia ban nghien ciiu ma thieu sy so sanh, nen ehua giai thich sau sac mdi lien he giira nghien cim vi md voi sd lieu dieu tra nghien eiiu vT md cap qudc gia ve sy tuong dong va khae biet. Hon nua, khi eac edng trinh nghien cim lien quan den ly thuyet va each tiep can tinh trang ddi ngheo chi ap dung de phuc vu true tiep eho ddi tugng va pham vi eu the cua timg de tai dan den vide so sanh, ddi chidu, kdt ndi vdi nhiing nghien cihi khac rat md nhat va han che. Ddng thoi, nhimg phan tich vd dae tnmg van hda, xa hgi tgc ngudi tir gdc nhin Dan tdc hgc/Nhan hgc ve ddi ngheo ehua that su sac net. Do vay, trong bdi canh mdi, nhung phat hien eiing nhu dd xuat giai phap ciia cae nghien ciru Dan toe hgc/Nhan hgc ve ddi ngheo phuc vu ehinh saeh phai ed su ket hgp lien nganh, nhiing tiep can ly thuyet ve nghien ciiu viing va lien viing.
va Dinh Muoi Tai lieu tham Ichao
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