Nghien cu'u Ton giao So 08 (134), 2014,123-128 PHAM ANH TUAN*
TON GIAO QUA TRANH THC> CUA N G U d i SAN CHI CS HUYEN LOC BINH, TINH L^NG SON
Tdm tdt: Tranh thd Id mdt phdn khdng the thieu trong cdc le cung cua ddng bdo ddn toe thieu .so mien mil phia Bdc. Ngodi gid tri my thuat. tranh tha chua dung gid tri tdn gido. Bdi viet gidi thieu ve Idn gido qua tranh thd cita ngirdi Sdn Chi a huyen Ldc Binh. tinh Lang San.
Tit khda: Ngudi Sdn Chi, ton gido. iranh thd. Lang San.
1. V^l net ve ngudi San Chi 6* huyen Loc Binh, tinh Lang S(ra Loc Binh la huyen mien nui nam d phia Dong Nam ciia tinh Lang San, CO dien tich: 986,52 km", co 31.69 km duang bien gioi vai Trung Quoc; CO 27 xa va hai thj tran; dan so la 80.518 nguai, gom cac tgc ngudi Tay, Niing, Kinh. San Chi. Dao. Hoa... Hien nay. a huyen Loc Binh, nguoi San Chi sinh song tai 12 thon thuoc cac xa Nhuang Ban, Minh Phat va Quan Ban, voi 594 ho. 2.769 ngucri. chit yeu san xuat nong nghiep. lam nghiep ket hgp vai chan nuoi.
Gia dinh nguai San Chi da phan la gia dinh nho phu quyen. Ngudi San Chi sinh s6ng theo dan vi cu tru thon ban. M6i thon ban co mgt hay nhieu dong hg; mgt truang ban giam sal. don doc mgi viec lam an. sinh boat, phong tuc. nghi le, an ninh. trat tir tren dia ban.
Ngiroi San Chi thuang lam nha ben sudn doi. nai co dong suoi nho chay qua. Trudc day. nba ciia ngudi San Chi la nha san. nhung khoang vai chue nam trd lai day do su thay doi moi trudng va anh hudng tir cac tgc ngucTi lang gieng. nen dong bao da chuyen sang d nha trinh tudng.
Wk ton giao. ngudi San Chi quan niem van vat hiju linh do cugc song ctia hp gSn vdi hinh thirc san xuat va san ban d viing doi niii cao. Doi vdi ddng bao. rirng ram. sdng sudi. cay cdi. mudng thii... deu an chira nhCrng di^u th^n bi. Ngoai ra. ddng bito tin rang, trong cugc sdng cdn cd nhieu
rim Chinh tri 1 loang Van Thu. Lanu Son
loai m a quy. N e u bi ma dir lam hai se gay ra 6 m dau. benh tat cho con n g u d i , vat nuoi va mua mang. D d la ly do dan den sir ton tai cita tang lop thay cung (thay M o . thay Tao) trong m o i thon ban. K h i t r o n g gia d i n h cd ngudi d m dau, lam nha. tang ma, gap dieu chang l a n h , . . . n g u d i San Chi deu m d i thay cung.
H i n h thuc tdn giao dugc cac gia dinh ngudi San C h i coi trgng nhat la t h d cung t d tien. Cung n h u nhi6u tgc ngudi khac, t h d ciing td tien ciia ngudi San Chi bieu bien dao ly lam ngudi, hudng ve cdi ngudn cita gia dinh va tgc n g u d i , " l a sir tiep ndi giiJa qua khir, hien tai va t u a n g l a i " ' . Ban t h d td tien ciia ngudi San C h i dat tren gac, nai it ngudi dugc tdi gan. Ddng bao quan niem, ban t h d phai dugc dat d nai cao rao, linh thieng, tranh ngudi cd tam khdng tdt hoac ma quy den gan. Ban t h d dugc bai t r i kha dan gian, chi cd mgt dng cam huang, I h d ba d d i . Den ngay 18 let, gia dinh bay le ciing va chi thap mdt nen huang. Rieng ddng hg Lam d xa Nhirgng Ban, huyen Ldc Binh cdn mgt ban thd khac de thd than Bep (Tao quan), ciing dat tren gac, ben canh ban thd td tien. Ci khia canh cdng ddng. ddng bao tin rang, trong m o i thdn ban cd mgt vi thd cdng. T h d cong dugc cac gia dinh San Chi cung vao ngay miing hai Tet Nguyen Dan".
2. T o n giao q u a t r a n h t h d eiia nguo'i San C h i
Tranh t h d ciia ngudi San Chi su dung trong cac le tang bieu thi udc nguyen dan gian ciia gia dinh cd ngudi than qua d d i , cau cho vong hdn than nhan vang sinh tdi cdi cue lac ciia Phat giao hay cdi bat tii- ciia Dao giao^. N h i e u tranh t h d mieu ta canh hanh hinh rung rgn d u d i Dia Ngiic nhung ke pham trgng tdi tren duang gian, ran de con ngudi c h d iam dieu ac, phai x d the hgp dao ly va le phai.
Tranh t h d ciia ngudi San C h i hien len qua cac tang khdng gian tiep ndi nhau, dii bd cue cua tranh khdng theo mdt khudn mau cd djnh. Mdt sd tranh t h d cd du than thanh. con n g u d i , mat dat, biiu trd'i. niii sdng. bien ca.
ddng r u d n g . . . . The g i d i trong tranh n h u lam guong phan chieu cugc song ciia con n g u d i . Phong each ddng hien va lien hoan dugc su dung triet de.
tao hieu qua rat eao, nghTa la trong mdt khudn tranh. n g u d i xem ihay dii cac Idp khdng gian va thdi gian, thuc va ao. than chinh va than phu, ma quy va con n g u d i . Dieu ay khien khdng gian trong tranh menh mang, thdi gian trong tranh vd lan chir khdng ban che d dja diem va t h d i diem cu i h l . Day -la mdt su giai phdng ve mat l u tudng. mot thanh cdng i r o n g t u du) sang tac ciia cac boa cdng tranh t h d .
Pham AnhTuan. Ton giao qua tranh thd... 125
Tranh t h d cita ngudi San Chi chu yeu la nhii'ng loai tranh diing trong tang ma. B d cue cua tranh t h u d n g la bd cue dgc, cac nhan vat dugc sap xep theo tang. N h t r n g nhan v^t cd quyen uy va dja vj thi dugc ve to. Cdn nhii'ng nhan vat cd quyen uy va dia vj thap ban thi dugc ve nhd.
Tranh t h d chi cd gia t r i khi dugc dat diing khdng gian^, vdi den, nen.
huang. Dieu nay gidng n h u cac tugng dat d chiia cd den, nen, huong m d i thay gia tri dich thuc ciia tugng. N g u d i San Chi rat t u hao vi cd nhirng bo tranh t h d kha dgc dao. M d i ddng tranh thd cd mdt bg tranh rieng. M o i birc tranh t h d cac vi than khac nhau vdi nhieu ldi ve phong phu^.
Nhan vat dugc ve trong tranh thd ciia ngudi San Chi phan anh day dii the gidi quan va nhan sinh quan cua cong ddng tgc ngudi nay. Theo dd, mdi birc tranh deu the hien ba the g i d i : Cdi T h u g n g / Tang T r d i , Coi Trung/ Tang N g u d i va Cdi A m / Tang A m Phii theo quan niem ciia Dao giao ve vu t r u , idn t h d dieu thien, ran de dieu ac.
De dat muc dich ran de va giao due con n g u d i . nhirng vj than linh dugc cac hoa cdng tao ra bang hinh tugng oai nghiem va dir tgn, qua nhu'ng chi tiet dugc can nhac ky ludng the hien cao nhat tinh ap che quan phuong, khien con ngudi tuan phuc ma hudng t h i e n ' . D d la nhu-ng tranh the hien vai Ird ciia cac vj than cd uy quyen nhat nhu Tam Thanh. Thap Dien Diem V u a n g , T u Dai Nguyen Suy (Than M u a . Than Gio, Than Sam, Than Chop).
B d tranh Tam Thanh gdm Ngge Thanh, T h u g n g Thanh va Thai Thanh, the hien quan niem ciia Dao giao ve vD tru. Ngoc Thanh tugng trung cho thai cue la ngdi vi irung tam, bieu trung cho ngudn gdc, khdi diem ciia vu t r u , dau moi su t u phan hda va su t u dieu hda cua hai yeu td am va duo-ng. T h u g n g Thanh bieu trung cho yeu td duang. Thai Thanh bieu trung cho yeu Id am. Ba vi than nay tao thanh thien lien tdi cao va thien canh tdi cao cua Dao giao. Do vay, ba vi than nay dugc ve to d chinh giira tranh. tang cao nhat, dien mao gidng nhau, nghTa la khdng cd su khac hga \ e ca tinh hay dac diem rieng ciia tirng vi than.
Bd tranh Thap Dien Diem V u a n g mieu ta m u d i vi Diem V u a n g vdi nhu'ng diem khac nhau: cd vj net mat du- t g n , cd vi net mat diem tTnh,...
Cac quan dirng hau cung khong gidng nhau ve trang phuc, net mat va cir chi. Vua \ a quan dugc \ c d phia tren Iranh, trong cung dien trang trgng Doi lap vdi su iTiih tai va quyen uy la canh hdn loan d phia d u d i , noi ap I
dung nhirng hinh phat cho ke ac. C) d o . cac tdi nhan bi tra khao cue hinh.
D d i t u g n g nay du"gc boa hinh don gian vdi chung dien mao: m i n h tran.
net mat sg set, t u the co quap. Cach mieu ta dd mudn nhan i-nanb su uy nghiem ciia nhirng vj D i e m V u a n g ddi lap vdi nhung ke ac trong binh dang tran trui va sg set.
B d tranh X u i Quay lai the hien thai do khoan hda de xua ke xau bang each cho an udng, cho phuang tien d i lai va dudi ra bien xa. B d tranh Vua Bep phan anh khdng k h i vui ve, am ciing ciia gia dinh v d i chuyen cd ban, m d i ngudi m g i viec. Bd tranh Tir True Cdng Tao the hien su thoang dang vdi khdng gian bao la de cac vj than di lai trinh tau viec con ngudi tdi Thien D i n h dugc hanh thdng.
Tranh t h d ciia ngudi San C h i dugc cac thay Tao ve theo nhiTrng gi hp nghT, ve bang niem tin tdn giao va nhirng hieu biet ve cugc sdng**. Tuy hg chi ve theo su t u d n g t u g n g qua nhirng tich chuyen dugc nghe, dugc truyen lai trong Phat giao, Dao giao, nhung tranh t h d ciia hg lai cd ve dep t u nhien va huyen b i .
3. M a u sac va c h a t lieu t r o n g t r a n h t h d ciia ngu'd'i San C h i M d t sd y kien cho rang, tranh t h d ciia ngudi San C h i dugc ve theo nguyen tac t u a n g phan hoac thuyet ngu banh. Thuc chat, ngudi San Chi nuang theo mau sac ciia tranh t h d nguyen mau, sau do thay doi mau theo y thich va quan niem cua hp. M a u sac tranh I h d ciia ngudi San C h i hau het dugc chiet suat tir t u nhien'''. vdi cac mau chu dao la do. den, trang.
xanh. vang \ a nau. N g u d i San Chi quan niem, mau den la man cua s u l d i tam, tirgng trung man dem bao truni thdn ban ciia hg giira niii rirng. khi ay ma quy se hoanh hanh hay til than se de dga hg. M a u dd thudng ve mat nhan vat i r o n g tranh bleu thi su gian du- hay dir t g n . M a u niiu bieu thi cho sir trii phii ciia dat dai. miiu cua phii sa. Mau vang la mau cita kim loai quy. the hien su giau sang va quyen uy.
M a u sac tranh thd cua ngudi San C h i lay tir tir nhien nen khd gpi ten chinh xac. V i du mau xanh lay lir la cay. nen khi ve i-nau se bj giam di vai dp, khdng cdn la mau xanh luc hay xanh lam. ma la m g i man dai dien cho mau xanh. M a u do hay mau vang cung vay. dugc lay tir dat. da nen nen dai dien cho sac dd hoac sac vang trong tranh. N h i n chung. mau s5c trong tranh thd ciia nguiri San C h i t u o i sang, phan anh su vui ve. ngp nghTnh, dan cian hda cac khai niem triet hpc
Pham AnhTuan. Ton giao qua tranh thd... 127 Chat lieu tranh t h d cita ngudi San Chi chii yeu la giay va vai. 0 chat
lieu giay cd cSi giay i r d hinh hoac ve hinh len giay. cdn d chat lieu vai cd the ve hoac ihcu bang chi mau. Giay ve tranh la giay dd mem, dai, ben.
iham mau va giQ- mau lau. Vai dung de ve tranh lay tir sgi bdng, del tren khung ciri gia d i n h , tuy thd day nhung ben chac. Cac chat lieu tren deu thich hgp de tranh giQ- dugc lau.
Nhij-ng yeu td tao hinh rieng trong Iranh t h d cua ngudi San C h i dugc the hien qua dudng net lien mach, il cd sir thay ddi ve net thanb hay net thd nhu tranh dan gian Ddng Hd. ciing khdng vdn khdi n h u tranh Hang Trdng cita ngudi K i n h . N g u d i San Chi khdng diing hieu irng cua net thanh hay thd dc nhan. ma chi ve net bo ciia hinh sau dd td mau. K h i ve mgt dudng cdng tua khep kin md phdng mdt hinh anh nao dd. ngudi ta thudng ve net thanh va net dam lao khdng gian, do la t u duy cua nhung ngudi dugc hpc ve nghe thuat tao hinh. Cdn thay Tao ngudi San Chi khi ve mdt dircTng cdng lua lien mach bang true cam, neu cd net thanh hay dam la do net bill chir khdng han cd tinh loan, nhung net ve ddi khi lai day linh cam.
4. K e t luan
Tranh t h d ciia ngudi San Chi d huyen Ldc B i n h . tinh Lang Son duac sinh ra trong cai ndi cua van hda ciia tpc ngudi nay. Chiing khdng chi la nhiTng tac pham my ihuiit dgc dao. ma cdn chua dirng nhieu gia trj ve linh ihiin; phan anh ddi sdng xa hdi, ddi sdng tinh cam. gia trj ban sac van hda.
ton gi;io ciia ddng bito. Ddng thdi. tranh thd cua ngirtTi San Chi cdn giiip chiing la cam nhiin dugc su quan sat tinh te va sau sac ciia ngudi nghe nhan dan gian ve vu tru va nhiin sinh. Bang nhirng dac trung rieng. tranh thd ciia ngudi San Chi the hien dugc the g i d i tam linh khdng can phu thupc vao khdng gian \ a tbtri gian. mang lai nhirng gia tri nghe thuat dac sac, dam da ban sac truyen thdng./.
C H U T I I I C H :
1 Ni;u\en Dire l.u i2t)0(l). Cidp phdn ihu hti-u tin ngicong ddn gian a Viel Xam.
N \ b ' t hinh in Quoc gia. IKi Noi- 75
2 DSnu Niihicm \ .iii (1998). I L- tin iigici'mg. ton gido Viet \am. \\b Khoa hoc \a
hi,si.naNoi .-o:
3 Nmi\cn Uiinu Ous (201)1). Van lida iditi linh. \\b Win hoa Thong lin. lia Noi:
258-277
4 Iranh Iho Dao gid.'. liUp \ i wikipedia org
5 NuuNcn Dflnji Du\ (20(11). I dnhdaidm Unh. sJJ 65 -66, i
