( So 05 (190)-2019)
TAI CHINH VI MO
PHAT TRIEN TIN DUNG TIEU DUNG BEN VONG VAMpTSODEXUAT
Ths. N g u y i n Thj Minh*
Sir phdt trien cua tin dung tieu dung trong giai do^n hi^n nay IA dieu tat yeu nham thiec hiSn cdc l<^ icfi cho nen kinh^ te -jra hpi, giup cdc chu the trong nen kinh te - xa hgi gia tang It?'! ich mgt cdch hi^u qua.
Tuy nhien, de phdt trien^ tin dung ti4u dung mpt cdch ben vQ-ng, phkt huy day du cdc m$t tich ci^ vA h?n che hieu qua cdc yeu to tieu circ trong thi^K te cua hoat dpng tin dyng tiSu dung can phdi d$t ra vd giai quyet kjp th&i cdc yeu cau cap thiet nham phdt triin ben virng cho tin diing tieu diing.
• TCf khoa. ph^t triSn tin dijng, tin dung tieu dung.
The development of consumer credit in the current period is indispensable to realize the benefits for the socio-economy helping the subjects in the socio-economy to increase their benefits effectively However, In order to develop consumer credit in a sustainable manner, promote the positive aspects and effectively limit the negative factors in practice of consumer credit activities need to be set and resolved.
• Keywords' development of consumer credit, credit.
Ngdy nhan bat: 1/3/2019 Ngay chuySn phan bi§n: 11/3/2019 Ngay nh$n phan bi$n: 15/3/2019 Ngay chap nhan d^ng: 19/3/2019
1. Thuc trang va xu hudng phat trien tin dung tieu dung hien nay
Ngay 22/05/2018 tai Ha Noi, Bao Ddu tu da t5 chiic iga dam "Tai chinh tieu diing an toan cho cdc nha dau tu va ngudi tieu dimg" vdi sy tham gia ciia dai dien cac co quan quan ly Nha nudc, cac chuydn gia kinh te va cac doanh nghiep ciing ban 50 khach mdi lir cac ca quan thong tin bao chi.
Tai buoi tpa dam nhieu chuydn gia nhan djnh thj Irudng tai chinh tidu diing noi chung va tin dung tieu diing noi ridng tai Viet Nam dang co toe dp lang trudng cao. Dieu nay the hidn no lyc ciia cac ngan hang va cong ty tai chinh tidu diing trong vide dua ra nhtfng san pham phii hgp, phuc vu "nhu cau
ldn chua dugc thoa man" ve tai chinh phuc vu muc dich tieu diing cita ngudi dan.
Su phat tridn ciia tin dung tieu diing trong giai doan hien nay la dieu tat yeu nham thyc hien cac lpi ich cho nen kinh te - xa hgi, giiip cac chii the trong nen kinb td - xahgi gia tang Igi ich mpt each hidu qua. Tuy nhidn dd phat trien tin dung tieu diing mpt each bdn vtfng, phat huy day dii cac mat tich cue va han che hieu qua cac yeu to tidu cyc trong thyc te ciia hoat ddng tin dung tidu dijng can phdi dat ra va giai quydt kjp thdi cac ydu cau cap thiet vd vide hoan thidn khung kho phap ly, hoan thidn CO che quan ly giam sat doi vdi hoat dgng tin dung tidu diing dong thdi co nhtfng djnh hudng, cac bidn phap htfu hidu dd quan ly, giam sat, didu chinh, xir ly kjp thdi cac hoat dpng tin dung tieu diing co dau hidu sai pham de boat dpng tin dung lieu dimg thuc su trd thanh cong cu hifu hieu gia tang lgi ich cho cdc ben tham gia va cho loan bp nen kinh te - xa hpi. Ben canh do, can nang cao hon nifa chat lugng djch vu ciia cac don vi cung img san pham... Dac biet la cong tac thong tin tuyen truyen can phai dugc dac biet chii trgng han nifa de cpng dong xa hdi va ngudi tieu diing hieu rd ban chat va vai tro quan trong ciia tai chinh tidu diing, tir do co nhifng hidu biet day dii va chii dpng tham gia vao viec gia tang lgi ich trong ITnh vuc lin dung lieu diing mgt each hieu qua va an loan.
Theo du dodn ciia cac chuydn gia tin dung tidu diing tai Viet Nam dang co co hpi_ phat tridn vang dua trdn nhtfng didu kien phat Uien Jy tudng nhu ndn kinh Id dang trong giai doan dau phat tridn, quy mo dan sd ldn khoang 95 tridu dan vdity le dan s6 vang (khodng 52% dan so trong dp tuoi lao
* Tru&ng DHCN Viet Hung
Tap chi nghien ctfu Tai chinh ke' toan <^
TAI CHINH VI MO So 05 (190) .2019 ^
dgng) hon nifa thoi quen chi lieu dang thay doi tich cue theo xu hudng chi lieu vugl mirc luong cho nhu cau nang cao chat lugng cupc song de c6 cupc song va hieu qua lao ddng tich cyc hon, dong thdi chuydn doi thoi quen theo hudng tir thdi quen tiet kiem sang thoi quen chi tidu, mua sam hieu qua, dan chuydn manh tir thoi quen sir dyng tidn mat sang sir dung tin dung tieu diing.
Tin dung tieu diing tiep tuc da tang trudng cao.
Tong du ng cho vay tidu dimg cuoi nam 2017 udc tang khoang 59% so vdi cuoi nam 2016. Trong dd, cho vay phuc vy nhu cau mua nha dd d; thue, thud mua nha d; xay dung, sua chtfa nha d; nhan chuyen nhugng quyen sir dung dat de xay nha d chiem ty trpng 52.9% (cudi nam 2016 la 49,5%), cho vay mua trang thiet bj gia dinh chiem 15,3%; cho vay mua phuang lien di lai chiem 8,3%. U'dc tinh, ty le cho vay tieu dimg/GDP hidn dat 6,4%, ty Id tin dung tidu diing/tong tin dung la 5,6%, ty le cho vay tieu diing/tieu diing cuoi ciing la 7,3% va du ng cho vay tidu diing binh quan dau ngudi dat xap xi 1,5 iridu dong/ngudi. Dong thdi, hidn cd khoang gan 16 trieu ngudi la khach hangtiem nang vdi su thoa man cac didu kidn co ban vd do tuoi va thu nhap.
Mdt so kdt qud nghidn cim khac cung cho thay, long du ng cho vay tieu diing d Viet Nam hien tang trudng trung binh len tdi xap xi 20%/nam.
Theo udc tinh ciia Hidp hpi Ngan hang Viet Nam, cho vay tidu diing co ihd chidm tdi 10% GDP (tren 10 ty USD/nam) trong khoang 5 nam tdi. Day chinh la "chide bdnh" hap dan ma nhidu ngan hang va cdng ty tai chinh dang san sang cho mpt cupc dua tranh thj phan.
Ong Nguydn Tii Anh, Pho Vu trudng Vu Chinh sdch lien te (NHNN) cho hay, ciingvdi sy phat trien kinh te, ty trpng tidu diing trong long GDP ciia Viet Nam lien tuc tang cao. Trong vong 5 nam qua, tin dung tidu diing da tang gan 5 lan. Cu thd, cuoi nam 2012, long du no cho vay tidu diing khoang 230.000 ty dong, chidm 8% long du ng tin dung ciia nen kinh te thi den cudi nam 2017, du ng tin dung lieu diing dat khoang 1,1 trieu ty dong (gap 4,8 lan nam 2012), chiem khoang 18% long d\x ng ciia nen kinh td.
Su phat tridn manh ciia cho vay tieu diing vira la ca hpi vira la thach thirc doi vdi he thong cac TCTD. Mpt mat ITnh vyc cho vay tidu dting mdi phdt tridn, du dja tang trudng con ldn do do day la thj trudng diy tidm nang cho cac TCTD. Mat khac, cung vi day la ITnh vuc con mdi d Viet Nam, nen kinh nghiem cho vay, kinh nghidm quan ly riii ro
ciia ca cac TCTD va ngudi di vay con non tre, do do su phat tridn nhanh ciia hoat dgng cho vay tieu dimg dat ra rat nhidu van dd ve quan ly nii ro doi voi cac TCTD, vdi co quan quan ly nha nudc va ddi vdi ca khach hang.
De thi trudng tin dung tidu dimg tang trudng manh me, an toan cho ca nha diu tu va khach hang ddi hoi sy nd lyc tdng thd tir cac co quan quan ly nha nudc, cdc nha diu tu va chinh ban than ngudi di vay.
2. Thach thirc va riii ro trong hoat dpng tin dung tieu dung hi^n nay
Ddi v&i cdc NHTM vd cong ty tdi chinh - Ng xau: Kidm soat ng xau la mgt thdch thiic Idn, do ban chat cho vay tidu diing phan nhieu dua vao tin chap chir khong phai la the chap bang tai san.
- Siic ep huy dpng von: Theo quy djnh phdp luat, cac cdng ty tai chinh khdng dugc phep huy dgng tien giri tir ngudi dan nen ngudn cung von chu ydu den tir cac td chirc tin dung, td chirc kinh te cho ndn vide giai quydt van de nguon vdn ciia cac cong ty tai chinh la mgt thdch thirc rit Idn.
- Riii ro bien dgng kinh te vT mo: Trong ddi han, boat dgng tin dung tieu dimg tidm in rit nhidu riii ro do khdng c6 tai san thd chap va rit nhay cam vdi bien dgng kinh te vT mo.
Doi v&i ngu&i vay
- Riii ro khong the tra dugc ng do khdng nhan thirc dugc cac nguy co tiem tang, khdng nim ro dugc cac didu khoan trong hgp dong; khi ngudi tidu diing khong cd dii kidn thirc vd tai chinh de hidu dugc cac riii ro ve lai suit thi mdt sy bidn dpng gia tang lai suit trdn toan he thdng co thd lam cho ch| phi cac khoan vay tang vgt khien ngudi di vay mat kha nang chi trd; hoac nhan vidn cua cac to chirc cho vay lin dung c6 y tranh trao doi ky han dd ngudi vay hieu ve cac dieu khoan ciia hpp ddng, cac riii ro tidm an..,
- Lai suat cao: Su lin ludt ciia mdt s6 cong ty tai chinh ldn vdi viec chiem gdn 90% ihi phin, co thd mang lai riii ro tap trung, kha nang thao lung cung nhu han che sy lua chpn ciia ngudi tidu diing Khi ngudi tidu diing CO it sy lua chpn han thi cung se phai^ch.u thiet phan nao. Trudc mil, su thiet thdi do nam chinh a la. suat cho vay. Mirc lai suit truuR bmh hien t^i cua cac cong ty tai chinh tieu dimg dang dao dgng tu 30% den 50%/nam, mdt mdc 11 suat ma nhieu nguoi lieu diing van coi la "cit c6"
16> Tap chi nghien ctfu Tai chinh ke toan
(So OS (190)-2019)
TAI CHINH VI MO Tat nhien, miic lai suat nay vdn cdn thap hon rit
nhidu so vdi "tin dyng den".
- Riii ro tranh chap: Theo Cue Canh tranh va bao vd ngudi tieu dung (Bg Cdng Thuong), nhung nam gan day, so lugng khieu nai ciia ngudi tidu diing chii ydu tap trung vao nhom chii thd la cong ty tai chinh. Theo khidu nai, phan anh ciia ngudi tidu dung, nhan vidn tu van thudng cung cap khong day dii thdng tin hoac thdng tin sai lech, gay nham lan cho ngudi tidu dung; khi cd tranh chap phat sinh, ngudi tidu diing gap nhidu kho khan trong qua trinh phdn anh va lam vide vdi dan vj tai chinh; ve vide bj gpi didn, nhan lin vdi muc dich de dga, nhac ng dii ngudi tidu diing khong vay ng tu to chirc, don vi lien quan, gay birc xuc va anh hudng tdi cuge song, cdng vide hang ngay ciia ngudi tidu dimg... Mdi day, Ngan hang Nha nudc (NHNN) da phai cd cong van gii'i cac to chirc tin dyng ydu cau chan chinh hoat dpng cho vay tieu diing.
3. Mot so kien nghi va de xuat nham phat trien tin dung tieu dung ben virng
Mpt id, doi vdi co quan chire nang De dam bao hanh lang phap ly cho boat dpng tin dung tidu diing dugc hoat dpng va phat trien an toan va hidu qua can tidp tuc hoan thidn khung phap ly mpt each chi tiet, cu thd va khoa hpc vd boat dpng tin dung tieu diing cua cdc to chirc tin dung doi vdi khach hdng, nham tang tinh minh bach trong boat dgng tin dung tidu diing, lai suat tin dung tieu diing ciia cac to chirc tin dung ddi vdi khach hang.
Thuc hien xay dyng co chd bao ve ngudi tidu diing, chang han nhu xir ly nghiem cac trudng hgp vi pham trong qua trinh thanh lap hgp dong tin dung va thuc hidn hgp dong tin dung lam anb hudng ddn quyen lgi va lgi ich cua khach hang.
Thyc hien day manh tuyen truyen, nang cao nhan thirc cho ngudi dan ve djch vu tai chinh tieu dung.
Can truyen thong cho ngudi dan hieu hon ve tai chinh tieu diing bdi boat dpng nay Id ca hpi cho ngudi ngheo, ngudi thu nhap thap cd thd tich luy tai san, cai thidn ddi song, dong luu thong hang hoa cLia xa hpi dugc luu thong tdt ban. De giiip ngudi dan hidu ro vd hoat ddng tin dung tieu dimg, can CO nhung chien dich truyen thong tdt den vdi ngudi dan de tao duge mpt thj trudng tdi chinh tieu diing minh bach, an toan tir do giiip cho thi trudng tin dung lieu diing phat tridn manh diing vdi tidm nang, gia tang lgi ich cho cdc chu the tham gia va toan bp ndn kinh te - xa hgi mgl each hidu qua.
Dd tranh duge cdc nii ro thi viec qudn ly thdng tin he thdng dii lieu cong dan noi chung va dtf lieu tai chinh ea nhan ndi rieng cin phai phat trien va 6n djnh, hd trg cho cac hoat dgng tin dung tieu dimg cung nhu dam bao an loan cho cac to chirc tin dung.
Hai la, doi vdi cac td chifc tin dung Trong thdi dai each mang 4.0, cac cdng ty tai chinh can tan dung sire manh ciia cong ngh? de tiep can va mang lai cac trdi nghiem thii vi cho khach hang, dong thdi khic phyc tinh trang thidu byt thdng tin ciia ngudi vay hien nay. Dk ngdnh tai chinh tidu diing phat tridn va nang chit lugng phuc vu ngudi tieu diing cac to chifc tin dung can xay dyng va hoan thidn nen tang cdng nghe nham nang caathj phan va duy tri tdc dp tang trudng. Hidn tai, dp phil song ciia cdc djch vu tai chinh ngan hang, dac biet la dich vu cho vay tai cac viing nong thdn cdn rat thap. Vdi nen tang cdng nghe tot se giiip cac cong ly tdi chinh tidu diing tidp can lugng khdch hang tiem nang tai khu vuc nong thdn (chidm ddn 60% dan sd ca nudc). Tuy nhien, de co thd cung cap tin dung tieu diing rgng rai, dac biet den cac vimg ndng thon, cac cdng ty tai chinh can cd nhiing sang kien cdng nghd mdi me mang tinh dot phd.
Tim each gjam lai suat thdng qua viec huy dpng them cac nguon tai chinh, tidt giam chi phi quan ly... nhdm gia tang canh tranh va thu hiit khach hang. Thyc hien nghiem tiic cac quy dinh vd cho vay va quan ly vay, thu ng... Coi trpng vide quan tri riii ro trdn cdc khoan vay, khdng thuc hien viec dat dugc tang trudng du ng bang mpi gia.
Ba Id, ddi vdi khach hdng
Ngudi tieu diing phai hieu rd ve tai chinh tieu diing, cd kd hoach tai chinh lieu diing ca nhan that tdt de gia u | nhtfng giao djch tin dung tieu diing the hien dugc gid trj tich cyc. Ngudi tieu diing phai hieu dugc quyen Igi va nghTa vu ciia minh trudc khi quyet djnh sir dung dich vu. Cdc td chifc tin dung can coi trgng vide quan tri nii ro trdn cac khoan vay, khdng nen quan tam den tang trudng du ng bang mpi gia.
Tai li^u tham khao:
Dd Le (2018), Minh bach de hu&ng lai ben virng, Thdi bdo Ngdn hang.
Thiiy Duyen (2018). Tin dmg Heu ditng & Vi$t Nam dang tdng dot hien, Bdo VnEconomy
Bdo Vietnamnet (2018), Vay lieu ditng 4.0 se phat Irien manh a Vi^t Nam.
Due Mmh (2018), Chdn chinh hoat dong cho vay tieu diing tai cdc to chiic tin dung, Bdo Viettimes
Tap chi nghien ctfu Tai chinh ke toan
