INHAT BAN TRONG CHINH SACH DOI NGOAI CUA MY TRL/dC NAM 1905
TS. Tran Thien Thanh Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xa hoi vd Nhdn vdn
N
hiing thap ky dau sau khi lap nu'dc. mac dU da cd nhUng dieu chinh cho phii hdp vdi ldi ich cua Mv trong nhiing hoan canh nha't dinh.nhung chil nghia biet lap van la phudng cham xu the chu ye'u cua Hoa Ky trong quan he vdi cac nudc chau Au. Den khi My "nhan ra" va hanh ddng de md rdng va bao ve ldi ich cua minh ngoai pham vi Tay ban cau. nhiing hanh ddng dd da dien ra trUdc tien d chau A chii khdng phai chau Au.
Trong qua trinh md rdng anh hudng sang chau A. trudc tien My hudng tdi de che Trung Hoa. Ngoai ly do mudn xam nhap thi trudng rpng ldn day tiem nang nay. cdn cd mdt nguyen n h a n khac tac ddng tdi quyet dinh cua My. Dd la. vao cudi the ky XVIII. dau rhe ky XIX.
trong khi Nhat Ban va T n e u Tien thiic hien chinh sach ddng cifa vdi hau bet cac qudc gia trong dd cd My thi Trung Qudc van cho phep tien h a n h nhiing hoat ddng thudng mai ban che qua cang Quang Chau.
Can cu theo nhung tai lieu hien cd.
con tau dau tien cua My ha neo d'bd bien Nhat Ban la tau Lady Washington do thuyen trUdng K e n d n c k chi huy.
Lan bo neo tinh cd vao mua Xuan nam 1791 nay la de t r a n h thdi tie't xau.
Ve mat thdi gian. thdi diem nay cho tha'y. My khdng phai la qud'c gia phudng Tay dau tien t h a m n h a p Nhat Ban hay la qudc gia tim each khai
thdng q u a n he vdi N h a t Ban tru'dc tien.
Tuy nhien. chinh sil xua't hien cua cac chien h a m My trong vting bien NTaat Ban mdi khien tinh the chinh tri thay ddi m a n h me.
Sau lan bd neo tinh cd tai cifa ngo phia Ddng N h a t Ban vao n a m 1791 de'n cudi nhiing n a m 1830, nhieu t a u My da tie'n vao hai p h a n N h a t Ban. Tai nhiing thdi diem nay, xua't p h a t til n h a n thiic ve tiem n a n g kinh te va vi tri chie'n lUdc cua N h a t Ban. quyet t a m bie'n Nliat Ban t h a n h mdt cu diem cua My d Thai Binh Dudng da dan trd t h a n h mdt chii trUdng. ldn cua My, nhUng sii quan tam cua My ddi vdi N h a t Ban vdi tU each la mdt thi trudng tiem nang, mdt huyet mach giao thdng tren con dudng vUdn tdi cac qud'c gia phUdng Ddng chUa chiu tac ddng cua nhiing n h a n td' cd tam quan trong dac biet va nhiing cd' gang khai md con dudng tien vao Nhat Ban van chu'a t h a n h cdng.
Den nhung nam 40. dau nhiing nam 50 cua the ky XIX. nhUng yeu td' cd tam quan trong dac biet dd da xua't hien:
Mgt Id, de'n giua the ky XIX, My da budc vao giai doan cdng nghiep hda va xay diing he thd'ng kinh doanh ldn.
Dieu dd cho phep My t r a n g bi vii khi hien dai cho cac h a m ddi t a u ldn vUdt dai dUdng.
Hai la, n a m 1844, My dat dUdc budc tien mdi trong qua t r i n h b a n h trUdng sang T r u n g Qud'c. Ngay 3/7/1844, dai dien chinh phu My Caleb Cushing ky
vdi Trung Qud'c Hiep Udc Vong Ha md 5 cang Quang Chau, Ha Mdn, Phiic Chau, Ninh Ba, ThUdng Hai cho My thdng thUdng va trad quyen hdp phap cho ngUdi My sd'ng tai Trung Qud'c.
Hiep udc nay da md ra cd hdi p h a t trien mdi cho nen ngoai thUdng My. Theo dd, tdng gia tri h a n g hda van chuyen tren cac t a u thuyen My da t a n g til 9 trieu USD nam 1845 len tren 22 t n e u USD vao nam 1860 [1, tr.22]. Tuy chi chiem tl le nhd trong tdng gia tri ngoai thUdng cua My, nhUng budn ban vdi Trung Qud'c da trd t h a n h ngudn ldi dang ke cho mdt nhdm cac n h a tU ban cd anb- hudng d My. Ddi vdi ho, Trung Qud'c tie'p tuc chie'm vi tri t r u n g tam trong
"giac md ve nen thUdng mai rdng md"
cua nUdc My trong tUdng lai.
Ba Id, lanh thd My dUdc md rdng n h a n h chdng ve phia Tay. Theo dd, dudng bien gidi phia Tay giap Thai Binh DUdng dat tdi con s d t r e n 1920 km vdi nhUng cang bien rdng ldn tren vinh San Francisco va Pudget Sound.
Sii ke't hdp giiia cac ye'u td tren da d i n tdi viec h i n h t h a n h tuyen dudng bien t n i c tiep ndi San Francisco vdi ThUdng Hai va Quang Chau. Day la dieu kien vd cimg t h u a n ldi cho sU khdi dau ky nguyen thUdng mai cua My tren Thai Binh DUdng. Hien nhien, cac tau My se phai di qua hai p h a n Nhat Ban va N h a t Ban vdi vi tri dia ly mot qud'c dao tren Thai Binh DUdng trai dai theo mot vdng cung hep tif n a m len hac tren 3800 km tif 20°25' den 45"35' vi do Bae.
vdi nhieu hai cang td't ngay cang chiem vi tri quan trong trong he thdng giao thUdng giuta My vdi cac qud'c gia phUdng Ddng, dac biet la thi trUdng Trung Qudc rdng ldn. NhU vay, cd the ndi, sii phat trien thUdng mai vdi Trung Qud'c da trd t h a n h n h a n td tac ddng t n i c tie'p tdi viec phai md cUa N h a t Ban khi nhu cau can p h a i cd cac cang bien de cung ca'p nhieu lieu, lUdng tbiic ciing nhU cac nhu ye'u p h a m can thie't khac che cac
chuye'n di vUdt dai dUdng ngay cang trd nen quan trong. Dieu dd lai dien ra trong bdi canh nhiing ldi ddn ve viec Nhat Ban cd trut lUdng ldn t h a n da lan truyen d My. Ngoai trUdng My Daniel Webster da phat bieu rang, trut lUdng tram tich t h a n da nay la "mdt mdn qua cua ThUdng de, do Da'ng Tao hda ky thac xudng dUdi long da't cua quan dao Nhat Ban, de phuc vu ldi ich cua toan nhan loai" [1, tr.23].
Them vao dd, nhu cau can phai cd cac cang bien de tranh thdi tie't xa'u cho cac tau san ca voi, vd'n dang mang lai nhieu ldi nhuan cho My, da trd nen dac biet can thie't sau khi khdng it chuye'n di ke't thiic that bai tren cac bd bien day da va sUdng mil d cac hdn dao phia Bae Thai Binh Dudng. Nhu cau nay trd thanh tac nhan tie'p theo day nhanh nd liic md cifa Nhat Ban cua My.
NgUdi dUdc giao sii menh md cifa Nhat Ban la Dd ddc Matthew Calbraith Perry (1794-1858). Khac vdi hai chuyen di bat t h a n h trong viec khai thdng quan he vdi Nhat Ban trUdc day cua Dd ddc J a m e s Biddle vao nam 1848 va Dd ddc Glynn nam 1849, Perry den Nhat Ban vdi sil chuan hi ky lUdng ca ve sUc manh quan sii.
Ngay 15/7/1853, h a m ddi cua Perry gdm 4 t a u chien vdi nhiing cd may khdng id chay bang hdi nUdc tie'n vao vinh Edo, neo dau tai cifa bien cua t h a n h phd' nhd d Uraga. Ngay sau khi tdi Uraga, M.C. Perry kien quyet yeu cau jdai dien chinh quyen Edo d day phai cho gap Tudng quan de tnic tiep trao qua va trinh t h u cua Tong thd'ng My. Biic t h u cua Tdng thdng My Filmore gifi chinh quyen N h a t Ban cd ba yeu cau cd ban: Md cifa da't nUdc de giao lUu thUdng mai va thie't lap quan he hiiu nghi giiia hai nudc; cifu trd va chiia tri n h a n dao ddi vdi cac thuy thu My hi dam tau hoac gap nan d vimg bien N h a t Ban; chd phep My dUdc md met t r a m tiep nhien lieu cho cac doan
t a u qua lai dinh ky giua California va Trung Qud'c.
TrUdc ap luc cua My va can cif thilc te la Nhat Ban cdn nhieu ban che ve kha nang phdng thu, tai chinh cung nhu mdi lo ngai se phai chiu chung sd phan nhu Trung Qud'c. Mac phu Edo da Ilia chon giai phap tuy khdng phai la tron ven nhUng mang tinh hien thiic hdn de duy tri nen ddc lap tUdng ddi cua minh - thay ddi can ban chinh sach ddng cua truyen thdng. Ket qua la.
ngay 31/3/1854. Matthew Calbraith Perry, thay mat chinh phii My va Dai hoc 81 Hayashi Noboru, ldo Satohiro - Lanh chua Tsushima, Izawa Massayoshi - lanh chua viing Mimasda, Udono Choei - t h a n h vien Hdi ddng Ngan khd Qudc gia Nhat thay mat chinh phu Nhat Ban ky "Hiep Udc hda binh va hiiu nghi" (cdn du'dc goi la Hiep Udc Kanagawa), Hiep Udc gdm 12 dieu vdi nhiing ndi dung cd ban:
1. Thiet lap mdi quan he hda binh vutng chac, lau dai va thilc sii than hUu giuta My va Nhat Ban.
2. Md hai cang Shimoda va Hakodate de tau My cd thd lay ciu, nUdc. thiic pham, than va cac nhu yeu pham khac ma cac tau My can trong kha n a n g cung cap cua Nhat Ban.
3. Cuu trd va chua tri nhan dao ddi vdi thuy thu My bi dam hay gap nan d viing bien Nhat Ban.
4. Trong tifdng lai. neu chinh phu Nhat Ban danh cho bat cu qud'c gia nao khac nhung dac quyen va ldi ich ma nudc My chua dUdc hUdng thi nudc My va cdng dan My mac nhien cd quyen hudng nhu'ng dac quyen va ldi ich tUdng tu ma khdng phai thdng qua dam p h a n ciing n h u sU tri hoan nao.
5. My cd quyen cif mdt lanh siI ddng tai Shimoda vao bat cii thdi diem, nao trong vdng 18 thang kd tii ngay ky hiep dinh nay neu mdt trong hai chinh phu My hoac Nhat Ban thay r i n g sii sap xep dd la can thiet.
Hiep udc nay dUdc Qud'c hdi My thdng qua ngay 15/7/1854 va dUdc Tdng thd'ng Filmore phe chuan ngay 7/8/1854.
Nhin chung. Hiep Udc Kanagawa da dap ling diing va day du yeu cau trong biic t h u cua Tdng thd'ng Filmore gUi chinh quyen N h a t Ban trUdc dd. Ndi dung hiep Udc p h a n a n h ra't ro muc tieu cua My ddi vdi N h a t Ban, dd la md cifa cac hai cang. Sd lUdng dieu khoan de cap t n i c tiep hoac cd lien quan de'n noi dung nay la 3/12 va dUdc dat len hang dau chi sau p h a n nguyen tac chung.
Ben canh dd, cd mot ndi dung dang chii y khac la dieu k h o a n quy dinh My dUdc quyen ddi xif tdi h u e qud'c. TrUdc My.
chua he cd qud'c gia nao dUdc Nhat Ban nhUdng bd cho hudng nhiing Uu dai nhu the. Cdn dd'i vdi My, day la lan thii hai My gianh dUdc quyen nay trong quan he vdi cac qud'c gia chau A, sau hiep Udc Vong Ha ky vdi T r u n g Qud'c nam 1844.
Y nghia quan trong ve mat luat phap cua dieu k h o a n nay (dieu 9 trong Hiep udc Kanagawa) the hien d ba diem: Mgt Id. quy dinh trach nhiem thiic hien mot chieu. Trong khi de cap de'n trach nhiem cua N h a t Ban ddi vdi My. dieu khoan nay khdng he ndi tdi quyen tudng tii cho N h a t Ban ciing nhU trach nhiem ve phia My. Hai Id. khdng gidi b a n ve p h a m vi thdi gian. Chinh dieu nay da md dudng cho My gianh ta't ca cac quyen ldi ma N h a t Ban ddng }' de cho mdt nUdc thU ba hUdng va md dudng cho My trong cac cudc dam phan tiep theo. Ba Id, khdng quy dinh dieu kien thiic hien tuf phia My. Mac dii dac diem nay chi dUdc the hien d nhiing tif cudi cung cua dieu 9, nhUng la ndi dung ra't dang chii y. Ke tii n a m 1778, My ludn img hd m a n h me viec ap dung quy che ddi xif tdi h u e qud'c trong quan he qud'c te nhUng la ddi xif cd dieu kien, nghia la sii md rdng ldi ich cua qud'c nay cho qud'c gia kia phai dUdc den dap tUdng dUdng. Tuy nhien, My chi ap
dung tinh "cd dieu kien" nay trong quan he vdi cac qud'c gia "van minh". Ddi vdi cac qud'c gia "khdng van minh", khi n h a n tha'y viec ap dung dieu nay la khdng can thie't va t h a m chi la di ngUdc lai ldi ich cua My, My se lay ly do nay de tii chdi md rdng nhiing dac quyen cho mdt nUdc thU ba khac [2, tr.276].
Day chinh la ly do giai thich tai sao menh de "khdng dieu kien" nay lai dUdc dUa vao trong hiep Udc ky vdi Nhat Ban. Ndi each khac, tai thdi diem ky Hiep udc Kanagawa, My khdng coi Nhat Ban la qud'c gia "van minh" va ngang h a n g vdi My.
Can cif bdi canh ky ket "Hiep Udc hda binh va hUu nghi" My - N h a t Ban, cd the tha'y, hiep dinh nay cd y nghia vd Cling quan trong. Trifdc bet, nd cimg cd niem tin cua ngUdi My ve kha nang hoan t h a n h sif menh md rdng lanh thd va anh hudng ve phia Tay, mdt sii menh ma My cho la "sU menh hien nhien" cua minh. Ddng thdi, cha'm dUt 215 nam theo dudi chi'nh sach ddng cifa cua N h a t Ban va md ra mot trang sif mdi trong quan he qudc te giufa My va Nhat Ban. Day ciing la nguyen cd de cac cUdng qudc phUdng Tay theo My budc N h a t Ban phai ky cac hiep Udc tUdng tii.
Tuf thiic te tren, cd the khdng dinh.
My da ddng vai trd then chd't trong viec md cifa N h a t Ban. "Chinh tac ddng cua My da md ra mdt the cudc mdi trong quan he qudc te cua N h a t Ban giai doan tien Minh Tri". Cdn vdi N h a t Ban,
"Viec ky cac ban hiep Udc da dUa Nhat Ban den cudc k h u n g hoang... nhUng Nhat Ban khdng cdn sii liia chpn nao khac bdi vi nd chUa du m a n h de chdng lai phUdng Tay" [3, t n 4 ] .
Tuf nam b a n le do cho tdi trUdc khi dien ra cac sil kien dUa N h a t Ban dan len vi tri mdt cUdng qud'c tren Thai Binh DUdng va canh t r a n h vdi My trong qua trinh t r a n h gianh a n h hUdng va quyen ldi d k h u viic nay, muc tieu cd
ban trong chinh sach cua My ddi vdi N h a t Ban la md rdng hOn nUa canh cifa da md vao da't nUdc mat trdi moc. Muc tieu dd dUdc thiic hien thdng qua vai trd cua Townshend Harris, ngUdi da dam n h a n nhieu sif menh ngoai giao ciia My d chau A, trong dd cd viec ky ket hiep udc vdi Xiem nam 1856.
Sau 10 t h a n g kien tri dam phan va mot lan de doa dung vii liic de gay sUc ep, ngay 17/6/1857, T, H a r n s - Tong lanh sii dau tien cua My tai Nhat, da ky vdi N h a t Ban Hiep Udc Shimoda. Theo dd, N h a t Ban phai md cifa Nagasaki cho cac tau budn My; ngUdi My cd quyen cU tru lau dai d Shimoda, Hakodate va cd quyen chi dinh them mdt phd lanh sii; quy dinh ty gia trao ddi cd' dinh giuta ddng tien My va Nhat Ban, Nhat Ban n h a n dUdc tdi da 6%
hoa hdng tren trong lUdng chenh lech binh quan h a m lUdng vang va hac giuta ddng tien My va Nhat Ban thay vi 25%
nhu de nghi ban dau cua Nhat Ban;
ngUdi My pham tdi tren da't Nhat Ban se bi xif phat theo luat phap My trUdc mot ban bdi tham ngUdi My; lanh sii My tai Nhat Ban cd quyen tdi bat cii dau tren lanh thd Nhat.
Viec ky hiep Udc nay da md dudng cho Harris tdi Edo va ky hiep Udc hutu nghi va thUdng mai vdi N h a t tai day.
Ngay 7/12/1857, T. Harris dUdc dich than Tudng quan tiep kien d phao dai Edo. Day la sut kien quan trong the hien sil nhUdng bd ldn tif phia chinh quyen Edo. Chinh quyen Edo quyet dinh dieu dd bdi ho n h a n dUdc thdng tin tU nhutng ngUdi phien dich d Nagasaki cho biet rang ham ddi Anh da ta'n cdng va dot pha HUdng Cang vi chinh phu Trung Hoa khdng thiic hien dung ldi cam ke't.
Vien cao uy Ha Lan d N h a t Ban cung khuyen chinh quyen Edo khdng nen tri hoan n h u n g dieu da ky ket.
Cac cudc dam phan My - Nhat ve ky ket hiep Udc thUdng mai chinh thufc bat dau ngay 12/12/1957 va keo dai hdn 7
thang. Ngay 29/7/1858. Td tudng Ih Kaman No Kami cua Nhat Ban ky vdi T.
H a r n s "Hiep Udc huu nghi va thUdng mai" (HU Yedo) tren chien ham My tha neo d Vinh Edo. Hiep udc gdm 14 dieu vdi cac ndi dung chinh:
1. Tdng thdng My cd quyen lap mdt van phdng ngoai giao tai Yedo va cd quyen cu cac lanh sii hay lap van phdng lanh sii ddng tai ba't cif mdt hay tat ca cac cang bien dupc Nhat Ban mO cifa cho My thdng thudng theo cac dieu khoan cua hiep udc nay. Nhan vien ngoai giao va Tdng lanh sii My tai Nhat cd quyen di lai tu do tren dat Nhat.
Chinh phu Nhat cd quyen lap mdt van phdng ngoai giao tai Washington va cu cac lanh sii hay lap van phdng lanh su ddng tai bat cu mdt hay tat ca cac cang bien cua My. Nhan vien ngoai giao va Tdng lanh sii Nhat Ban tai My cd quyen di lai tii do tren dai My.
2. Neu dupc yeu cau. tdng thdng My se ddng vai trd hda giai thien chi ddi vdi cac van de khac biet cd kha nang nay sinh giuta chinh quyen Nhat Ban vdi cac cudng qudc chau Au.
3. Md them cac cang va t h a n h phd' Kanagawa. Nagasaki (vao ngay 4/7/1859). Niigata' va Hiogo (vao ngay 1/1/1860) cho ngudi My tu do budn ban (trU thudc phien). di lai (trong pham vi quy dinh). thue dat. mua nha cifa. thue nhan cdng. TU ngay 1/1/1862. ngu'di My dupc phep den sdng o Yedo va tU ngay 1/1/1863 0 Osaka vi muc dich budn ban.
4. My dupc hupng quyen lanh sii tai phan va quyen tdi hue qud'c.
Hiep Udc nay dupc Qudc hdi My thdng qua ngay 15/6/1858. sau dd du'dc Tdng thd'ng Buchanan phe chuan ngav 30/6/1858.
So sanh ndi dung Hiep Udc Yedo vdi ndi dung hai ban hiep Udc tren cho thay, Hiep Udc Yedo md rdng hdn nUa quyen Ipi thifdng mai cua My tren nguyen tac tu do thudng mai, ddng thdi thiet lap quan he ngoai giao chinh thuc
va hdp tac quan sU giUa hai nUdc. Qua ba lan ky hiep udc, My dUdc chap nhan chd tau vao 6 cang Hakodate, Shimoda, Kanagawa. Nagasaki, Niigata va Hiogo. Neu so s a n h vdi cac nUdc phUdng Tay. chiing ta tha'y d khu viic bien N^hat Ban. t a m boat ddng cua cac dpi tau My la rdng ldn n h a t va My ciing la nUdc ma Nhat Ban phai n h a n nhUdng nhieu nha't trong quyen du'dc phep vao cang.
N h u vay, ve mat phap ly. My la nUdc gianh du'dc nhieu dac quyen nha't. Vdi nhutng dac quyen nay. My thitc sit "keo"
Nhdt Bdn vdo ddu tritdng thitdng mgi qudc te - ndi dang dien ra nhitng xung dot ve ldi ich giita cdc citdng qudc.
Ben canh dd. nhUng quy dinh trong Hiep udc Yedo ve quyen lap van phdng ngoai giao cua My tai N h a t Ban va vai trd cua tdng thd'ng My trong viec giai quyet cac van de khac biet cd kha nang nay sinh giua chinh quyen Nhat Ban vdi cac cUdng qud'c chau Au cho tha'y.
My da dat dupc n h u n g t h a n g Ipi ldn hdn ve ngoai giao. ditgc quyen can thiep sdu hdn vdo chu quyen Nhdt va do dd. sit phu thugc ve ngogi giao cua Nhdt vdo My ngdy cdng gia tdng.
Tuy nhien, sau khi dan dau doan
"dieu h a n h phao h a m " cua cac cu'dng qud'c n h a m md cifa N h a t Ban trong nhutng n a m 1850, budc sang dau nhutng nam 60 cua the ky XIX. My lai chuyen sang vi tri theo sau nhUng cudng qudc nay. L}' do cd ban la nudc My dang vudng vad cudc Ndi chie'n giuta hai mien Nam - Bae. Ngoai trUdng 'My William Seward da yeu cau cac cdng sii My d Nhat Ban ciing nhU t r e n k h a p the gidi phai hpp tac vdi Anh va P h a p den chiing nao cd the de chan kha nang cac nudc nay cdng n h a n chinh quj'en do cac bang ly khai mien N a m lap nen (chinh quyen Hdp b a n g My).
Cimg thdi gian dd, ddi sd'ng chinh tri.
xa hdi N h a t Ban d trong tinh t r a n g het sifc cang t h a n g va ngay cang phUc tap.
Cudc da'u t r a n h giua trieu dinh va phai
ung hd trieu dinh (phai Tdn vUdng nhUdng di) vdi Mac phu dien ra gay gat.
Trong cudc da'u t r a n h nay. My ciing vdi Anh va P h a p dUng ve phia Mac phu.
Ngoai ly do neu tren, cdn cd hai nguyen nhan khac giai thich dieu nay. Thit nhdt, Thien hoang Komei tU chdi phe chuan hiep Udc Mac phu vUa ky vdi My.
Thd hai, ngan chan sii p h a t trien cua phong trao chd'ng lai ngUdi phUdng Tay trong dd cd My^ Dan chiing tieu bieu la vu sat hai Henry Heusken, trp ly cua T.
Harris vao ngay 15/1/1861.
Ve phia Nhat, sii suy giam uy liic cua Mac phu Edo sau cudc chinh phat Choshu lan thuf hai khdng t h a n h cdng, sii phat trien cua phong trao "Tdn vUdng dao Mac" thay cho "Tdn vUdng nhUdng di" trUdc day cimg vdi sii ke vi cua Thien hoang Mutsuhito sdm cd tU tudng cai each da tac nen nhiing ap lilc buoc Tokugawa Yoshinobu phai chap nhan ldi khuyen trao t r a quyen liic chinh tri cho trieu dinh Kyoto, cha'm dift 267 nam tdn tai cua chinh quyen Tokugawa. T h a n g 1/1868, Thien hoang Mutsuhito ra lenh trua't quyen Shogun va thanh lap chinh phu mdi gdm dai dien cac the liic cd tU tudng cai each.
Ngay 14-3-1868, Thien hoang Minh Tri tuyen bd "Ngii dieu ngii the van" - mot cUdng linh chinh tri xay diing da't nUdc theo mo hinh phUdng Tay, the hien dudng loi can ban cua chinh quyen mdi va quyet t a m tiep n h a n van minh phUdng Tay de canh t a n da't nUdc.
Sau khi n a m chinh quyen, chinh phu Minh Tri da tien h a n h met cudc cai each xa hpi k h a toan dien tren cac mat h a n h chinh, kinh te - tai chinh, van hda - giao due, q u a n sii. Vdi nhiing bien phap cai each dd, che dp phan quyen trUdc day da bi xda bd, N h a t Ban trd t h a n h mdt qud'c gia t r u n g Udng tap quyen, bat dau dat nen t a n g cho sii hinh t h a n h thi trUdng thd'ng n h a t trdng ca nUdc va ciing tad tien de cho chu nghia tU ban tai N h a t p h a t trien. Lilc
lUdng quan sii dUdc xay diing theo md hinh chau Au. Hoat ddng san xua't, lUu thdng h a n g hda va tien te dUdc thiic day. Mot he thd'ng giao due qud'c gia vdi ndi dung va tU tudng hien dai dupc trien khai xay dilng...
Trong qua trinh can dai hda do d Nhat Ban, My ddng mdt vai trd it quan trpng hdn so vdi vai trd "ndi trdi" trong viec thiic hien sU menh md cifa va md rdng hdn nUa canh cifa da md vao da't nUdc mat trdi mpc trUdc day. Vai trd nay chil yeu the hien tren ba phUdng dien:
Mgt la, vai trd cd' va'n. Vai trd nay lien quan chat che vdi chu trUdng "hpc tap phudng Tay" cua N h a t Ban.
De trien khai k h a u hieu cd tinh chien lupc: "Hpc tap phUdng Tay, dudi kip phUdng Tay, di vUdt phUdng Tay", chinh quyen Minh Tri da thUc thi mot trong nhung chinh sach ldn cua minh, dd la 'Van minh khai hda". He qua la, mot cao trao hpc tap cac nUdc phUdng Tay da dien ra d Nhat. Cho den cudi thdi ky Minh Tri, Nhat Ban da mdi khoang 3000 cd' van nUdc ngoai tdi Nhat de tU van cho chinh quyen Minh Tri trong qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sach va tbiic hien cac muc tieu can dai boa. Nhat Ban can cU vao the manh cua tUng qud'c gia trong cac linh viic de mdi chuyen gia tdi cd' van cho minh. Cu the: cd van ve hai quan dUdc mdi tU Anh, ve luc quan dUdc mdi til Phap, ve luat dupc mdi tU DUc, cdn vai trd cua cac cd' va'n My chu yeu la trong cac linh viic ddi ngoai, tai chinh, giao due va ndng nghiep.
Ddng gdp cua cac cd' va'n My da dUdc chinh phu Nhat ghi nhan. Mot trong nhutng cd' va'n My ndi tieng nha't trong thdi Minh Tri, Tudng Charles LeGrande, ngUdi t h a m gia vao viec hoach dinh h a u bet cac cac chinh sach ddi ngoai quan trpng n h a t cua Nhat Ban trong sudt nhutng nam 70 cua the ky XIX, da dUdc Thien hoang Minh Tri trao tang Huan chUdng Mat trdi mpc (Order of the Rising Sun) vao nam 1875.
Hai Id. vai trd thiic day trao ddi budn ban giuta hai nu'dc.
Ngay sau khi Hiep udc Kanagawa dupc ky ket. cac thu'dng n h a n My da cd gang md rdng quan he thu'dng mai vdi Nhat Ban. Tuy nhien. cho de'n nam 1859. vi nhieu ly do, nha cam quyen Nhat Ban h a u nhU chi cho phep thUOng n h a n My mua h a n g boa cua Nhat Ban.
ddng thdi ban che viec ban h a n g cua hp vao Nhat Ban. Chinh vi vay. khdi lUdng va gia tri hang hda Nhat Ban nhap vao My ludn ldn hdn khdi lupng va gia tri hang hda My xua't sang Nhat Ban.
Sau khi Nhat Ban md cUa thudng mai vao nam 1859. quan he thUdng mai song phudng giua My vdi Nhat Ban mdi cd dieu kien phat t n e n . Chi vai t u a n sau khi van phdng lanh sii My tai Nhat Ban dupc t h a n h lap (thang 7/1859).
cdng ty thu'dng mai Walsh. Hall and Company cua My da md cifa h a n g dau tien tai Yokohama. Tii' dd. t r u n g binh mdi nam cd khoang 20 den 40 tau My cap cang nay va Yokohama trd t h a n h mot trong nhutng dau mdi budn ban quan trpng cua thu'dng n h a n My.
Den nhiing nam 1861-1865. quan he budn ban giiia hai nu'dc tam thdi chutng lai do My vu'dng vao cudc Ndi chien giua hai mien Nam-Bac. Sau nam 1865.
trong quan he kmh te - thudng mai My - Nhat Ban dien ra mdt siI kien cd y nghia quan trpng. gdp phan dUa boat ddng thuong mai giUa hai nUdc len bUdc tang trUdng mdi. dd la Hdi chp trien lam qud'c te td chiic tai Philadelphia nam 1876. Hdi chp nay da thilc sii quang cao cho cac mat h a n g cua Nhat.
ddng thdi tao cO hdi cho gidi thUdng nhan My tiep can va nam lay cd hdi ky hdp ddng mua cac loai h a n g hda do Nhat san xuat. dac biet la to sd'ng. lua.
tra. tiep den la dd sOn mai. gdm sU.
ddng, long nao..,
Tif phia My, mat h a n g dupc Nhat Ban chu y dac biet la dau mo, Dau mo dupc gidi thieu dau tien d Yokohama
nam 1868, Den dau n h u n g n a m 1880.
dau trd nen r a t can thiet va phd bie'n.
Nhap k h a u dau md t a n g n h a n h chdng tuf 4.000 thiing n a m 1870 len 980.000 nam 1880. N a m 1883, chinh phu Nhat ca'm n h a p k h a u dau md dUdi dp chay 115 dp. N a m 1888, My xua't k h a u dau Baku^ vao N h a t Ban va til dd tie'p tuc cung ca'p dau gia re cho Nhat. Trong 6.143.000 USD gia tri xuat khau thi 3.783.000 USD thudc ve dau md [4.
tr.96]. Ngoai ra. My cdn xua't sang Nhat nhieu mat h a n g khac nhU ddng hd, dd da, giay da, hot my, thudc la, bd, suta, sach vd...
Nhin chung. trong ta't ca cac nudc cd quan he thUOng mai vdi Nhat Ban. My la ban h a n g ldn nha't vdi gia tri budn ban h a n g n a m dat 23 trieu yen. Trong khi dd. T r u n g Qud'c. ban h a n g ldn thii hai cua N h a t . chi dat xa'p xi mot mia con sd nay. Tuy nhien. cho den cudi the ky XIX, gia tri h a n g hoa My xua't sang Nhat van chie'm ty le tha'p hdn nhieu so vdi gia tri h a n g hoa N h a t xua't sang My. Nam 1885. ty le nay la 10% (:My) so vdi 42% (Nhat Ban). Nam 1889. dp chenh lech nay cd giam di ddi chiit nhu'ng van d mUc 9% (IVIy) va 37%
(Nhat Ban) [4. tr.96].
Ba Id. Ipi dung lan nhau de thiic hien muc tieu xam lUdc va banh trUdng.
Mdi quan he ldi dung lan nhau dd dupc p h a n a n h rd qua cudc chien t r a n h Nhat Ban - Dai Loan (1874). Nhat Ban - Luu Cau (1878-1881) va N h a t Ban - Trung Qud'c (1894-1895). Trong cudc chien tranh xd?7i litdc Ddi Loan ndm 1874. sii img hd cua My ddi vdi Nhat Ban the hien d chd ngay tii dau chinh phu My da khdng b a n che ngudi My phuc vu cho N h a t Ban. Mdt trong nhUng dan chiing tieu bieu cho dieu nay la chinh phu My da ddng y de Tudng Charles LeGrande tii chiic dai dien lam thdi My d T r u n g Qud'c de tdi N h a t Ban lam cd'va'n cho Bd Ngoai giao N h a t trong viec hoach dinh nhieu chinh
sach quan trpng trong dd cd chinh sach xam lUdc Dai Loan. Khi h a n h ddng cua Nhat bi chinh phu Anh va trieu dinh Man T h a n h phan ddi gay gat, ve mat hinh thiic My p h a n ddi viec chinh phu Nhat Ban thue sy quan va t a u thuyen My, nhUng thiic chat "mai den budc quan trpng cudi cung My mdi cam dung
:au thuyen My lam cdng cu van chuyen cho Nhat Ban, cdn viec ngan ca'm sy quan My phuc vu cho N h a t thi lai cang do dii khdng quyet dinh. Cho den khi Trung Qud'c quyet dinh p h a n ddi cudc vien chinh dd thi lanh sii My d Ha Mdn mdi chinh thUc ra lenh cho hp rut lui, nhUng lenh nay lai dUa di trUdc khi dupc uy quyen. Do dd ma hp khdng he cha'p h a n h gi ca" [5, t r . l 5 ] . Sau khi hanh dpng quan sii cifa N h a t tha't bai, trong qua trinh dam phan N h a t Ban - Trung Qudc, dai dien lam thdi My d Bae Kinh S.W. William la phu ta dac liic cho phia Nhat Ban va cd anh hUdng nha't dinh tdi viec ky ket hiep Udc Bae Kinh t h a n g 10/1874.
Ddi vdi vdn de Litu Cdu (Ryukyu) - mdt vUdng qud'c hpp tu bdi nam nhdm dao chinh nam d mien Nam Nhat Ban va phia Ddng cua luc dia Trung Hoa, ca My va Nhat Ban deu ldi dung lan nhau de thiic hien ke hoach b a n h trUdng cua minh. Nam 1872, My va N h a t ky mdt thda udc bi mat vdi ndi dung My ddng y de Nhat Ban thdn tinh Luu Cau, ddi lai Nhat Ban phai tdn trpng thda t h u a n nam 1854 giUa LUu Cau vdi M y \ Vdi sil hau t h u i n ngam cua My, Nhat Ban da yeu cau vua LUu Cau ngiing cdng nap nha T h a n h (1878), sau dd tuf y ddi LUu Cau t h a n h mdt huyen cua N h a t (1879).
Khi quan he N h a t - Trung trd nen rat cang thang, ciiu Tdng thd'ng Grant da ddng y vdi de nghi cua trieu dinh nha Thanh dUng ra dam n h a n vai trd "hda giai" mau t h u i n Trung Qudc - Nhat Ban. Trong cudc hdi dam bi mat vdi Nhat t h a n g 7/1879, G r a n t khuyen Nhat khdng nen h a n h ddng vdi va neu khdng
"cac liet cUdng chau Au se can cU vao ldi ich cua hp de ket thiic chien tranh" va khuyen N h a t nen dung phUdng phap dam phan t n i c tiep de chiem Luu Cau [5, tr.26]. Theo ldi khuyen ciia Grant, Nhat Ban va Trung Qud'c da tien hanh dam phan tai Bae Kinh nhUng khong dUa lai ke't qua. Sau dd, ldi dung cd hpi nha Thanh phai ddi dau vdi de qud'c Nga trong va'n de bien gidi, Nhat Ban d i n chiem ddng LUu C i u va sap nhap vao dia phan / l a n ' Satsuma.
Trong cudc chien tranh Nhdt Bdn - Trung Quo'c xung q u a n h van de Trieu Tien (1894-1895), be ngoai My tuyen bo' "trung lap", nhUng tren thiic te van img hp va giiip dp N h a t Ban bang each:
tao dieu kien cho gian diep Nhat Ban boat ddng, lien he va che giau cho h a n h dpng t a n bao cua N h a t Ban;
phan ddi de nghi cua Anh ve viec dung bien phap "lien hpp can thiep" giuta nam nUdc Anh, Diic, Nga, P h a p va My de ket thiic chie'n t r a n h Trung - Nhat...
Tuy nhien, khi Nhat Ban budc chinh phu Trieu Tien chap nhan ach bao hp cua Nhat va thUa thang tien vao Man Chau, ban dao Lieu Ddng, My vdi va khuyen Nhat Ban "nghi boa" vdi Trung Qud'c va yeu cau dUdc lam "trung gian dieu dinh" cudc chien. Diia tren nhutng tinh toan ldi ich qudc gia, Nhat Ban ddng y vdi de nghi nay cua My.
Sau khi ky ket hiep Udc ket thuc cudc chien t r a n h Nhat - Trung vdi nhutng dieu khoan cd Ipi cho Nhat.
Thien hoang Mutsuhito da gifi thU cam dn Tdng thdng My Cleveland. BUc thU cd doan:
"Trdng cudc chien t r a n h giuta de che cua chiing tdi vdi de che Trung Hoa, nay da ket thiic bang mot hiep Udc hoa binh, theo sii chuan y va nhiing chi dan sang sud't cua Ngai, cac nha ngoai giao va cd van My d Trung Qud'c da md rdng cifa van phdng cua minh tiep ddn t h i n dan cua chiing tdi d Trung Qud'c va rat nhieu lan cd gang giiip dd hp.
Khi cudc chien t r a n h s a p bUdc vao giai doan ke't thiic, mdt l i n nuta cac dai dien cua My t a i Tokyo va B i c Kinh, theo sU uy q u y e n cua Ngai, da de x u a t each ma t h e o dd T r u n g Qudc cd the tiep can t n i c tiep chinh phii cua c h u n g tdi. Ddng thdi. cac dai dien My tai hai nUdc da tim each t h u c day nhUng cudc tiep xuc t n i c tiep giUa chinh p h u h a i nifdc N h a t B a n va T r u n g Qudc. Dd la nhUng bUdc md d i u de tien tdi viec dam p h a n giai quyet dut k h o a t t i n h t r a n g x u n g dot...
N h a n dip nay, c h u n g tdi bay td sii cam dn sau sac tdi Ngai ve nhutng h a n h ddng ciia Ngai cung nhU ciia cac n h a n vien dUdi quyen Ngai... vi nhUng h a n h ddng dd k h d n g chi giiip lam giam nhUng gay go gian khd va khd'c liet cua chien t r a n h va dUa tdi sii t h a n h cdng cua cudc d a m p h a n boa binh ma cdn t h a t c h a t hdn sdi day doan ket va l a n g gieng hutu hao giUa hai nUdc c h u n g ta". [6, tr.969]
Npi dung bUc thU khdng chi cho tha'y rd mdi quan he hdp tac giiia N h a t Ban va My trong cudc chien t r a n h b a n h trUdng cua N h a t d luc dia chau A ma cdn phan a n h mdt thiic te la trong ky nguyen Minh Tri, vai tro ''trung gian hod gidi thien chf cua My "ddi vdi cdc vdn de khdc biet cd khd ndng ndy sinh gida chinh quyen Nhdt Ban' dd md rgng ra ngodi phgm vi ''vdi cdc nitdc chdu Au" vd vitdn tdi cd cdc qudc gia ndm trong chinh sdch xdm litdc cua Nhdt Bdn •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
1. Neumann, W. L. (1963), America encounters Japan: from Perry to
MacArthur, Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore
2. Murase, S. (1976), "The Most-Favored- Nation Treatment in Japan's Treaty Practice During the Period 1854-1905", American Journal of International Law,
70(2), pp. 273-297
3. Hoare J.E. (1994), Japans Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements, J a p a n Library 4. Nitobe, I. (1891), The Intercourse between
the United States and Japan, The John Hopskin Press, Baltimore
5. Thieu Dinh Huan (1977), Chinh sdch Vien Dong cua My trong thdi ky duy tan d Nhdt Bdn, Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc Xa hoi, HN.
6. United States Department of State (1895), Foreign relations of the United States, with the annual message of the president, transmitted to Congress December 2, 1895, Part II, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C
Chu thich:
1) Neu vi ly do nao do, cang Niigata khong ducic md thi chinh phii hai nu6c cung liia chon mot cang bien khac tren bd phia Tay Nhat Ban de thay the.
2) Trieu dinh Tokyo va phe doi lap vdi Mac phti quan niem viec ky ket cac hiep Udc vdi nu6c ngoai cua Mac phii la hanh dong "ban nttdc" - di ngifdc lai mong muon ctia Thien hoang, khong dUdc long dan. Til do, phong trao "img ho Thien hoang - Loai trii' lu man di" ("Ton wfdng nhtldng di") no ra manh me. Nhiing cuoc tan cong, sat hai ngiidi phifdng Tay dien ra mot each pho bien. Chinh quyen Edo td ra rat liing tiing trong viec xii ly cac cuoc chohg doi trong niidc.
3) Day la loai dau dUdc khai thac d Azerbaijan 4) Thang 7/1854, Peny dimg thu ddan de doa vii
trang buoc nha cam quyen Ryukyu ky thoa thuan dong y cho My dat cac kho du trii than d vung bd bien Ryukyu, ngUdi My co quyen tU do buon ban va di lai d Ryukyu.
5) Han: Phien, la nhiing khu vUc dia-hanh chinh dd cac daimyo trUc tiep quan ly.
