NHAN DANG KHU Vl/C KINH TE
C H U A Dl/CfC QUAN SAT VA THU NHAP, TAI SAN DUOC HINH THANH TtT KHU Vl/C
KINH TE CHITA Dl/CfC QUAN SAT
• NGUYEN VU HOANG
TOM TAT:
Khu vffc kinh te' chffa dffdc quan sat, kinh te' phi chinh thffc, kinh td' ngam... la nhffng thudt ngff dang dffdc nhilu nha quan Iy va gidi chuydn gia nhilu lan d l cdp gan ddy khi ndi vl quy md ciia nen kmh te'. O Viet Nam, dilu de nhan tha'y la boat dpng kinh te' ehUa dUde quan sdt, kinh te' phi chinh thffc, kinh te' ngam... xua't hien khap mgi ndi, song nhffng so lieu thd'ng ke va hidu bie't ve khu \\ic kinh td' nay v§n con han chd'. Dilu quan trong Men nay Id can cd each thffe nhdn dang va dinh hinh, xdc dinh quy md, ddng gdp cua khu vUc kinh te' ndy cho GDP, cung nhff cdch thffc hinh thanh cac ngudn thu nhap va tdi san cua khu vffc kinh te nay. Bai vid't cung ca'p mot so nhdn dang bffdc dau ve khu vUc kinh td' chua dUdc quan sat va cac dang thu nhdp. tdi san dUde Mnh thdnh tff khu vUc kinh td'nay.
Tff khda: Nhdn dang khu vUc kinh te', khu vUc kinh td' chffa dffdc quan sdt, thu nhap, tai sdn.
1. Khu vffc kinh te chffa dffdc quan sat - Nhiing nhan dang bffdc dau
Trdng He thd'ng tai khoan qud'c gia (SNA), cd mot phdn ciia nen kinh te'chffa dffdc tinh vao GDP.
Phan nay ciia nIn kinh le dffdc ggi Id "Khu vUc kinh te'chffa dffdc quan sat" (Non Observed Economy - NOE). Do tinh phffc tap vd da dang cua khu vUe kinh te' nay, nen cae nha nghidn cffu va gidi chuydn gia thudng ehi ndu dac diem chinh de nhdn dang va qua dd giai thich cho cac thuat ngff dffdc dffa ra. Cdc thuat ngff hay dffdc nhdc tdi nhff khu vUc kinh te'phi chinh thffc, khu vUc kinh te' trong bdng td'i, khu vUc kmh te'ngam, khu vUckinh te'khdng dinh hinh, khu vUc kinh te' phi ke't cd'u, khu vUc kinh td' khdng dang ky, khu vUc kinh te' song song... Dil cd nhieu ten goi khac nhau, nhUng nhin chung cac thuat ngff tren dlu phdn dnh ban cha't cac hoat dong kinh te ciia mot khu vUc chUa dffdc thd'ng ke mdt each ehinh thffc va
la bd phan quan trong ciia nIn kinh te qud'c gia.
Kinh te'chffadUPc quan sat bao gdm ca khu vUc kinh te chffa dffdc quan sat vd viec lam chua dffdc quan sat. Gan day, Thu Mdng Chinh phii da cd Quye't dinh sd 1121/QD-TTg, ngay 07-9-2018, ban hdnh Ke hoach xdy dUng De an Thd'ng ke khu vUe kinh te chUa dUdc quan sat.
Theo Td chffe Hop tac va Phat trien kinh te (OECD)', khu vUc kinh te' chffa dffdc quan sat Id khdi niem chi cac boat ddng lien quan de'n cac khu vUc: khu vUc kinh te' ngam; khu viic kinh te ba't hdp phap; khu vUc kinh le khdng chinh thffc; khu vUc kmh te'hd tu san tU tidu; khu vUc kinh te'chUadUdc quan sat do thie'u sdi trong chUdng trinh thd'ng kd dff lieu.
Khu vffc kinh te' ngam la khu vUc diln ra nhffng boat ddng kinh te'hdp phdp nhUng bi gid'u gie'm mpt cdch cd chu y, nham ne trdnh nghia vu ndp ihue'.
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nghia vu dong bao hidm xa hdi, trdnh thffc hiSn quy dinh cua Nha nffdc, cdc thu tuc phdp ly, hanh cM'nh Cling nhif ngMa vu bdo cdo tdi cMnh, bao cdo thd'ng ke... Theo he thd'ng tai khoan qud'c gia (SNA 1993), kinh te' ngam d l cdp tdi cac hoat ddng nha't dinh vffa mang linh san xud't theo ngMa kinh te', vffa Mdng dd'l hdp phap nhutag che gia'u nha chffc trach trong nhffng tinh hud'ng nhff ne tranh tra thue'; ne tranh ddng gdp an sinh xa hdi; ne trdnh dap ffng cdc tieu chu^n phap Mat nha't dinh nhff Iffdng td'i thidu, gid lam viec td'i thieu, tieu chuan an toan hoac sffc khoe...; ne trdnh thuc hien cac thu tuc hanh chinh nha't dinh nhff viec diln cdu hoi thdng ke hoac cac mau bieu hanh chinh khdc. Mdt each tid'p can khac cua Edgar. L. Feige-, cho rdng, kinh te' ngtm bao gdm ta't ca hoat ddng kinh td' dUde quan sat chffih thffe vao tdng san pham qudc gia (GNP) nhffng khdng dUdc dang ky (umecorded). Theo Feige^, cd 41oairiengbiet cua boat ddng kinh te'ngam dd la:
ba't hdp phap (illegal), chffa dffdc bao cdo (unreported), chffa dffdc dang ky (umecorded) vd khdng chinh thffe (informal). Feige cung cM ra mdt loat thudt ngff lien quan de'n kmh te ngam nhff kinh td' ngam (underground), kinh te' bi mat (subterranean), kinh te bdng dem (shadow), kinh te' khdng chinh thffc (mformal), kinh te gid'u kin (hidden), kmh te' song song (parallel), kinh td'ngoai vdng phap Mat (black), kinh te' bi che gia'u (clandestine), kinh id thff hai (second), kinh te hg gia dinb (household)...
Khu vUc kinh te bd't hdp phap bao gdm cac hoat dpng kmh te' bi phdp Mat nghiem ca'm, vi du san xud't, budn bdn ma tuy, boat ddng mai ddm, budn ban ngUdi, danh bac, rffa tien, chuydn dich tai san ba't minh... Cac hoat ddng kinh te' khong bi phap Mat ngMem cam nhUng do cdc nha san xua't, mua ban, cung ffng trai phdp ludt cung thudc cac hoat ddng kinh te' ba't hdp phap. Cac hoat dgng thudc nhdm kinh te'ba't hdp phap trong hd thd'ng tai khoan qud'c gia (SNA 1993) bao gdm 2 loai: viee san xua't hang hda va dich vu ma viec san xud't, budn ban hoac sd hffu bi phap Mat nghiem cd'm; cac hoat ddng san xuat ma thffdng hpp phap nhMig trd ndn ba't hdp phap khi dffdc thffc Men bdi cac nha san xua't khdng dupe uy quyen.
Khu vffc kinh le khdng chinh thffc, theo Nghi quye't cua Hdi nghi qud'c te lan thff 15 vl thd'ng kd Iao dpng nam 1993 (ICLS)'', Id su bao gdm cdc ddn vi cd Uen quan de'n san xua't hang hda hoac dich vu vdi muc dieh dau tidn la phan bo lao ddng va thu
nhdp tdi nhffng ngUdi cd hen quan. Cac ddn vi nay nMn chung cd Irinh dp id chffc san xua't cdn d mffc tha'p, vdi it hodc khdng cd sff phan chia giffa lao ddng va vd'n vdi tu cdch Id edc nhdn td cho san xud't va tren pham vi nhd. Cde quan hd Iao ddng hau het dffa tren cd sd lao ddng thdng thudng, gan bd trong md'i quan he ho hang hoac quan he ca nhdn vd quan he xa hdi hdn la cdc thda thudn hdp ddng vdi sU bao dam chae chan.
Khu viTc kinh te'hd tU san tU tieu khdng dUdcde cap trong ICLS vd bao gdm viec san xud't miia mang va gia sue, viec san xudt eae hang hda khdc eho muc dich tieu dung cd nhdn va hd gia i£nh, viec xay dffng nha d thudc sd hiM cua hp va viec hinh thanh vd'n cd' dinh khac thudc sd hiJu ciia hg, tien thue khdng quy ddi cua ngUdi c\i tru Id ehu sd hffu, vd cae dich vu ciia lao ddng gia dinh da cM tra.
Khu vifc kinh te' chffa dffdc quan sat do thie'u sdt trong chffdng trinh thd'ng ke dff lieu: la khu vUe kinh td' trong do hoat ddng kinh te' hi bo sdt do chffdng trinh thu thdp dff heu cd ban, bao gom ca cac hoat ddng kinh te' dang ly phai thu thap thdng tin nhung bi bd sdt trong qua trinh thu thdp sd' lidu do dilu tra khdng bao phu day du pham vi, hoac dd'i Mdng dieu tra khdng hdp tdc...
2. Thu nhap, tai san dffrfc hinh thanh tff khu vffc kmh td'chffa dffrie quan sat
Tai san, thu nhdp cua khu vUc kinh te chUa dupe quan sat hinh thanh tff nhilu ngudn, bao gdm ca thu nhdp, tdi san dffdc hinh thanh hdp phap va thu nhdp, tai san dffdc hinh thdnh bd't hdp phap Thu nhdp, tai san hinh thanh tff khu vUc kinh te chffa dffdc quan sat cd sU khac biet gitta cdc loai hinh khu vffc kinh td'chua dffdc quan sdt. Thu nhdp, tdi san trong loai hinh kinh te'phi chinh thffe chii ydu Mnh thanh dffdi dang M" san, M tieu, thoat khdi mdt phin hoac hoan toan quy dinh cua Nha nffdc, nhd't la d cac nffdc dang phdt trien Thu nhap, tdi san trong kinh te ngam hinh thanh theo each tranh quy dinh ciia Nha nffdc, nham cd y khai thd'p doanh sd vd trdnh kidm todn thud'. Thu nhdp, tai san trong kinh td bat hdp phap hinh thanh tff hoat dgng budn ban san pham vd dich vu ba't hdp phap nhff ma tuy, mai ddm, danh bac, rffa tien...
Thii nhd't, cic ngudn thu nhap va tai san dUde hinh thanh tff tidn Iffdng ciia nhdm lao ddng phi chinh thffc. Khu vUc phi chinh thffc cd nhffng ddc didm dl nhdn tha'y nhff lao ddng trong khu vffc nay cd vide ldm bd'p benh, thie'u on dinh, khdng cd hdp ddng lao ddng hoac hpp ddng thda thuan mieng.
thu nhap thd'p, thdi gian Iam viec dai, cd sd san xua't kinh doanh trong khu vffc nay thffdng cd quy md rat nhd hoac sieu nhd, khdng dang ky kinh doanh, khdng ddng bao hiem xa hdi, bdo Mem y te, khdng chi tra cic che' do phu cap vd cac khodn phue ldi xa hdi khdc cho ngffdi Iao ddng...^ Ngffdi lao ddng trong khu vffc phi chinh thffc bao gdm ta't ca nhffng ngffdi da diidc tuyen dung trong it nhd't mdt doanh nghidp Ihugc khu vffc kinh te' phi chinh thffc, ba't ke vi tri ciia hg trong cdng viec. Tieu chuan mang tinh thffc liln dffpc cdc nffdc sff dung de dinh nghia viec lam phi chinh thffc bao gdm sff thie'u dUdc thu hudng he thd'ng an sinh xa hdi va khdng dUdc hffdng quyen dffdc tra Iffdng dd'i vdi nhffng ngay nghi phep vd nghi d'm*'.
Khu vUc phi chinh thffc gdn vdi viec lam phi chinh thffc va Iao ddng phi chinh thffc. Viec ldm pM chinh tbffc cd xu hudng phd bie'n nhd't trong ndng nghiep vd xdy dUng. Trung binh, d cac nffdc dang phat tnen va cac nffdc cd thu nhdp trung binh tha'p, viec lam phi chinh thffc d hai nganh nay chie'm hPn 40% tdng sd'viec lam. O nhffng nffdc nay, ty le viec ldm pM chinh thffc cung cao dang kd trong Imh vffc san xua't va dich vu tbi trUdng. Trong cac dich vu thi trUdng, vide Iam phi chinh thffc ddc bidt phd bid'n trong dich vu cff tni va dich vu d ta't ca cdc nhdm ihu nhap va trong thffdng mai ban budn va bdn le d cac nUdc cd thu nhap trung binh tha'p''. Lao ddng phi chinh thffe bao gdm nhieu dd'i tffdng cd vi tri viec lam khdc nhau nhu lao dgng tU lam, chu cd sd san xud't kmh doanh, lao ddng gia dinh khdng hudng IUdng vd ngudi lam cdng an lUPng. O Viel Nam, ndm 2016, chi tinh rieng khu vUc chinh thffc, trong tdng sd' 16139,1 nghin ngffdi lam cdng dn Iffdng, cd khoang 1/3 (tffdng ffng 5433,1 nghin ngffdi) la lao ddng phi chinh thffc. Cd de'n 47 tinh, thanh phd'ed ty Ie lao ddng phi chinh thffc tren 50%. Ddng lUu y la khu vUc phi chinh thffc van cd vi tri dan dau trong viee cung cap viec lam d 2 thanh phd' Idn la Ha Ndi vd thdnh phd' Ho Chi Minh. Dieu tra Lao ddng va Viec lam nam 2009 da thd'ng ke dUdc sd viec lam khu vffc phi chinh thffc chie'm 32% tong sd' viec Iam d Ha Ndi va 34% d thanh phd Ho Chi Minhl Theo Tong cue Thd'ng ke^ ca nffdc cd 5,1 trieu cd sd san xua't, kinh doanh cd the phi ndng, lam nghiep va thuy san vdi 8,7 trieu lao ddng. Kinh te phi chinh thffc cdn kha tan mdt, rdi rac vdi sd'cd sd san xuat, kinh doanh ca the chiem ty trgng tdi 87,8% ve so lupng nhffng cM chie'm 32,3% trong tdng sdlao ddng cua cac cd sd kinh te. hdnh chinh, sff nghiep.
Tiln Mdng binh qudn cua lao ddn^ ^ li • ' i ''"-''^ ^^
khoang 6,8 trieu ddng/thang, cdn tiui IUdng binh qudn ciia nhdm lao ddng phi chinh diffc chi ed 4,4 tridu ddng/thang, bang 2/3 tiln luvng cua lao ddng chinh thffc. Trong nhdm lao ddng phi chinh thffc, nhdm chu cd sd cd thu nhdp cao nhd't vdi tiln Mdng binh qudn la 8,9 trieu ddng/thdng va tha'p nha't la nhdm lao ddng lam cdng an IUdng (gan 4,1 trieu ddng/thdng). Xet trong nhdm lao ddng phi chinh thffc, ed sir khdc bidt kha ro vl ty Ie Iao ddng cd thu nhap tha'p gitta nam gidi va nff gidi, ty le ndy d nam gidi tha'p hdn nff gidi rd't nhilu (39,1% so vdi 66,2%)"'.
Thii hai. thu nhap va ldi san dffdi dang tiln thffdng dupe midn thue' thu nhdp cd nhdn chUa dUdc thd'ng ke nhU thu nhdp tff chuyen nhUdng ba't ddng san; thu nhdp tff chuyen nhffdng nhd d, quyen sff dung da't d va tai san gan liln vdi da't d; thu nhap tff gia triquyin sff dung da't cua ca nhan dffdc Nhd nffdc giao dd't khdng phai tra tien hoac dffdc giam tien sff dung da't; thu nhdp tff nhan thffa ke, qua tang la ba't ddng san; thu nhdp cua hd gia dinh, ca nhan trUe tidp tham gia vdo hoat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep, ldm nghidp, ldm mud'i, nudi trong, ddnh bat thiiy san chUa qua che' bien; thu nhdp til chuyen doi da't ndng nghiep ciia hp gia dinh, cd nhan dUdc Nha nffdc giao de san xua't; thu nhdp tff lai tien gffi, thu nhap tff lai hdp ddng bdo hiem nhan thg; thu nhap tff kilu hdi; phin tien Iffdng, tien cdng lam viec ban dem, lam them gid; tien Mdng hffu; thu nhdp tff hpc bdng; tiln bdi thffdng bao hiem, liln bdi ihffdng tai nan lao ddng, cac khoan bdi thudng nhd nudc va cdc khoan bdi thudng khdc theo quy djnh ciia phap Mat; thu nhap nhan dUdc tff cac quy tff thien, hoat ddng vi muc dich tff thien, nhan dao, khdng nham mue dich thu ldi nhudn; thu nhdp nhan dffdc tff ngudn vien trd nffdc ngoai vi muc dich tff thien, nhan dao...".
Thii ba. thu nhap vd tai san dUdc Mnh thanh tft cae giao dich ve hinh thffe la hdp phap, cac hoat ddng khdng bi phap ludl nghiem ca'm nhUng khdng nop thue, kinh doanh khdng chinh thffc, gid'u doanh thu, giam ldi nhuan..., vi du mua ban nha, d-td nhffng khdng lam thu tuc chuyen quyen sd hffu, td chffc kinh doanh cd tren 10 Iao ddng, iheo Mat can phai lap doanh nghidp nhffng khdng ihanh lap doanh nghiep...., hay kinh te'chia se vdi nhttng dich vu md cd quan thud Iiing tiing trong thu thud bdi sff phffc tap trong cdch tid'n hdnh kinh doanh( 12) nhu thud phdng, nhd, cdn hd trong thdi gia-j [i^dn
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(Airbnb, Stayz); dich vu di xe d-ld tra phi (Uber, SheSafe, Shebah, GoCatch); dich vu cd nhan nhff thie't ke' do hga, web, giao hang, Idp rap ndi thd't (Autasker, Mad Paws, Deliveroo); cho thue bai dd xe (Parkhound, Spacer)...
Thd lU, thu nhdp va tai san dffdc hinh thanh mdt cdch ba't hpp phap nhff trd'n thud', rffa tiln, tai trd khung bd, tham nhOng, hdp phap hda lai san cd ngudn gd'c bat minh...
Mpt dieu tra todn quo'c vl tinh trang trd'n thud' cho tha'y, 83% cdng ty nUde ngodi dung cac thii doan khac nhau de giam thieu trdch nhiem ddng thue'trong nam 2013 va cac cdng ty nay da biydu cau hoan tra gan 400 ty VND (19 trieu USD) tiln thue' va phat'l Nghien cffu cho tha'y, 720 trong sd' 870 cdng ly nUde ngoai tai Viet Nam dd cd nhffng hanh vi gian Idn thue' trong nam 2013'* vd 923 cdng ty trong nUdc da trd'n thue''•^ 83% cdng ty nudc ngoai sff dung cdc chieu Ird khac nhau de giam thieu trdch nhiem ddng thud' trong nam 2015"^. Theo mdt nghien cffu, ke't qua nghien cffu thffc nghiem cho thd'y sff dung phffdng phdp cau tiln, quy md kinh te ngam ciia Viet Nam dao dpng Iff 20% den 50% gia tri GDP cd nffdc giai doan 1990-2013. Dieu ddng lffu y Id quy md kinh te' ngam d Viet Nam gia tdng ddng ke trong 10 nam qua. Dac biet, quy md nay gia tang ra't nhanh vao giai doan 2007-2008 khi cudc khung hoang idi chinh chdu A xay ra".
Mdt ngudn gdc ba't hdp phap khdc ctia thu nhap, tai .san la thu nhdp, tdi san dffpc hinh thanh tff hoat dpng rffa tiln. Theo mdt nghien effu'^ hoat dgng rffa din cd the dffdc thffc hien thdng qua nhilu phffdng thffc nhu thdng qua he thdng tai chinh, ngan hang;
thdng qua dau M nude ngoai; ldi dung cdc trung tam giai tri, sdng bac, xd sd, ca cUPc; thdng qua thi trUdng chffng khoan; ldi dung cac td ehffc tin dung; ldi dung cac hdp ddng thffdng mai, hda ddn chffng tff; thdng qua sd tie't kiem cua ngffdi lao ddng ngu eff d nUde ngoai; thong qua cdc giao dich xuyen qud'c gia; thdng qua Iao ddng bd't hdp phdp... Interpol''' cung canh bdo mpt sd' vu chuyen tiln cd nguon gd'c ba't hdp phap vao Viet Nam tff Mdddmbich, Cdnggd, Nigiena, Oxtrdylia, Bac My
Cung can ke de'n mdt ngudn tai san, thu nhdp dupe hinh thanh bat hdp phap tff tham nhiing. Tuy nhidn, cd sff khac biet vl cdch thffe hinh thanh tai san, thu nhap tff tham nhung gitta qudc gia cd thu nhap cao vd qud'c gia cd thu nhdp thd'p lidn quan de'n mpt bd phan cua khu vUe kinh td' chUa dUdc quan sat la kinh le' ngam. O cdc qudc gia cd thu nhap cao, viec hd'i Id quan ehffc sau khi cd nhdn/ld chffc bi phat hien tham gia vao hoat ddng cua kinh te' ngam thudng khdng xdy ra. Nhttng doanh nghiep mdi khdi nghiep khdng can phai hd'i Id de dap ffng cac yeu sdch cua quan chffc chinh phii, vi cac doanh nghiep hodn toan cd the nhd tdi Mat phap can thiep nham bao dam quyen ldi hdp phap cua hg. Them vao dd. Men tffdng tham nhung dffdc phat hien bdi cac khoan hd'i Id d nhffng du dn cdng cd gia tri hdp ddng khdng id. Tuy nhien, nhttng hpp ddng nhu the' nay ludn dupe thuc Men d khu vUc kinh te' chinh thffc, khdng phai d khu vffc kinh te' ngam. NgUde lai d cdc qudc gia cd thu nhap thd'p, edc doanh nghiep mdi khdi nghiep tham gia vdo kinh te ngam cd ly do de ky vpng Id thodt khoi tii tdi khi cac hoat ddng kinh doanh phi phdp cua ho bi phat Men bang each hd'i Id cac quan chffc chinh phii hoac cac quan chffc chinh phii thdng ddng vdi doanh nghiep de nhdn tiln hdi Id-".
Tuy nhien, thu hdi tdi san tham nhiing va tai san bd't hpp phap khdc dang la va'n dl edc qudc gia dang phai ddi mdt. Nhieu nd lffc hpp tdc qud'c td'da dffdc thuc hien va nhieu van kidn qudc td ve vd'n de ndy da ra ddi nhff cac Cdng Udc cua Lidn hdp qud'c vl phdng chd'ng tham nhung nam 2003, ve chd'ng budn bdn bd't hdp phdp cac chd't ma tiiy va chat hudng than nam 1988, vl chd'ng tdi pham ed td chffe xuyen qud'c gia nam 2000... Theo Sdng kie'n thu hdi tdi san tham nhung (StAR)-', hang nam cac nffdc dang phdt trien thd't thoat tff 20 de'n 40 ty USD vi nan hd'i Id vd tham nhung. Tuy nhien, cac nffdc mdi thu hdi mdt phan rd't nhd tdi san tham nhdng, chi khoang 5 ty USD dupe phuc hdi tff cac trung tam tai ehinh va quay trd ve nffdc xua't xff, cdn hau he't cdc ldi san phi phdp da dUdc chuyen di va ca't gia'u •
Bdi viit Id sdn pham cua de tdi NCKH cap nhd niidc:
"Gidm sdt xa hdi do'i vdi thu nhdp, tdi sdn vd hdnh vi cua cdn bd, cdng chtic, vien chdc theo yeu cdu xdy dUng nhd nUdcphdp quyen xd hgi chii nghia ", ma so KX.01.34/l6-20 ".
T A I L I E U T R I C H D A N VA T H A M K H A O :
' Measuring the Non-Observed Economy A Handbook, OECD. 2002. tr. 37 - 41
^ Ed. Edgar L Feige (ed.): "The Underground Economies - Tax Evasion and Information Distortion", Cambridge University Press. 1989
^ Ed Edgar L. Feige: "Defining and Estimating Underground and Informal Economies: The New Inslilulional Economics Approach", World Development Vol 18, No. 7; July 1990
" Resolution concerning statistics of employment in the informal sector, adopted by the Fifteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians, ILO, January 1993
^ Bdo cdo lao dgng phi chinh thdc 2016. Tong cue Thdng ke vd To chiic Lao dong qudc te'(lLO). Nxb. Hong Diic
* Informal economy, htlp://www.ilo.org/ilostat-files/Docunienls/description_IFL_EN.pdf
^ Trien vong viic ldm vd xd hoi the gidi- Xu hudng 2018, Td chiic Lao dong qudc ti. 2018
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30 Sd 13-Thang 7/2019
Ngay nhSn bai: 19/6/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va sii'a chffa: 29/6/2019 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 9/7/2019
Thdng tin tdc gid:_
PGS. TS. NGUYEN VU HOANG Tap chi Cdng san
IDENTIFYING THE UNOBSERVED
ECONOMY AND DETERMINE THE ACCUMULATION OF THIS ECONOMY'S ASSETS AND INCOME SOURCES
• Assoc. Prof, Ph.D NGUYEN VU HOANG Communist Review
ABSTRACT:
The unobserved economic sector, the informal economy or the underground economy are the terms that many managers and experts have mentioned recently when talking about the size of the economy. In Vietnam, there are many informal business activities happen in the underground economy sectors. However, the statistics and understanding about these unobserved economic sectors are limited. It is necessary for Vietnam to identify, determine the size and the contribution of these underground economic sectors to the country's GDP, and gain understanding about the accumulation of these economic sectors' assests and income sources. This article is to provide some initial identification of the unobserved economy and the form of this economy's income sources and assets.
Keywords: Economic sectors idenlification, unobserved economic sector, income, assets.
