TAP C H ( K H O A HQC XA HQI s 6 6{178)-2013 TRIET HOC - CHINH TR} HQC - LU^T HQC
NHO GIAO VIET NAM
NHiN TU' GOC DO TifeP BI^N VAN HOA
NGUYEN TAI DONG
TOM TAT
T(r (Sai Ly. Tr^n. d§c bi$t tCt d&i L6 Sc vS sau thl Nho giAo (3B chuyin biSn tCr h0 tw twdng ngo^i lai trd thanh Nho gi^o Vi$t Nam, khdng chl IB mQt trong nhung h$ tw twdng chu d^o cua Vi0t Nam trong ljch sw mB cdn IB thBnh td cua vBn hda Vi$t Nam.
Be ph{tc v^j cho nhung mi^c dich thiet thi/c cua xS h0i VI0t Nam, Nho giBo d§ cii biSn de trd thBnh mdt hpc thuyet Vi$t c6 tinh twang d6i ddc l$p so vdi Nho giBo tQi cBc nwdc khBc. Da phin cac nhB nho Vi$t Nam chd trong tdi hai ydu td chinh trj va d^o dCfc, ma chu ydu la ydu to chinh trj trong h$ thdng Nho giBo. CBc vin dS thudc d$o dt>c, thim my. vBn hda... ddu cd the duvc quy vi mpt tieu chi chung IB y thwc hd chinh thdng. GiBn iwQC hda va tBi ciu trOc Nho giBo di biin nd thBnh cdng cy ly tinh.
nhin mQt m$t cd vd nhw IB h$ thip glB tri cua Nho giBo. song m$t l<hBc thi dBy cung IB didu l<idn de cBc nha nho Vi$t Nam trBnh l<hdi kinh vi0n. trBnh thoBt ly th{i-c te, gdp phin nang cao trBch nhidm xa hoi han.
Nguyin TSi Dfing. Ti^n sT. Vi^n Triet hpc Vi0n HSn l^m Khoa hpc Xa hOi Vi$t Nam.
Nghien cuu nSy dupc tSi trp bai Quy Phdt tri^n Khoa hoc vS cong ngh$ qu6c gia (NAFOSTED) trong 6e tSi mS s6 11.4-2011.24.
Van h6a khong chi la t6ng t h l c^c gia tri vgt chat va tinh thJin do con nguai tgo ra, m^ n6 con IS nhOng phuang thuc de tgo ra nhung gia trj do. Tren thi/c te, nhieu dan tpc CO chung nhau nhung gia tn van hoa, song khong dan tpc nao Igi hoan toan giong nhau o loi song cOng nhu phuang thuc hogt dpng vSn hoa, sang tgo van hoa.
Neu chi nhin vao tung gia trj cy the cua m5i mpt n l n vSn hoa thi kho co the nam bat dupc ban sac cua dan tpc do. Mpt trong nh&ng tinh chit bat bien cua van hoa la m5i mpt nen van hoa, moi mpt vung van hoa, d l CO t h l ton tgi va phat trien, no bat bugc phai giao luu, hpi nhgp vol cac nen van hoa khac, cac vung van hoa khac. Va chinh thong qua sy giao luu, hpi nhgp ma ban sac van hoa cua cac dan tpc dupc phat trien va the hi?n ro.
The ky XX chung kiln si/ hoan thanh va phat triln ngay cang rye ra cua nganh van hoa hpc. Con nguai ngay cang nhgn thuc ro han vai tro to Idn cua van hoa va tu do rut ra dupc nhilu bai hpc ljch su co ich cho minh. Seng hipn nay, van hpa khong chl la doi tuang danh rieng cho nganh van hoa hpc nua, bai vi vi$c xem xet van hoa nhu mpt phgm tru thanh qua kho co the dem Igi mpt each nhin mang tinh ljch su va toan di$n doi vai mpt van de da chieu nhu
NGUYEN TAI eONG - NHO GlAO VlgT NAIVI: NHiN jO G 6 C BQ...
vSy. CAc ngSnh khoa hpc khSc g^n gCi v6i van h6a hQC nhu' sif hpc, dSn Wc hoc dSn tOc chi, nhan hue... aa d^n diln c6 nhOng each nhin m&\ me han v4 van hda, Djic bi$t trong nhOng nam qua, it cSc quAc gia phu'O'ng Tay, cac n u i c D6ng A cDng nhu' Vi^t Nam, hu'6'ng ti4p c^n van h6a tO g6c ao trilt hoc aa aem lai nh&ng thinh tyu tu'ong a6i kha quan. Vdi nhOng t h l manh riSng, trilt hpc van h6a, trilt hpc so sanh va a|c bi?t la trilt hpc lien vSn h(5a ngay cang c6 t h l tilp c|ln gSn hpn d i n nhu'ng v i n a l ban chit cua van hda cQng nhu qua trinh dien t i l n phCrc tap cua n6 trong ljch su va s\jf giap luu, hOi nh$p giOa cac n l n van hoa'^'. Trilt hpc Il6n van hca khong phai la t y bo hep sy hilu bilt trong truyen thong cua minh, cc each nhin vo aoan, giu thai dp bai ngoai hay phu nhan cac truyin thing trilt hpc khac. Trpng thpi aal giao luu van hoa, aa nguyen van hda (nhit la cac nuoc bi chi phli v l kinh t l phai tranh sy ap aat ve van hoa) thi triet hpc lien van hoa lai cang khing ajnh th6m gia tn cua minh. Ngupc lai, m6i mpt truyin thong trilt hpc nao co t h l phat huy tac dyng, doi dien voi thach thuc cua tean c i u hca cung t y mang trong minh khuynh hypng lien van hoa
IVlot trong nh&ng phupng thyc cp ban cua giao luu van hoa la t i l p biln van h6a (acculturation*^'). Khai niem tilp biln van hda dypc dinh nghTa ty nSm 1936 boi cac nha khpa hpc IVly: "Dud'i t y acculturation, ta hilu la hi$n typng xay ra khi nhOng nhdm ngud'i cd van hda khac nhau, tilp xuc lau dai va tryc tilp, gay ra sy biln d l i mo thuc (pattern) van hda ban dau cua mdt hay ca hai nhdm" (Trich theo: Trin Quic Vupng, 1997, tr. 38-39) Hien nay.
tilp biln van hda aypc hilu la hai (hoac tir hai trd' len) he thing van hda liSn tyc tilp xuc, Il6n tyc anh hyd'ng tao ra sy thay a l l van hda i quy mS ldn trong mdt h$ thing van hda hay trong ca hai h$ thong, la mpt qua trinh giao lyu, truyin nhap va tong hpp, trong ad mdt n l n vSn hda nay aat aypc nhOng sy thich Cmg mdi cho cupc sing.
Vi^t Nam va Trung Quic cd sy giao lyu va tilp biln van hda lau dai trong Ijch sy, nhilu thanh to cua van hda Trung Quic da di vao ddi s i n g cua dan tdc Vipt Nam, mat khac cung khong phai la khdng cd mpt so thanh qua cua van hda Viet Nam dypc du nhap va pho biln d Trung Quic (Xem Nguyin Xuan Kinh, 1998, tr 12-21). Trai qua 2.000 nam tuong tac va tilp thu van hda, dau an cua van hda Trung Quoc trong ddi song xa hpi cua Viet Nam qua la khdng nhd, nd t h l hipn tren nhilu mat, tu chy viet d i n van hda, tin ngypng, nghp thuat, kien true, v.v. Song trong toan bd hd thing van hda cua Trung Quic anh hydng tdi Viet Nam, mdt trong nh&ng bO phan quan trpng nhit, cd tac dpng nhieu d i n ddi song xa hpi chinh la cac hpc thuylt, cac he tu tudng, ma nci bat la Nhp giao. Nho giao, t y mpt hp t y tu'dng ngpai lai da trd thanh Nho giao Vipt Nam, thanh mpt trong nhyng he t u tydng chu dao cua Viet Nam, mpt thanh t l cua van hca Vipt Nam trpng lich sd. Nhung Nho giao khong phai ngay td d i u da dypc ngydi Vipt Nam chu dpng tilp nhan va phat triln.
Ljch sy dan tpc Viet Nam da chdng kiln 3 dpt tiep xuc van hca Idn vdi cac nydc ben ngpai. o l u tien la van hda Phat giao du nhap vao co tang van hda ban dja Vipt Nam t y nhyng t h l ky a l u cua Cdng
NGUYEN TAI D O N G - NHO GlAO VIgT NAM: NHlN TJS GQC Pp..
nguyen. Sau do Id sy chO dOng tilp thu van h6a Trung Quoc (chu y l u la Nho gido) tu t h l ky thu X. Va g^n ddy nhit la sy truyen ba cua t u tuang phuang TSy d t h l ky XIX, dge bi$t Id tu tudng Mdc-L§nin tu d i u t h l ky XX d i n nay'^'. Nho gido da c6 nhung dong g6p to Idn trong suit g i n 10 t h l ky dpc lgp t y chu eua ddn tOc Vi$t Nam, Tuy van hda Trung Quic (trong do co Nho giao) dupc ngudi Han truyin bd vdo Vigt Nam tu nhung t h l ky d i u Cong nguyen, song chl tdi t h l ky thu X van hoa Trung Quoc, ma chu y l u la Nho giao, mdi d i n din CO cho dung chlnh thuc d Vipt Nam Sd dT CO tinh trgng nhu vgy Id vi trong 1.000 nam ngudi phuang Bde d Vi^t Nam, Nho gido ehi ton tgi vdi t u each mpt cdng cy cai trj tinh thin ngo$i lai, no khong dupc ngudi Vipt Nam duang thdi (ca dan chung vd tang Idp quan Igi Vi?t chip nhan). Do la dung ve phuang dipn tam ly dan tpc. Con ve phuang dipn van hoa nhgn thuc, thi xa hpi Vipt Nam trudc the ky X khong co du nhung tiln d l phu hpp vdi mot hpc thuylt nhu Nho giao ( v l mgt phuang phdp cai trj, ly thuylt- nha nudc, mo hinh dao due va giao dye nhan edeh). Tuang t y nhu vgy, nhung ly thuylt Nho gido do khong dupe tang Idp quan Igi va tr! thue ngudi Vipt chu dpng tilp nhgn nen no v i n giu nguyen npi dung eua phuang Bae, khong bien doi nhilu de an sau vao xd hpi, vdo tu tudng Vipt Nam.
Nhung sau khi Vigt Nam gidnh Igi dpc lgp (nam 938), tinh hinh trd nen khde han Sy dpc lgp v l chlnh trj doi hoi Vigt Nam phai CO it nhat 3 yeu to. Mot la, dpc lgp v l tu tudng ma t u tudng do phai co kha nang chung minh chu quyln dpc lap cua dan tpc;
HailB, CO mo hinh vd phuang thuc quan ly
xd hpi (trong do co hg thing phdp Iu0t) de thing nhit vd tdp trung quyln lyc; Ba la.
c6 ea c h l d l ddo tgo nhan tdi vd nguin nhdn lye. Cd n l n vdn hoa bdn dja Vi§t Nam duang thdi mang nhilu tinh chit cua vdn h6a D6ng Nam A Iln h§ thing hpc thuylt Phgt gido d i u khfing du khd ndng d l ddp i>ng nh&ng y§u c i u hit sue c i p bach ICie d6. Chinh vi vgy md chi e6 Nho gido - vdi tu edeh mpt trong nhung dinh cao cua vdn hda Trung Quoc, m0t hpc thuylt ket tinh kinh nghipm va ly lu^n cua dan tpc Trung Hoa qua han 1.000 nam lich su - Id sy lya chpn thich hpp nhat cho dan tpc Vipt Nam. Chinh ba yeu cau tr§n Id nhung tien de quan trpng d l diln ra tilp biln van hoa Trung-Vipt tren phuang dipn Nho gido.
Tilp biln van hoa Idm thay d l i khong chi tren b l mat md con d ca ciu true va y nghTa ben trong eua ca 2 mo hinh vdn hoa.
Tu t h l ky thu X trd di, khong chi van hoa Vigt Nam co sy thay doi ma ca Nho gido, vdi t u each mo hinh vdn hoa ben ngodi cung thay doi manh me.
Nhin d be ngodi, Nho gido Vipt Nam khong khac Nho giao Trung Quoc la bao nhieu.
CiJng cung mpt logt nhi>ng tin dilu ca ban, cung mpt hp thong thd cung d Van Milu, cung mpt phuang thuc hpc tgp thi cu... co the hieu nhu Nguyen Trai la "Ngudi co Bae Nam, Dgo khong kia khde". Song thyc te hoan todn kh6ng dan gidn nhu vgy. De phye vy eho nhung mye dfch thilt thyc cua xa hOi Vipt Nam, Nho giao da phdi cai biln rit nhilu d l trd thanh mpt hpc thuylt Vipt CO tinh tuong doi dpe lgp so vdi Nho gido Trung Quoc. Diem khae bipt d l nhgn thiy giu'a hai hpe thuylt cc cung mpt nguon g l c do Id cdch hilu khde nhau ve
NGUYgN TAI B O N G - NHO GlAO VIET NAM. NHiN TCf G O C BQ..
cac khai ni^m Nho giap cp ban, ndi each khac la cac khai ni$m cua Nhp giao Vi^t Nam cd ndi ham khae vdi cac khai nilm cua Nhp giap Trung Quie, nhu cac khai nl|m Trung, Hilu... hoac cd nh&ng khai ni^m aypc Nho giao Vi$t Nam r i t d l cao ma khdng aypc Nho giao Trung Quic chu trpng tdl va ngupc lai™. Song bai vilt nay khdng ed y ajnh ai theo hydng tim ra nhyng ailm khac bi^t nhy v|iy ma chl c l gang tim hilu cai Nho giao Vidt Nam trong va sau khi trai qua cudc tilp biln van hda Trung-Viet trdn binh didn t y tudng, ma trong dd Nho gido Vidt Nam dypc hilu la cai tai c i u true t y Nhp giap Trung Quic.
6" Trung Quic, Nho giao khdng chl don thuin la mpt hpc thuylt chinh tri-xa hpi, nd edn la mpt hpc thuylt van hda va hon t h l n&a, nd ccn Id mpt ehd nghTa nhan van.
Cd hpc gia phdn chia tpan bd Nho giao ra thanh 5 thj kiln (five visions): thl ca, chlnh trj, xa hpi, Ijeh sy va sieu hlnh'*'. tuy tdng thdi ky ma ed nh&ng y l u t l trpng hp thing
"thj kiln tuong lien" dd n i l bat len hPdc md nhat di*' Seng chua bap gid mpt trong nam y l u t l dd m i t di vai trd quan trpng cua mlnh.
d Vipt Nam thl hcan tpdn khdng phai nhy vay. He thing 5 thi kiln dd, tuy r i t chinh xdc d Trung Quie, spng khdng t h l nao dp dyng d l md td aypc Nho giao Vipt Nam.
Va ehinh aieu nay cung la mpt trpng nh&ng nguyen nhan co ban de tao nen sy khac biet giya Nho giao Vipt Nam va Nho giao Trung Quic. Tuy t i t ca 5 y l u t l dd deu cd mat d Viet Nam song d p dp eua chCing khdng aing d i u , dp dd khdng the x i p vdp cung mpt hp thing. N l u ed the ndi mpt cdch ddi chut khien cydng, thi trcng 5 y l u tp dd, da s l cac nhd nho Vipt Nam phin
nhilu chi chu trpng tdi hai y l u t l ehinh trj vd dac ddo, md chu y l u la y l u t l chinh tri.
Trpng tac phlm cua mlnh, Tran Dinh Hypu cd vilt: "Cf Vidt Nam cung nhy d Trung Quie - vd ndi chung Id d ca vung vdn hda Trung Quic, Trilu Tidn. Nhe gidp dypc coi la y thyc hd ehinh thing" (Tran Dlnh Hyu, 1999, tr. 21). B i l u nay hoan toan chlnh xac, nhyng chi d Vipt Nam phin <t thyc hp mdi la phin chu chit ciJa Nho giao. Mpi v i n a l thupc aac ade, thim my, vSn hda.. a l u aypc quy v l mdt tieu chi chung Id y thdc hd chinh thing vd tit nhidn la cdc hoat ddng tinh t h i n khac thudc Nho giao d i u nhim phyc vy cho myc dich nay. Ngydi Vipt Nam tilp thu Nho giap, song hp khdng t i l p thu toan bp ma chi t i l p thu nhyng gi phuc vu dypc cho nh&ng yeu c i u d p thilt eua dan tde (3 yeu d u chung tdi dd k l d tren).
Tuy cd nh&ng hd thing Nhp hpc khde nhau song ngydi Vipt Nam chu y l u tilp thu Ting Nho'''. Tn> mdt s l it ngydi td ra ching d l i cdc t y trao Nho gido sau Khing Manh, cdn h l u h i t cdc nha nho Vipt Nam d i u COI nh&ng tin d i l u cua Tong Nho la hoan toan dang tin cay, col Nhj Trinh la chan truyin t y Khing Ty. Dac bipt la vao thdi Nguyin, khi trilu dinh d i y cao vai trd eua Nho giao hon luc nap hit, thi cac nha nho Vipt Nam cung ra sdc d l cao cac ty tydng Ting Nho, cac khudn m l u cua Tong Nho'°'. Song phin Idn cac nhd nhp Vidt Nam khdng di sdu vap nh&ng t y tydng mang tinh Djch ly hinh nhi thupng nhy eua Thipu Ung hay Chu Ddn Di, hay hpc thuylt ly khi sieu hlnh nhy ciJa Trypng Tai, Trinh Hac, Trinh Di, Chu Hy,... ma chl quan tam den nh&ng t y tydng mang tinh y thdc hp phyc vy cho lpi ich t n l u dlnh'". Cdc t y tudng v l
NGUY£N TAI D Q N G - NHO GlAO VIET NAM: NHJN TCf GOC DQ..
thien ly, ve nhdn dgo khong phdi khong dupc cdc nhd nho Vi$t Nam tilp thu vd phat triln, song nhi>ng tu tudng do, xet d i n cung Id d l phyc vy cho vi$c tdp trung quyln lyc nham thing nhit vd quan ly xa hpi, tgo ra mpt sue mgnh Idn nhit cho ddn tpc Vipt. Tnj-dc t h l ky thu X, Nho gido dup'c dung nhu mpt cong cy cai trj tinh thin doi vdi ngudi Vi0t Nam (vd dilu ndy da eo hipu qua ro rpt), thi t u khi gianh dupc dpc lgp, Vipt Nam dd su dyng Igi Nho gido, chinh xdc han la c i u true Igi Nho gido thdnh mOt hpe thuylt nhu mpt cong cy ly tinh Ip'i hgi cua minh. Nho gido dupc gpi la Dgo Nho, song chu Dgo ndy khde hdn ehi>
Dgo trong Dgo Lao, Dgo Phgt. Dgo d ddy khong mang tinh chit huyin bi vd thodt tgc, cung khong han mang tinh thuin tiiy luan ly, d Vipt" Nam, Dgo Nho c6 the dupe hilu theo nghTa "con dudng ly tinh"'''°'.
Chinh vi d l phyc vy cho myc dich y thue hp n6n Nho gido Vipt Nam co chieu hudng thien v l nhung gia trj thyc dyng. 6* Trung Quoc, nhd Hdn d l ra 5 tieu chuan d l tuyin chpn quan Igi: hilu hgnh, hien luang, phuong chinh, minh kinh vd ndng van (Trin Dinh Hyu, 1999, tr. 36). Nhung d Vipt Nam, nhat la t u ddi Le trd v l sau, tieu chuin "nang van" (kha nang vilt van theo yeu eiu eua nhd nudc) la tieu chuin cao nhat. "Minh kinh" (thong thgo kinh diln) de
"ndng van". MOt diln hinh nua cua vigc thien v l gid tn thyc dyng Id vipe cdc nhd nho Vi$t Nam gian lyyc hoa Nho giao, N l u nhu mOt so ngudi cho rang van hda Trung Quie c6 edi gpi la "uu tu lugn" (hay "tinh anh lugn"), nghTa Id mpi v i n de t u van hpc, nghp thugt, kiln true... d i n t u tudng d i u diy d i n chd cung cyc phipc tgp, nhieu khi cyc doan vd rac r l i , thi d Vigt Nam lai
hodn toan khdng phai nhu vgy. Cdc npi dung ca ban eua Nho gido, t h l hi$n tgp trung trong cdc kinh diln, dd dupe ede nhd nho Vigt Nam eiu true lgi vdi mpt hg thing dan gian han. D i l n hinh Id vi0c ra ddi nhung euln sdch ehu giai (d Vipt Nam kh6ng ed nhOng cuon "dgi todn"), duye gpi Id "thuylt udc" - trinh bdy lgi mpt cdch gian lupc, md Tw thw thuyit trdc cua Chu Vdn An, Tinh ly todn yeu, TO' thw ngO kinh toBn yiu eua Nguyin Huy Gdnh, Tw thw wdc giai cua Le Quy Don, Chu huin toBn yiu cua Phgm Nguyen Du. Id nhung vi dy.
Gidn lupe hoa vd tdi eiu true Nho giao de biln no thdnh cong eg ly tinh, nhin b l ngodi CO ve nhu la hg thap q\a tri cua Nho gido, song ve ban chat thi khong phdi nhu vgy. Tuy co khong it hpc gia nhgn dinh cdc nha nho Vipt Nam trong ljch su khong dong gop dupc bao nhi^u vdo vipe ndng cao tu duy trilt hpc dan tpc'^""', song mgt khde cac nha nho Vipt Nam co dieu kl$n trdnh khoi kinh vipn, thodt ly thyc t l , ding thdi sy gidn lupe vd luon tdi c i u true Nho gido dd tao cho hp mpt hp thong ly lugn md, mpt tam tu duy thodng dang, Va Nho gido luc do, vdi t u edeh Id mOt cong ey, da giup cho cdc nhd nho Vipt Nam suy nghT nhijng v i n d l ngodi Nho gido.
Vdi vipc bien Nho gido thdnh mpt eong cy mang tinh y thue hp, cdc nhd nho Vipt Nam cCing mang trong minh nhung suy nghT khde, nhi>ng suy nghT luon gdn chat vdi quyln lpi eua T l quoc. Ngudi ta thydng hay nhac tdi ba mdu hinh nha nho:*"
ngudi hanh dgo, ngudi an ddt vd ngudi tai tu. Song d Vigt Nam, mdu hinh ngudi hanh dgo Id tieu bilu nhit, to chit hdnh dgo la to chat chu y l u vd xuyen suit cua nhilu nhd nho Vigt Nam. Phyc vy vua.
NGUYEN TAl B O N G - NHO GlAO VIgT NAM: NHiN TCf G O C BQ...
mang. lai quyln lpi cho nhdn ddn la tam nidm khdng rdi cua ode bde dai nhe ngydi Vipt. Nguyin TrSi, Nguyin Binh Khidm ludn cd nh&ng thdi gian I n ddt, tho vdn cua cdc dng ludn d l cap ty tydng thanh nhdn, spng ad chf Id nhdn. Id I n ddt khi ehd thdi, cdn m i l khi cd co hdi, t y tydng
"lo trydc cdi lo cua thidn ha" ludn n i l ldn hdng d i u . Trong ldng nho tdi td. Tan Dd, Nguyin Khic Hilu cd t h l coi id ngudl ddng d i u , "dp nhit tdi td" trong cac nha nho Vidt Nam. Nhyng chinh dng cOng khang djnh "vdn vi ddi" mdi id loai vdn chupng quan trpng, van chyong thye sy cd y nghia, "vdn vi ddi" ludn khde xa vdi loai "vdn choi". nhdng tae phlm nhy 0d/
guxyng, L&n s^u, L&n tdm chinh la thudc loai van vj ddi, Ippi van d l cap t y tydng, dpp ly (Trin Dinh Hyu, 1999, tr. 375-378).
Chlnh dp t d nh&ng quan nipm truyin thing bit nguin t d vide tai d u true Nhp giao nhy vdy ma eae nho si Vidt Nam, mpe du ed luc "hanh", ed lue "ehr, song v l co ban la ludn ludn "xult" ehd khdng bao gid
"xy" mpt cdch tuydt d l i Ty tydng "xult", vj tri hanh dpP bap gid cung dypc dya Idn hang d i u . Nhin chung, cdc ke si Vipt Nam ludn cd tinh t h i n "tidn thien ha chl yu nhi yu, hpu thien ha nhi lac chl lac" (Ip trydc n i l io eua thien ha, vui sau nilm vui cua thien ha). Nhy cdu d l i trong Vdn Milu: "SI phu bao aap vi ha tai, tnlu dinh tsp tyu chi an, quic gia sung thupng ehi y. T h l dpp duy tri nhi thj thy, l l nhac y quan sd tuy, thanh danh vdn vat sd dd" (Bde si phu phdi bap dap nhy t h l ndp day vdi pn ddp tao, sy dyng cua trieu dinh, vdi y sung thypng cua nhd nydc? T h l dao duy tri nhy t h l , noi tdp trung eua l l nhac do mu, noi dd hdi cua thanh danh vdn vdt) (Trich theo: Phan
Dai Dpan, 1998, tr, 209). Cde nho si Vidt Nam ludn cd tinh t h i n trdch nhipm vdi quic gia, vdi ddn tdc, dilu nay xuydn suit trong ijch sd vdn hda Nho Gido Vidt Nam. Q
CH(1 THiCH
''' Khi d$t ra hai cSu hdi Idn trong thdi dpi todn ciu Id ldm thl ndo d l mpt truyin thing trilt hpc c6 thl ty nhdn thdc v l mlnh, ty phdt huy cao (50 tilm ndng cua mlnh va ldm the ndo d l biln nh&ng ylu t l ty tydng tnit hpc dd thdnh mdt bp phdn khdng thl thilu cua truyin thing vdn hda thl gidi, Thim Thanh Tung dd cho ring khdng t h l khdng ngdy odng chd trpng nhilu han vSo trilt hpc lidn vdn hda Tham khdo Thim Thanh TCing. Tti4t hoc h^i thOng dH dirong da/ Trung Qudc triit hoc d^o /d dich thdm sich, Philosophy online in China, 3/11/2008.
'^' Khai nidm acculturation di/pc cac hpc gia Trung Qudc djch sang tilng Trung Id "Vdn hda truyin nhdp", "Vdn hda thich dng", "Bong hda qud trinh" hay "Vdn hda hd thdm", "vdn hda hdm hda", v.v.
''' Vidt Nam tu ddi Ld dd cd tiep xuc vdn hda vdi Champa, song ddu I n cua nd khdng thdt sy nhilu vd lidn tyc. Tdc gia H i Trung Tu khi nghidn cdu v l qud trinh Nam tiln cua ddn tOc Vidt dd chia thdnh 5 giai doan, giai dopn diu IS
"Trudc 1306 nhOng 6n tifong vS nhaif, giai dopn 2 "1306-1402 giai doan tiin di'. giai doan 3 -1402-1471 dS xiy ra qui trlnh Chim hia rii sau di mii Viit hia', giai doan 4 '1471-1671, 200 nim cOa nhOng tin sing di din, nguii Chim i lai hay ra di?" vd giai doan 5 'Sau 1671:
nhOng ding ho It hon 13 dil li i mu raT.
Trong dd tdc gid cd vilt: "Giai floan 70 ndm, 1402-1471 ndy Id mdt giai doan ly thu dli vdi sv tiep biln vdn hda Chdm Vidt. Nlu 44 ndm ddu d ddy diln ra qud trinh Chdm hda s6 ngudl Vidt aa din dudi thdi nhd H i thi 25 ndm culi qud trlnh Vidt hda dien ra trgn co sd h i trp cua nhdng Vidt kilu vdo trudc. ChOng tdi nghT ring chlnh nhd giai doan chuyen tiep ndy aa khdng
NGUYEN T A I O O N G - NHO GlAO VIgT NAM: NHlN TCT G 6 C D p . .
tgo nfin mOt cu s i c tdm ly d l i vdi nh&ng ngudi Chdm d vung ndy." Tham khdo H i Tmng TO.
"Nam tiin d vOng QuBng Nam", ddng tr6n Ddc san Qudng Nam. Trich tgi tit http://e- cadao.com/queta/Namtlenquangnam.htm '^' Vf dg nhu- khdi ni$m "Dgo nghTa", tham khdo T r i n Vdn Dodn, Ph^m tru Dgo nghTa trong Vi$t Nho, Ky y l u HOi thdo "Nho gido Vi$t Nam vd vdn h6a DOng A", Vi^n T r i l t hpc, 6/2009, hay khdi niOm " T l qu6c", tham khdo Phan Ngpc, M^t cBch tiip c$n vSn h6a. Nxb. Thanh nl6n, 1999, tr. 217-237, v.v.
*^' Xem bdi cua 0 6 Duy Minh (Tu Wei-ming) ddng trong tdp san Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xd hOi vd Nhdn vdn Thdnh p h i H i Chl Minh, s l 3 ndm 1997,
'^* Mpi s y phdn chia d u trOc Nho gido chi Id tuong d l i M i i mOt ngudi nghidn cuu d i u c6 t h l dinh nghTa vd phdn chia Nho gido theo tidu chl cua mlnh. V i dy nhu Tran Oinh H u p u cho r i n g : "Nho gido Id mOt hpc thuylt d l cao ngudi di hpc, vi§c hpc tdp, s y nghiOp gido dge, sung thupng vdn h i l n , l l nhgc, trdn trpng tho ca dm nhgc". Nho giBo vB vSn hgc Vi$t Nam trung c^n dg/. Nxb Gido dge, 1999, tr. 2 1 .
" ' Vidt Nam chQ y l u t i l p thu Nho nguydn thuy, Hdn Nho hay T i n g Nho vdn dang la m0t vdn d l tranh ludn, song chung tdi d i n g y vdi cdc •) k i l n nghidng v l T i n g Nho. VI dg nhu Phan Ngpc, BBn sic vSn hda Vi$t Nam. Nxb. Vdn h6a thdng tin, 1998, tr. 254-256; hodc T r i n Vdn Dodn: "Cdi Nho gido md cdc nhd nho Vidt Nam t i l p nhdn Id mOt dj bdn c6 pha trOn chCit phdp trj cua Hdn Phi T u , chut hlnh nhi thupng hoc m o ho cua Oong Trpng T h u , vd chOt nguydn ly t y nhidn cua Nhj Trlnh". Tinh hoa y thOc h$ cua Vi$t Nho, Tdp san Trudng Trudng Ogi hgc Khoa hpc Xd h^i vd Nhdn vdn Thdnh p h i H i ChlMinh, s l 8 n d m 1 9 9 9 , v.v.
'*' Vi dg nhu Nguyen Vdn Sidu, ngudi d u p c ca ngpi cung vdi Cao Bd Qudt Id "Vdn nhu Sidu, Qudt vfl T i l n Hdn" Ong thudng ca ngpi cd t r i l u dinh l i n hpc t h u y l t Nho gido thdi T i n g , coi Trlnh Hgo, Trtnh Dl, Chu Hy cao hon cd
O i n g Trpng T h u , Xem Nguyin Vdn Sidu.
Phuxyng Dlnh tuy bOt Ivc. Nxb. Vdn hpc, 1996, c d c t r a n g 1 4 8 , 252, 267, 2 9 1 .
*^' Trong ljch s u , lpi Ich cua n h i l u t r i l u dgi phong k i l n Vidt Nam d u p c coi Id t h i n g n h i t vdi Ipi (ch cua ddn tpc, ddc bi$t Id nh&ng t r i l u dgi khi mdi hlnh thdnh, c6n glQ' nguydn nhO'ng gid tri tfch c y c ban ddu cua nd.
'''°' Tuy Nho gido Vidt Nam chO y tdi khia cgnh chlnh tr| han khia cgnh nhdn vdn, song d i l u d6 cOng khdng phdi lOc ndo cOng phdn lupng d u p c tuydt d l i . Theo chOng tdi, nhin chung md xdt, thl nh&ng t u tudng nhdn vdn md cdc nhd nho \^dt Nam ndi ra ch|u dnh hudng sdu ddm cua t u tudng bdn dja truyin t h i n g vd cua Phdt gido.
* " ' Xin tham khdo mdt s l quan diem: "Kmh hpc cua cdc sT phu Vi§t Nam v l c o bdn Id gidn y l u , lupc ludn" (Phan Ogi Dodn, M^t s6 ddc iSiim Nho giBo Vi$t Nam); "Mgc dfch hdng ddu cua nen gido dge Nho hpc Id do ddng co chinh trj c h u khdng phdi thuan tOy do tri tud" (Trdn Vdn Dodn, Tinh hoa y thu-c /id cOa Vi$t nho),
"Ngudi Vidt Nam thdi Trung Cdn dgi dd t i l p cdn t u tudng Nho gido vdi mdt cung cdp dng dgng vd thyc nghidm, ft mang tinh suy ngdm vd t n I t ludn" (John Kremers Whitmore). Tim hieu ban chat Nho gido d Vidt Nam). Cdc bdi trdn d u p c ddng trong Tdp san Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xd hpi vd Nhdn vdn Thdnh pho H i ChlMinh, s l 8/1999,
TAILI^UTHAMKHAO
1. N g u y i n Xudn Kinh. 1998. Tiip xuc vBn hda vB tiip biin vSn hda. Tgp chf Vdn hda Nghd thudt. S i l 2.
2. Phan B g l Dodn. 1998. Mpt so vin de v4 Nho giBo Vidt Nam. Hd N0i: Nxb. Chlnh trj Q u I c gia.
3. Tran D i n h H u p u . 1999, Nho giBo va vBn hoc Vidt Nam trung c$n d^i. Hd Npi- Nxb.
Gido dge.
4. Tran Q u i c V u p n g (Chu bidn). 1997. Co sd vBn hda Vi$t Nam. Hd NOi: Nxb. Gido dge
