30 Nghien cun Ton giao. Sd7 - 2008
TON GIAO VA DAN TOG
N
ghin nam trfldc, kinh dd nfldc Dai Viet dat tai Hoa Lfl. Nam 1010, vua Ly Cdng Ualn ddi dd ve Thang Leng, ndi cd hinh the nhfl "hd phuc rdng chiu"de lo cho con chau mudn ddi, de "van nfldc dfldc lau dai, phong tuc dfldc giau thinh""'. Tfl do, Thang Long trd thanh trung tam chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa cua mdt qud'c gia dgc lap, tfl chii, hung cfldng.
Ddng thdi, Phat giao d Thang Ldng trd thanh trung tam ciia cdng cuoc hodng dfldng Phat phap.
Trong lich sii dan tdc, vdi tinh than
"Phat phap ba't li the gian phap", nhieu nhan vat Phat giao da het long, het sflc giup eac trieu dai phong kien trong cdng cudc dflng nfldc va gifl nfldc nhfl; Thien sfl Ngd Chan Lflu (933 - 1011), Thien sU Van Hanh C - 1018), Thien sfl Thao Dfldng, Thien sfl Hue Smh (? - 1063), Thien sfl Mmh Khdng (1066 - 1141), Thien sfl Man Giac (1052 - 1096), Qud'c sfl Thdng Bien C?
- 1134), Thien sfl Gidi Khdng, Thien sfl Vien Thdng (1080 - 1151), Ngai Tue Trung Thfldng si... Dac biet, tai Thang Long cd Thien phai Thao Dfldng truyen trong gidi vua quan Nho si. Cac vi vua thdi Ly nhfl Thanh Tdng, Anh Tong, Cao Tdng vfla la Vua vfla la Su, trd thanh Td cua Thien phai.
VAN DirC THU'"'
Vdi phfldng cham "Di thien ha chi due vi due", "Di chung tam vi ki tam", "Cfl trdn lac dao tha tuy duyen", cac vi vua Trdn Thai Tdng, Trdn Nhan Tdng da lay nguyen vgng, mong mud'n eua thien ha lam nguyen vgng, mong mud'n cua minh, lay cai tam cua mudn loai van phap lam tam eua minh, thay eai tam ca nhan bang eai tam ddng loai. Nam Binh Than (1236), Tran Thai Tdng niia dem tfl bd ca ngai vang, vd con, den dai, qudc thd vao nui Yen Tii de eau Phat. Sau dd, nghe ldi khuyen cua Quo'c sfl True Lam, Ngai quay ve kinh dd lam vua de dap flng nguyen vgng cua dan chung nhflng van khdng quen tham thien hge dao. Khi To qud'c dflng trfldc hoa xam lang, vdi tmh than "cflu khd, cflu nan", cac vua Tran Thai Tdng, Tran Nhan Tdng da "bd cai thien nhd, lay eai thien Idn" lanh dao toan dan 3 Ian danh tan quan Nguyen - Mdng, cflu qud'c gia khdi hoa diet vong.
Khi xa tdc sdn ha da cd ngfldi ndi nghiep, eac Ngai san sang "tfl bd ngai vang ciia minh nhfl vflt di chiec dep rach"'-'. Nam
*. ThS., Ban Tdn giao Thanh phd Ha Ndi.
1. Ly Cdng Uain. Chieu dc'd dd. trong: Lich sif Thii do Hd Ndi. Nxb Ha Ndi. 2000. tr. 698.
2. Vu Khieu. Triet hoc vd nghe tliudt Viet Nam trong qiid trinh tiep thu tif tudng Phat gido. Tap chi Nghien ciiu Phat hpc, sd 6/2006, tr. 28.
Van Dure Thu. Phdt gido vdi nghin ndm Thang Long - Hd Noi 31
1258, Tran Thai Tdng nhfldng ngdi cho con de lam Thai Thfldng hoang, vfla cd' vu cho con vfla nghien cflu dao sau Phat phap. Nam 1299, Tran Nhan Tdng xua't gia lap nen Thien phai True Lam Yen Tii trd thanh ddng thien rieng cua Viet Nam.
Nhfl vay, dfl bat ke d cfldng vi nad, cac nha vua va cac thien sfl cflng lay muc dich phung sfl sdn ha, xa tdc, phuc vu nhan sinh lam nen tang phfldng phap tu hanh, hedng dfldng chinh phap. Qua dd, Phat giao Viet Nam da vach ra mdt con dfldng mdi di den giac ngd, hoan toan khac vdi Phat giao An Do va Phat giao Trung Hoa. Dd la con dfldng di den giac ngd thdng qua viec lam cflu dan dd the bang ngay. Tren cen dfldng nay, tam cen ngfldi ngay cang khai md bad trflm thien ha, thau hieu mudn loai van phap, cang dat den Phat tam. ,i : , • .• ,\.
0 day, cd chi tiet tinh te ma chung ta can phan tich. Nhflng van de da trinh bay d phan tren la tfl tfldng, la hanh ddng eiia bac giae ngd, cdn dai da sd' Phat tii binh thUdng ed le ehUa dat den sfl cao dieu nhfl vay. Nhflng trong so' cac bac giac ngd, hg khdng chi la cao tdng, Phat tii ma cdn la nha vua, qud'c sU, nhflng dai tri thflc, cd' va'n eho nha vua, tfldng linh quan ddi... Bdi vay, nhieu khi, hg dan ddt Phat td theo tfl tfldng cua hg, nhflng tfl tfldng vfla phu hdp vdi dao vfla phfl hdp vdi ddi. Dd la con dfldng di theo hudng
"Van phap chi tam tUc Phat tam"'''', cflng chinh la con dfldng di den giai theat. Cac bac dai giac da truyen cho cac de tii cung nhu cac Phat tii tmh than; danh giac cflu nfldc, hd qud'c an dan, phuc vu ta't thay chflng sinh cung la con dfldng thanh dao'". Hdn nfla, Thang Long "d vao khu vflc cua trung tam trdi da't", la ndi "dd hgi
trgng yeu de 4 phfldng sum hgp"'^', vdn hoa Thang Long - Ha Ngi; hdi tu va toa sang"". Do dd, Phat giao Thdng Long da dfla Phat giao Viet Nam den dinh cao chii nghia yeu nfldc chan chinh.
Mat khac, trong qua trinh truyen ba vao Viet Nam, Phat giao ludn ludn de cao cac tfl tfldng tfl bi, hi xa, la'y chan - thien - mi de giao hda chung sinh. Nhflng gia tri td't dep cua giao li Phat giao da tha'm dam trong ddi sd'ng ddng dao nhan dan, gdp phdn bun due nen nhflng gia tri td't dep cua con ngfldi Viet Nam. Tfl tfldng Phat giao da ciing cd' hdn nfla truyen thd'ng vi tha, nhan ban, bac ai cua ngfldi Viet Nam.
Tren linh vflc van hgc nghe thuat, tfl tfldng yeu nfldc va nhan dae cua Phat giao trd thanh cd sd xuc cam tham mi d ca ndi dung sang tac lan hinh thflc the hien''". Thien sfl Tfl Dao Hanh da dfla nghe thuat cheo ve kinh dd Thdng Long'*". Thd phu eua cac thien sfl d Thang Long nhfl Vd Ngdn Thdng, Khudng Viet, Thao Dfldng, Van Hanh, Hue Smh, Man Giac, Gidi Khdng, Tran Thai Tdng, Trdn
3. Tue Trung Thupng sL Phdt tdm ca. trong; Thfch Thanh Ti:r. Thien su Viet Nam. Thanh hdi Phat giao Hd Chi Minh an hanh, 1996, tr. 263.
4. Xem: Nguy6n Hiing Hau. Phdi chdng dd Id nhi'fng net dpc ddo ciia Phdt gido Viet Nam. trong; Thdng tin chuyen de: Nhiing ddc diem ca bdn ciia mot sd tdn gido Idn a Viet Nam. Hpc vien Chfnh tri Qudc gia Hd Chf Minh. Ha Ndi 1997, tr.l 11-130.
5. Ly Cdng Uan. Chieu ddi dd. Sdd.
6. Xem: TrSn Van Bfnh. Vdn hod Thdng Long - Hd Ndi. hdi tu vd tod sdng. trong: Ky yen hoi thdo: Bdo tdn di sdn vdn hod Thdng Long - Hd Ndi. Ban Chi dao Qud'c gia ki niem 1000 nam Thang Long - Ha Ndi, Hdi Bao tdn Di san Van hoa Thang Long - Ha Ndi. Ha Ndi 2002, tr. 234- 240.
7. VQ Khieu. Triet hoc vd nghe thudt Viet Nam trong qud trinh tiep thu tu tifdng Phdt gido. Bdd. tr. 27.
8. Tran Van Bfnh. Vdn hod Thdng Long - Hd Ndi.
hdi til vd tod sdng. Sdd, tr. 235.
32 .M, Nghien curu Ton giao. Sd7 - 2008
Nhan Tdng, Tue Trung Thfldng si... cd gia tri to Idn ca ve tfl tfldng, triet li nhan sinh Idn ve nghe thuat. Thd cua cac Ngai khdng luan ban den nhflng dieu than bi cao sieu nhflng vdn toat len le huyen vi cua dao phap ma vdn the hien ve than thai ung dung tfl tai trong tflng hdi thd, trong tflng mach thd; ung dung tfl tai gifla ddi thfldng, ung dung tfl tai phuc vu nhan smh, ung dung tfl tai dat dao va giai theat.
Phat giao Viet Nam, do g i n bd mat thiet vdi ddi sd'ng dan tdc, nen da hinh thanh hdn mot ddng Phat giao dan gian.
Cac tin dd chu yeu tu tap theo tieu chi
"Phat tai tam", coi trgng "tu tai gia" ma it quan tam den sdn mdn, he phai. Ngay tfl thdi Ly - Trdn, Phat giao dfldc pho quat trong gidi vua quan, tri thflc va dan chung, cd nhieu bac uyen tham ve Phat phap nhflng khdng xay ra tranh cai ve giao li hoac tranh gianh anh hfldng ma de cae tinh than "luc hda". Mai chua che chd hdn dan tgc, la ndi dung hdp gifla Phat giao vdi Nho giao, Dao giao va cae hinh thflc tin ngfldng dan gian trdng xu the
"hea nhi ba't dong". Chinh dieu nay khien dao Phat Viet Nam trd thanh dien hinh cua tinh khoan dung tdn giao va tfl tfldng.
Trong le hdi, tai cac ngdi chua d Thdng Long - Ha Ndi, tin ngfldng Phat giad ludn hoa ddng vdi cac hinh thflc tin ngfldng va truyen thd'ng van hoa dan gian nhfl; tin ngfldng thd cung to tien, tin ngfldng ndng nghiep (chua Lang, chfla Hoa Ldng, chua Due Tu, chfla Hflng Phuc...), de cao truyen thd'ng danh giac cflu nfldc (chua Hai Ba Trflng), tmh thdn the thao (chua Vua), truyen thd'ng van hoa va tinh than boa hieu, doan ke't (chua Nanh, chfla Tang Phuc, chua Dien Phuc...).
Dong thdi, nhieu chfla thap d Thdng Ldng - Ha Ngi, cung vdi he thd'ng tfldng phap, cflng la ndi ke't tinh cua nghe thuat kien true, dieu khdc, mi thuat cd xfla nhfl; chua Tra'n Qud'c. chfla Quang Ba (Hoang An tfl), chfla Hoe Nhai (Hdng Phuc tfl), chfla Lang (Chieu Thien tfl), chfla Quan Sfl, chfla Nanh (Ninh Hiep tfl), chfla Da Td'n (Khoan Te tfl), chfla Ba Da (Linh Quang tfl), chfla Lien Phai, chua Ly Trieu Qud'c Sfl, chua Cau Ddng, chua Huynh Cung, chfla Le Mat, chfla Ba Tam""... Dac biet, cd mot so'ngdi chua c6 kien true dgc dao nhfl; chfla Mdt Cot, chfla Kim Lien, chfla thap Bao Thien,...
Ngay nay, Phat giao Thii dd ludn phat huy truyen thd'ng yeu nfldc, gan bd vdi dan tgc, phuc vu nhan dan vdi tinh than
"Phuc vu chung sinh tflc la cung dang chfl Phat". Tfl khi dfldc thanh lap (nam 1981) den nay, trai qua 5 nhiem ki. Ban Tri sfl Thanh hgi Phat giae Thanh phd Ha Ngi va Ban Dai dien Phat giao cac quan, huyen ludn dfldc hoan thien ca ve so Ifldng l i n chat Ifldng. Nam 1981, toan Thanh phd' ed khoang 60 tang ni; hang ndm, ehi td chflc dfldc 1 trfldng ha an cfl, chfla cd tang ni td't nghiep Hgc vien Phat giao (vi khi dd Hge vien Phat giao chfla dfldc t h a n h lap). Den nay, sd' thanh vien Thanh hgi Phat giao da len tdi 861 vi.
Hdng nam, Ban Tri sfl Thanh hgi to chflc 5 diem an cfl vdi hdn 500 vi ddng ki an cfl kiet ha, cd hdn 200 tang ni da td't nghiep Hgc vien Phat giao va Cao dang Phat hgc, nhieu vi da va dang dfldc dao tao thac si, tien si. Ddng thdi, cong tac hoang dfldng 9. Xem: Tran Lam Bien. Chua vd tifcfng chiia a Hd Ndi. Ban tin Thang Long- Ha Ndi ngan nam. Ban Chi dao Qud'c gia ki niem 1000 nam Thang Long - Ha Npi. .sd 2 (thang 9/2001), tr. 18 - 19.
Van Due Thu. Phdt gido vdi nghin ndm Thang Long - Hd Ngi 33
Phat phap, bai trfl me tin, hii tuc va cac te nan xa hdi ngay cang dfldc day manh.
Nhieu tfl vien, chfla canh da dfldc tdn tao, nang ca'p gdp phan bao tdn nhflng gia tri kien true vdn hda dan tgc.
Thanh hdi Phat giao Thanh phd Ha Ngi da phdi hdp vdi Trung fldng Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam to chflc ddn tiep, giao lflu vdi nhieu to' chflc Phat giao qud'c te nhfl Trung Qud'c, Lao, Campuchia, Myanmar, Thai Lan, An Do, Nhat Ban, Dai Loan, Phap, Butan,... Ddng thdi, Thanh hgi cdn cii cae vi chflc sdc tham dfl nhieu hgi nghi Phat giao qud'c te hoac to chflc hoang dfldng Phat phap d nfldc ngoai nhfl; Lao, Sec, Ucraina, Ba Lan,...
; Xua't phat tfl tam long tfl bi, cflu khd, bang nam, cac tang ni, Phat tii Thu dd da quyen gdp hang trdm trieu dong trong cac phong trao den dn dap nghia, ung hg eac dia phfldng hi thien tai, xay dflng nha tinh nghia, thdm hei cac gia dinh chinh sach, trd giup ngfldi cd hoan canh khd khan, ngfldi nhiim HIV/AIDS... Ndi tiep truyen thd'ng cua eac bac tien bdi, tang ni, Phat tii Thii dd da tich cflc tham gia trong sfl nghiep xay dflng va bao ve Td qud'c, cac phong trao ich nfldc ldi dan, bao ve mdi trfldng, tdan dan doan ke't xay dflng ddi sd'ng vdn hda d khu dan cfl, gdp phan xay dflng chinh quyen vflng manh.
Nhieu vi tang ni tich cflc tham gia Hgi dong Nhan dan, Uy ban Mat tran To qud'c cac cap, cae to chflc xa hdi nhfl; Hdi Chfl thap dd, Hgi Lien hiep Phu nfl... da trd
thanh tam gfldng tieu bieu trong phong trao "Ngfldi td't - viec td't".
Vdi nhflng cdng hien cho dao phap va dan tgc, Thanh hgi Phat giao Thanh phd' Ha Ngi da dfldc Nha nfldc tang thfldng Huan chfldng Dgc lap hang ba, Huan chfldng Lao ddng hang ba va nhieu phan thfldng cad quy khac. Dac biet, cac vi Hda thfldng Thich Dflc Nhuan, Thich Tam Tich, Kim Cfldng Tii, Thich Thanh Chinh, Thich Thanh Thanh, cac Ni trfldng Thich Dam Di, Thich Dam Anh...
da dfldc Nha nfldc tang thfldng cac huan chfldng, huy chfldng cao quy'"".
Thdi gian qua, cdng cudc ddi mdi do Dang Cong san Viet Nam khdi xfldng va lanh dad, da dem lai sflc sdng mdi cho sfl phat trien cua toan dan tgc. Ddi sdng kinh te, xa hgi, sinh boat tin ngfldng, tdn giao eiia nhan dan Thii dd ngay cang dfldc cai thien. Thdi gian tdi, trong xu the hdi nhap, nfldc ta dflng trfldc nhflng van hdi mdi, thdi cd mdi nhflng cung day khd khan va thach thflc. Phat giao Thu dd can tiep tue phat huy truyen thd'ng yeu nfldc, tinh than doan ket, hda hdp, cung cd, phat huy ngi lflc, gdp phdn xay dflng Giao hdi vflng manh ve mgi mat, dap flng yeu cau xay dflng, phat trien Phat giao Viet Nam va yeu edu xay dflng dat nfldc, xay dflng Thu dd trong thdi ki mdi./.
10. Xem: Thanh hdi Phat giao Ha Ndi. 25 ndm trudng thdnh vd phdt trien ciia Phdt gido Thii dd.
Tap chf Nghien cuu Phat hpc, sd 6/2006, tr.22 - 25.
i) M-
