Quyen ty do ngon luan va quyen tir do
thong tin trong phap luat quoc te va Viet Nam
Do Diic Minh' ' Dai hpc Quoc gia Ha Npi.
Email: [email protected]
Nhan ngky 14 thang 01 nam 2019. Chap nhan dang ngay 11 th^ng 4 nSm 2019.
Tdm tat; Quyen tu do ngdn luan, tu do thdng tin luon Id vdn de mang tmh toan cdu, dupc ghi nhan trong cdc cdng udc quoc te ve quyen con ngudi va dugc the che hoa trong phap luat cua cac quoc gia.
Dong hdnh voi tien bg cua nhan loai, Nhd nudc Viet Nam ludn khdng dinh, tao dieu kien de bao dam ty do ngon lu?n, tu do bao chi nham gdp phan vdo su phdt trien chung cua dat nudc. Trong nhimg nam qua, phdp luat Viet Nam ve quyen con ngudi ndi chung, cdc quyin tu do ngdn luan, tu do thdng tin noi rieng da USn tuc dugc hoan thien, phat trien vd cd nhung budc tien khong the phii nhan.
Tu khda: Phdp luat, quyen tu do ngdn luan, quyen ty do th6ng tin.
Phan loai nganh: Luat hgc
Abstract: The freedoms of speech and of information have always been global issues, recognised in international conventions on human rights and institutionalised in the laws of nations.
Accompanying with the progress of humanity, the State of Vietnam has always been affirming and faciUtating the ensuring of the freedoms of speech and of the press to contribute to the overall development of die countty. In recent years, Vietnamese law on human rights in general, and freedoms of speech and of information in particular, have been continuously improved, developed and achieved undeniable headways.
Keywords: Law, freedom of speech, freedom of information.
Subject classification: Jurispmdence
1. Mfr dau phdp ly va dao diic ttong xa hdi dan chu. La mpt ylu td nin tang cua nhdn phdm vd nhdn Khdi niem "ty do" la tinh ttang mdt ca nhdn quyin, ty do mang tt'nh lya chpn cd nhan.
cd thi va cd hanh ddng theo y chi, nguyen John Stuart Mill^ ttong tac pham Ban ve tu vpng ciia minh, phii hop vdi cac quy pham do da phac hpa nhiing nguyen ly nen tang
Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam so 6 - 2019 cdn ban, bdo dam quygn ty do ca nhan vdi cpng ddng xa hdi. Xac dinh ranh gidi cua quyin lyc hgp phap va hgp Iy cua xa hdi, dng cho rang: 'Ty do cd nhdn chi dugc phep bi gidi han vdi dieu kien giup cho xd hdi ty bdo vg vd bao ve nhung ngudi khdc.
Con ngudi cdn nhiing digu kien khdc nhau cho su phat trien tinh than nen hg can su ty do cd nhdn dl phdt huy hit tigm nang cung nhu tac dgng lgn rieng cd nhdn minh theo nguyen tde cd the Idm tat ca nhung gi khdng hai din ngudi khac"
Theo do, "ty do ngdn luan" Id quygn trinh bay y kign mgt each mach lac, rd rang cua mpt ngudi ndo do ma khdng sg sy ttd thu hoac kigm duyet cua chinh quyen, hay chiu sy trung phat cua xa hdi; ciing dugc dung dg ndi den ca hanh dgng tim kigm thdng tin hoac quan niem, bdt kg bang each su dung phuang tien truygn thdng nao. Ban vl ty do ngdn Iuan, Benedic Spinoza'^ phat bieu: "Trong mdt qudc gia ty do, moi ngudi cd thg nghi digu hg mudn va ndi dieu hg nghf. Ong cung ndi ket mdt cdch rd rang su ty do ngdn Iuan vdi dan chu khi cho rdng, "ddn chu" - vdi tu cdch Id "hinh thiic ty nhign nhat cua viec cai tti" ciing la chg dp phii hgp nhat de dat dugc muc tieu nay [4]. Khai niem tu do ngdn ludn hien dai dugc dng quan ruem Id mdt quygn da dien bao gdm khdng chi quyen dugc bieu dat hay phdt tdn thdng tin va tu tudng, ma cdn ham chiia cdc ngi dung (nhu quyen tim kigm thdng tin vd tu tudng, quyen tiep nhan thdng tin va tu tudng, quyen chia se thdng tin va tu tudng)^.
Ngay nay, quygn ty do ngdn ludn ttd thdnh mdt gia tri pho bign dugc hau het cdc qudc gia cdng nhan bdng van bdn luat va ttd thanh mdt ttong nhiing quyen cdn bdn nhdt cua con ngudi dugc ghi nhan ttong cdc van kien qudc tg nhu mdt ttong nhiing
chuan myc qudc tl. Quyin ty do ngdn luan dugc thua nhdn nhu Id mdt quyin con ngudi ttong Dieu 19, TuySn ngdn Qudc te vl Nhan quyin cua Lien Hgp Quoc 1948 (UDHR)* vl cdc quyin co ban cua con ngudi va dugc khang dinh ttong Luat Nhdn quyen qudc tg, nham thuc day va bao ve cdc quyen con ngudi ttgn pham vi qudc tg, khu vyc vd timg qudc gia. Ngoai ra, mdt sd chudn qudc tg, khu vyc vd qudc gia ciing thua nhan quyen ty do ngdn luan ap dung cho mgi phuong tign truygn thdng, du bang each ndi, viet, tdi lieu in an, qua internet hay qua cdc hirdi thiic nghe thudt^. Sy ty do cua cdc hoat ddng truygn tiidng dai chdng (TTDC) thi hien ty do ngdn luan cua cdng dan dugc xem la ygu td can ban cua xa hdi dan chu vi ngudi dan su dung quyin ty do ngdn Iuan dg thuc sy lam chu ddt nudc cua minh.
"Ty do thdng tin" (hay ty do bdo chO bao gdm tu do tim kiem vd quygn dugc thdng tin la nhiing quyen cua cdng chung dugc biet thdng tin cua nhd nudc theo cdch ehu ddng cdng khai hoac thuc hien quyen ygu cdu tii phia ngudi ddn, nham thda man nhu cdu thdng tin cua minh ciing nhu bdo ve vd thyc hien cac quyen nang khdc dugc phdp luat ghi nhan. Bdn ve quygn ty do thdng tin, David Hume ttong bdi luan vg ty do bdo chl cho rdng, tu do "thdng tin cho cdng chung bdt ki dieu gi chung ta mudn"
la ddc biet phd bign d nhung nudc cd chinh quyin hdn hgp nhu nudc Anh va ttai ngugc vdi idiung qudc gia "hoan toan theo chl do qudn chu" hay "hoan toan theo chu nghia cdng hda" [3]. Benjaniin Constant"^ ttong tac phdm Cdc nguyin tde ehinh tri cd thi dp dung cho tdt cd chinh phu cdng vach ro mdi lign ket giua tu do bao chi vdi qui md ldn cua cdc qudc gia hien dai khi cho rdng, ttong cac chinh the quy md ldn cda thdi ky hien dai, ty do bao chi Id phuang tien duy
nhdt ddm bdo tinh cdng khai, vi vdy dudi bat k^ chinh phii nao ciing Id bien phap dac biet dl bdo ve cac quyen cua chung ta.
La mdt nhu cdu vd mdt quyen co ban, cip thilt cdn phdi dam bdo dugc thyc hien dfii vdi mpi cdng dan, quyen dugc thdng tin ludn la mdt bd phdn khdng thg thieu cua quyin con ngudi. Ld mdt thanh td khdng thi tdch rdi cua mdt ngn dan chu, quygn dupc thdng tin la bieu hien ciia mgt xd hgi dugc qudn ly, van hdnh theo nguyen tac nha nudc phdp quyin vi nd tao co sd cho ngudi dan trong viec giam sdt sy cdng khai, minh bach ttong hoat ddng ciia nhd nudc. Theo do, quygn tiep can thdng tin thg hien ro nhdt vl mat cdc phuang tien thdng tin dai chung (PTTTDC), ttong dd cd bao chi, bao ddm cho ngudi dan cd quygn sii dung bao chi nhu phuong tien thg hien quan dilm vl mgi mat kinh tl - xa hdi vd chinh tti.
La nhftng quyin co ban va quan ttgng cua cd nhan nen ty do ngdn ludn, ty do didng tin ngdy cdng dugc dam bao d cdc chl dp ttong nhung hinh thdi kinh tl - xa hgi va ttong din tiinh van minh nhdn loai.
Ngdy nay, ty do ngdn ludn vd ty do thdng tin ttd thanh nhftng yeu td hgt siic quan ttpng dfii vdi sy dn dinh, phat triln cua moi quic gia, ddng thdi la bieu hien true tiep cua quan niem, chinh sach nhan quyen d qudc gia do. Cdc van kien nhu Cdng udc Qufic tg vg cac Quyen Ddn sy va Chinh hi 1966 (ICCPR), Cdng udc Qudc tl vl cac Quyin Kinh tl - Xa hdi va Van hda 1966 (ICESCR), diu nhdm han chl cdc hanh vi cua nhd nudc de khdng thg tudc doat cdc quygn ciia cd nhdn, tao lap mdt mdi trudng thuan Igi bao ve cac quyen con ngudi vd can thiep khi cdn thiet dg ngdn chan cac hanh vi xdm pham quygn con ngudi do hdnh vi cua ngudi khac gay ra, ttd thanh ngn tang siic manh vd co sd phdp ly cua quyin con ngudi. Mac du la nhiing quyen
CO ban ttong mdt xd hdi ty do nhung viec lam dung ty do ngdn ludn va ty do thdng tin se xdm hai den quyen vd lgi ich hgp phap cua cdc cd nhdn cung nhu xa hdi; vi vdy mdt van dg dugc dat ra la nhiing quyen nay phdi dugc gidi ban ttong nhftng trudng hgp nhdt dinh. Bdi viet nay phdn tich quyen ty do ngon luan va quygn ty do thdng tin ttong phdp ludt qudc tg vd phap ludt Viet Nam.
2. Quyen tir do ngon luan va quyen ty do thong tin trong phap luat quoc te Trgn binh dien qudc te, quyen ty do ngdn ludn vd quyen ty do thdng tin dugc ghi nhan, quy dinh cu the trong cdc vdn kien (ludt phdp) qudc tg nhu mdt chudn muc quoe tg ve mdt ttong nhung quygn cdn ban nhdt cua con ngudi. Ngudi ta dd tim thdy ty do ngdn ludn ttong cdc tdi lieu tu xa xua vg nhan quyin, nhu ban Dai Hign chuong Magna Carta (1215) ciia Vuang qudc Anh^' vd Tuyen ngdn nhdn quyen vd dan quyin cua Cach mang Phap 1789. Quyin ty do ngdn Iuan dugc thua nhan nhu Id mdt quyin con ngudi ttong UDHR: "Mpi ngudi diu cd quyin ty do ngdn ludn va bay td y kiln; kl cd ty do bao lim quan diem md khdng bi can thiep; cung nhu ty do tim kiln, tilp nhan va tiiyen bd cdc y tudng ya thdng tin bdng bdt ky phuong tien truyen tiidng ndo va khdng cd gidi han vg bien gidi" (Dilu 19). ICCPR cimg ttiygn bd:
"Mpi ngudi deu cd quygn ty do phdt bieu quan diem bao gdm quyen ty do tim kiem, tilp nhan va pho biln mpi tin tiic vd y kien bdng tinyin khdu, but ty hay dn phdm, dudi hinh thiic nghe thuat, hay bdng mpi phuong tien ttiayln thdng khdc, khong kl bien gidi qudc gia. Quyin nay chi cd the hi gidi han bdi phap Iuat vi nhu cdu tdn ttpng nhiing
Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam sd 6 - 2019 quyen ty do, thanh danh cua ngudi khdc vd an ninh qufic gia, ttat ty cdng cgng, sue khoe cdng cdng hay dao ly" (Dieu 19).
Npi dung ciia Dilu 19 UDHR sau dd dugc tdi khdng dinh ttong Ludt Nhan quyen qu6c tl va dugc ICCPR tiiua nhdn vg quyen ty do ngdn ludn: "Mgi ngudi deu cd quygn gift quan digm cua minh md khdng hi ai can thiep. Mgi ngudi cd quyen tu do ngdn ludn.
Quyin nay bao gdm ty do tim kiem, tiep nhan va truyin dat mgi thdng tin, y kien, khdng phdn biet ITnh vuc, hinh thftc tuygn truygn bdng mieng, bang bdn vigt, in, hoac dudi hinh thiic nghe thudt, thdng qua bat ky PTTTDC ndo tiiy theo sy lya chgn cua hg"
(Khodn 1, 2). Theo Uy ban gidm sat ICCPR, quyen dugc gift quan digm cua minh ma khdng bi ai can thiep ngu d Khoan 1 Digu 19 la quyen tuyet dfii, khong dugc han che hay tudc bd ttong bdt cii hodn cdnh ndo, ke cd ttong tinh hudng khan cap cua quoc gia. Bgn canh ca chg cd tinh chdt toan cau ciia Lien Hgp Qufic va mpt sd td chuc lien chinh phu, mdt so td chuc khu vyc ciing ban hdnh cac van kien vd thdnh lap cdc CO che de bdo ve vd thuc ddy quyen con ngudi ttong pham vi khu vyc do. Ty do ngdn luan cung dugc thfta nhdn ttong Luat Nhan quyen ciia mdt sd khu vyc (nhu Dieu 10 Cdng udc Chdu An ve Nhan quyen 1950; Khodn 13 Cdng udc Chau My vl Nhdn quyen 1969 (Hiep udc San Jose);
Dieu 9 cua Hien chuang Chau Phi ve nhan quyen (Dieu le Banjul) vaTu chinh thii Nhat cua Hign phap Hoa Ky). Mdt so chudn qudc tg, khu vyc vd qudc gia cung thfta nhdn rdng, quygn ty do ngdn luan dp dung cho mpi phuang tien truyin thdng, dii bdng each ndi, viet, tai lieu in In, qua intemet hay qua cdc hinh thuc nghe thudt. Nhin chung, cdc cdng udc quan ttgng ve quygn con ngudi deu ghi nhdn quyen tiidng tin, quygn tigp can thdng tin nhu mpt
cdu thdnh cdn ban. Theo UDHR, chfnh phu mpt qudc gia can dam bao cdc quyen con ngudi ca ban. Ngoai ra, quyin tiep can thdng tin tiiudc nhdm quyin ddn sy, chirih tri dugc bilu dat ttong UDHR (dh cap din khdi niem quyin va ty do ca bdn cua con ngudi), ICCPR vd dugc khdng dinh ttong nhieu dieu udc qudc tl khdc (nhu Cdng udc Lign Hgp Qudc phdng chdng tham nhiing (UNCAC), Tuygn bd cua Lien Hgp Qudc vl Mdi trudng vd Phdt trign 1992, Cdng udc Uy ban kinh tg Chau An cua Lien Hgp Qudc (UNECE) vl tilp can thdng tin mdi trudng).
Du hinh thai kinh te - xa hgi khdc nhau nhung gid tti phd quat cua quyen con ngudi ttong ITnh vuc ty do ngdn ludn, tu do bao ehi id tucmg ddng; dugc hdu het cdc qudc gia tdn ttgng, ghi nhdn vd bdo ve. Theo dd, ty do ngdn ludn dugc xem la dieu thiet yeu ddi vdi mdt chinh phu dai dien vd ddi vdi thyc hien ty do y chi ca nhdn. Dieu nay cd nghTa Id cac PTTTDC (truyin hlnh, phat thanh, bdo in) ty minh quyet dinh dang tai hay phat sdng nhiing tin gi. Chinh phii cung Id mdt ddi tugng de dua tin va binh Iuan chu khdng the tac ddng tdi viec cac PTTTDC dua tin gi, dua tin nhu thi nao vl chinh phii hay ddi hdi cdc bao phai ung hp quan diem cua chinh phii; cung khdng dugc ddi hdi phdi dua tin ciia chfnh phii hay yen cdu cdc bdo phai in nhftng tin ndo va phai in d vi tri ndo cua td bdo (neu chfnh phu muln dam bdo thi phdi ddt cac chuang trinh quang cao nhu bdt ky mdt cdng ty thuong mai hay cd nhan ndo). Khdng chi vdy, chinh phu phdi thyc hien nguygn tde ddi xu binh ddng ttong viec cung cdp thdng tin cho tdt ca cac PTTTDC, khdng ai cd thi bi phdn biet ddi xu vi cd nhihig tuyen bd khdng hgp Idng ddn. Bao ve tdi thugng quygn con ngudi vd bao ve quygn ty do ngdn ludn cua moi cdng dan mdt cdch binh dang Id tieu
Do Diic Minh chi xac dinh mdt nha nudc thyc sy ciia nhdn
ddn va the hien nguydn tac cua nha nudc phdp quyen.
Theo tinh tiidn do, ngdy nay quyin tu do ngdn luan dugc cac qudc gia cdng nhdn nhu nhung gia tri phd bien va quyen co bdn cua con ngudi dugc phdp Iuat bao ve bdng van bdn ludt, thdm child ghi nhan cua hign phap. Song, do nhiing khac biet ve hodn canh lich sft, chg do chinh tri, trinh do phat trign, gid tri tmyen thdng van hda nen mdi qufic gia, ddn tgc cd each tiep can vg quygn tu do ngdn ludn, quyen ty do thdng tin nhung viec tiiyc hien nhiing quyen nay nhu thg nao la vdn dg can dugc de cap mdt each cu the, cdn cu vdo sy lya chgn con dudng phdt trien vd he thdng phap luat (HTPL) eua moi qudc gia.
3. Quyen tu* do ngon luan va quyen ty do thdng tin trong phap Iuat Viet Nam Trong qua trinh xdy dyng dat n.jc, Viet Nam khdng the ndm ngodi xu hudng phdt trien chung cua nhan Ioai. Mac dii cd sy chi phoi dac thii cua ddt nudc, nhung Chinh phu Viet Nam van cdng nhan UDHR la gia tri pho quat, ky cam ket tuan thu vd thyc thi ddy du cdc cdng udc ICCPR ciing nhu ICESCR'^. Trong do, quyen con ngudi ndi chung va quyin dugc thdng tin cua cdng dan ndi rieng ndm ttong mdi quan he hai chigu gifta cdng ddn vdi Nha nudc Viet Nam (cdng dan va Nha nudc vua la chu thg vua la khdch the ttong viec cung cdp thdng tin). Cdc ban hien phap Viet Nam tir trudc den nay dgu cd nhung quy dinh ve ty do ngdn luan, ty do bao chf va khang dinh day la mdt ttong nhiing quyen co ban nhat cua con ngudi, cua mgi cdng ddn. Qua moi ban hiln phap, ndi dung nay dugc kl thua vd phat triln phii hgp tiing dieu kien vd hodn
canh lich su cy thg cua nudc ta. Vf du: cdc quygn tu do ngdn luan, quyin ty do bao chf dugc khdng dinh d Dilu 10 cua Hiln phap (1946) vd dugc tigp tiac ghi nhdn ttong Hiln phdp 1992 vd Hiln phap 2013". Nhftng nam qua, Nhd nudc Viet Nam da xay dyng vd hodn thien HTPL theo cdc nguyen tde cua nha nudc phdp quyen. Nhd nudc da ban hdnh nhigu vdn ban quy pham phdp ludt (VBQPPL) cd quy dinh vg thyc hien vd bao dam thyc hien quyin dugc thdng tin cua cdng ddn ttong mdt sd ITnh vyc (nhu Ludt Bdo chl 2016, Luat Tiep can thdng tin, Luat An ninh mang...). Tu do, gdp phdn xdy dyng xa hdi cdi md ve thdng tin, hudng tdi xdy dung he thdng chfnh phu cdng khai, minh bach, de cao ttach nhiem giai trinh ttong boat ddng quan ly, dieu hanh ddt nudc va tinh thdn lam chu ciia nhdn dan.
Hign phap 2013 dugc sua dfii, bfi sung cd ve ngi dung, bd cue va ky thudt lap hien.
Vdi nhftng digm mdi tien bd, Hien phdp 2013 da lam sdng td hon nhan thiic, npi dung va yen cdu xdy dung Nha nudc phdp quyin xa hdi chu nghTa (XHCN) cua nhan ddn, do nhan ddn, vi nhdn dan; phh hgp vdi yeu cdu tiiyc tien Viet Nam vd tilp can vdi nhung gia tn chung cua nhdn loai. Hien phdp 2013 chd ttgng ttong viec ghi nhan, bdo dam, bdo ve quyen con ngudi, quygn cdng dan, hien dinh mgt sd nguygn tde va quygn con ngudi cu thg trong cac cdng udc quoc tl vg nhdn quyen ma Viet Nam la thanh vien. Hiln phdp ciong nhdn manh va dl cao quyin con ngudi, quygn vd nghia vy ca ban ciia cdng dan. Nhftng ndi dung nay da ttd tiidnh tinh tiian cdt Idi vd nhirng digm sang CO ban, mang nhieu ddi mdi quan ttgng ciia Hiln phap 2013. Vdi nhdn thiic nhan dan la chii the cua quygn lap hign, quyin con ngudi vd quyin co ban ciia cdng ddn dugc Hiln phap sua ddi ttang ttgng mygn bd sau Chuong I (vg chg do chinh
Khoa hpc xa hgi Viet Nam so 6 - 2019 tri). Hien phap ciing the hien nhftng nhan thuc mdi ve dg cao nhdn td con ngudi, coi con ngudi la chu the, ngudn lyc chu yen vd Id muc tieu cua sy phat trien: "6 nudc Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam, cdc quyen con ngudi, quygn cdng ddn ve chinh tri, ddn sy, kinh tg, vdn hda, xd hdi dugc cdng nhdn, tdn ttpng, bao ve, bdo ddra theo hien phdp vd phap luat" (Khoan 1, Dilu 14). Khdng chi khdng dinh va ciing cd hau het cac quyin dugc ghi nhdn ttong Hien phdp 1992, Hiln phdp 2013 cung lam rd ban vd bd sung mdt so quygn mdi md cdc hien phdp trudc day chua dugc dg cap , tdch bach gifta quyin con ngudi vdi quyen va nghia vu cua cdng ddn; lam rd, chinh xac va phong phd han mdt sd quyen ty do trudc ddy da dl cap so vdi cdc chuan myc phdp ly quoc tl va thyc tien dat nudc. Cac gia tri ty do, cdng bdng, binh ddng, dan chu, nhan quygn, cdng khai, minh bach dugc ghi nhdn ttong nhieu digu, khoan cua Hien phdp.
Nhdm tdng cudng viec bao dam quygn con ngudi, ttanh sy tiiy tien ttong viec han chg quyin con ngudi, hign phdp bd sung mgt nguyen tde hiln dinh la "quygn con ngudi, quyen cdng ddn chi cd the bi han che theo quy dinh cua ludt ttong trudng hpp can thigt VI Iy do qudc phdng, an ninh qudc gia, trdt ty, an todn xa hdi, dao diic xa hgi, siic khoe ciia cgng dong" (Khodn 2, Dieu 14). Ddy la quy dinh de cao ttdch nhiem cua Nha nudc ttong mdi quan he vdi quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan; tao co sd hign dinh dg mgi ngudi va cdng ddn bao ve va thyc hien quyin con ngudi, quyen va nghia vy co ban cua cdng ddn. Khdng chi Iam rd, sau sdc, khd thi han cdc ndi dung, quan digm vl quyin con ngudi, quyen va nghia vu ca ban cdng ddn; nhung diem mdi bd sung cua Hiln phdp 2013 cdn gdp phan hoan thien khudn khd hiln dinh ve quyen con ngudi, quyin cdng dan va tdng cudng miic dd
tuong thich cua chl dinh quygn con nguoi, quyen cdng ddn ttong Hign phdp 2013 vai ngi dung ciia cdc Dieu udc qudc te ve nhan quyin md Viet Nam la thdnh vien va vdi hien phdp cac nhd nudc dan chii tren the gidi; dap iing nhirng nhu can mdi ve quygn con ngudi ndy sinh ttong bdi cdnh cdiig nghiep hda, hien dai hda va hfii nhap qudc tl (HNQT). So vdi Hiln phap 1992, each till hien cdc quygn con ngudi, quyen ca ban ciia cdng ddn ttong Hien phap 2013 da the hien sy ddy du va sdu sac quan niem ve chii quyen nhdn dan.
D I cy the hda hiln phap vd thyc hien quyen ty do ngdn luan, ty do thdng tin, cung vdi qua trinh ddi mdi kinh tg, HNQT, trong nhiing nam qua, Nha nudc Viet Nam da xdy dyng vd hodn thien he HTPL theo cac nguyen tac cua nha nudc phap quygn.
Nhd nudc da ban hdnh nhigu VBQPPL cd quy dinh vl thyc hien vd bdo dam thuc hien quyen dugc thdng tin ciia cdng dan ttong mdt sd ITnh vyc, gdp phan xdy dyng xa hpi cdi md ve thdng tin, hudng tdi xdy dyng he thdng chinh phii cdng khai, minh bach, ttdch nhiem gidi tiinh cao hem ttong boat dgng quan ly, dieu hanh ddt nudc, dl cao tinh thdn ldm chu Clia nhan dan. De bao ddm cho he tiidng tmyIn thdng theo kip sy phdt triln, ben canh cdc quy djnh cy thi ttong Hiln phap, phap ludt, Nha nudc Viet Nara ludn quan tdm hodn thien HTPL nhdm tao dilu kien cho cdc ca quan thdng tin dai chiing lam ttdn chiic ndng, nhiem vu, quyin tu do ngdn luan, ty do bdo chi d Viet Nam ngay cdng dugc phat huy cao hon. Cu thi Id:
Ludt Bao chi ndm 2016 (Luat sd 103/2016/QH13) quy dinh vl doi tiigng thanh lap co quan bao chi; lign kit ttong hoat dgng bdo chf; quyin tde nghiep cua bdo chi; quyen han, nghTa vy cua nhd bao;
hoat dpng kinh doanh dich vu ciia co quan
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bdo chi; nhftng hanh vi bi cam ttong hoat dgng bao chi; cdi chinh va xu ly vi pham ttong linh vyc bao chi. Vdi nhieu quy dinh mdi tiln bd ndi bat, phu hgp vdi thyc tien ddi sdng cua bdo chi va cdng tac bao chf, mang tinh thdi dai, Ludt Bdo chi nam 2016 gdp phdn tao hanh Iang phap If quan trgng vd cy the de boat dgng bdo chi tiep tuc phdt triln bin vftng. Ludt cd nhung digm mdi noi bat the hien ttong cac quy dinh vg quyin ty do thdng tin, quyen ty do ngdn luan; ddng thdi quy dinh trdch nhiem cua cac CO quan bao chf, cua Nha nudc ddi vdi nhiing quyen ty do tfadng tin, quygn ty do ngdn ludn tten bdo chf cua cdng ddn.
Ludt Tiep can thdng tin (Ludt sd 104/2016/QH13) cy thi hda quyin tilp can thdng tin dugc quy dinh tai Dieu 25 Hign phdp ndm 2013: "Cdng ddn cd quyen ty do ngdn luan, ty do bao chf, tiep can thdng tin, hfii hgp..."; ddng thdi ndi Iuat hda mdt sd quy dinh ttong cdc dieu udc qudc tg raa Vipt Nam la thanh vien; quy dinh vg viec tiiyc hien quygn tigp can thdng tin cua cdng dan, nguygn tde, trinh ty, thu tuc thyc hien quyin tilp can thdng tin, ttdch nhiem, nghTa vu cua CO quan nhd nudc trong viec bdo dam quyen tigp can thdng tin cua cdng dan (Dieu 1). Viec ban hanh luat nhdm bao dam thi hdnh quy dinh cua Hien phdp 2013 ve
"Quygn tiep can thdng tin" cua cdng ddn, dong thdi, cu the hda tinh thdn mdi ciia Hign phdp vl trach idiiem ciia Nhd nudc ttong viec tdn ttgng, bao ve, bao ddra quyen con ngudi, quygn cdng ddn; bdo dam cung cap thdng tin mdt each chinh thdng, chdng lai nhihig thdng tin xuygn tac, khdng dung su that, tao sy dong thuan xd hgi ttong viec xay dung, triln khai thyc hien chinh sach, phap ludt; gdp phdn cai thien mdi trudng kinh doanh, phat tiien ngn kinh te thi trudng
dinh hudng XHCN va HNQT, dfing tiidi dk thyc hien cac cam kit quoc tl cua Viet Nam cd lien quan din quyin tiep can thdng tin vd bdo dam tinh tuong thich cua phdp ludt Viet Nam vdi phdp ludt cua nhieu nudc tten thi gidi ve quyen tiep can thdrig tin.
Theo quy dinh ciia Ludt Tilp can thdng tin, thdng tin la tin, dft lieu dugc chiia dung ttong van bdn, hd so, tai Ueu cd sdn, ton tai dudi dang ban viet, ban in, bdn dien tii, ttanh, anh, bdn ve, bang, dia, bdn ghi hinh, ghi dra hoac cac dang khdc do co quan nhd nudc tao ra (Khoan 1, Dilu 2). Trong qud trinh thuc hien chuc ndng, nhiem vy, quyen ban, CO quan nha nudc thudng ndm gift hai loai thdng tin, do Id thdng tin do ehinh co quan minh tao ra ttong qua trinh thyc Men chuc ndng, nhiera vy vd thdng tin do minh nam gift vi nhdn dugc tu ca quan khac gui cho minh. Tuy nhign, co quan nhd nudc chi cd ttach nhiem tryc tiep cung cap ddi vdi nhiing thdng tin do chinh minh tao ra.
Thdng tin do co quan nha nudc tao ra la tin, dft lieu dugc tao ra ttong qud trinh co quan nhd nudc thuc hien chuc ndng, nhiem vu, quyin ban theo quy dinh ciia phdp luat, dugc ngudi cd thdm quygn cua co quan nhd nudc do k^, ddng ddu hoac xdc nhan bang vdn ban (Khodn 2, Digu 2).
Luat An ninh mang (Luat sd 24/2018/QH14) quy dinh ve "boat ddng bao ve an ninh qudc gia, dam bdo ttat tu an toan xa hgi ttgn khdng gian mang; ttdch nhiem cua ca quan, td chftc, cd nhan cd Hen quan.
Ludt An ninh raang bdo ve quyen lgi hgp phdp cua cdng dan Viet Nam khi su dung dich vu mang; khdng cdm ty do ngdn Iuan nhung Id co sd phdp Iy va mdt cdng cy quan ttpng dl lam Idnh manh thdng tin mang, giup lyc lugng chuygn ttach xir ly nhung nguy CO, thdch thuc vd ngdn chan, xu ly kip
Khoa hoc xa hpi Viet Nam sd 6 - 2019 thdi, hieu qud cdc hanh vi vi pham phap ludt ttgn khdng gian mang xdm pham cdc quyin va lgi ich hgp phap cua cdng ddn.
4. Ket ludn
La thanh qud phdt ttiln lau ddi cua lich su nhdn loai, gia tri cao quy chung ciia cac ddn tgc; cac quyen ty do ngdn Iuan, ty do bdo chi dugc xem nhu Id thudc do sy tien bd va trinh dp van minh cua cac xa hdi, khdng phan biet chl do chinh ttj, trinh do phat triln vd bdn sdc van hda. Trong qud trinh xay dyng ddt nudc, Viet Nam khdng ndm ngoai xu hudng phat trien chung cua nhdn loai. Mac dii cd sy chi phdi cua ddc thu cua ddt nudc, Chinh phii Viet Nam van cdng nhan UDHR Id gia trj phd qudt vd ky cam kit tudn thu cac van kien ICCPR vd ICESCR; ddng thdi ludn khdng dinh thuc thi ddy dii cdc cdng udc da ky. Cdc bdn Hiln phap cua Viet Nam tii trudc den nay dgu cd nhung quy djnh vg ty do ngdn luan, ty do bdo chf va khang dinh ddy Id mgt ttong nhiing quygn co ban nhdt cua con ngudi, cua mgi cdng dan. Qua raoi ban hien phdp, quyin ty do ngdn luan, ty do bdo chf cua cdng ddn dugc ke thfta, phdt trign phu hgp vdi tiing dieu kien va hodn ednh lich sft cu the cua ddt nudc. Vdi viec Nha nudc thara gia ky cdc Cdng udc quoc tg ve quyen con ngudi, ban hdnh Hien phap 2013 va cdc Luat Bdo chi ndm 2016, Ludt Tiep can tiidng tin 2016, Ludt An ninh Mang ndm 2018; din nay khung phdp ludt ciia Nhd nudc Viet Nam ve quygn ty do ngdn ludn, bao chi, tiep can thdng tin cua cdng ddn ca ban day dii, ddng bg va tuong thich vdi ludt qudc tl vl quygn con ngudi.
Chu thich
^ John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) 1^ nhS triit hpc thuc chiing, nhk tu tucmg ly do hing dau nguiri Anh the ky XIX. Tu tuong cua ong mang dam dau an duy IJ phuong Tay, c6 anh huong s§u rpng, da ph3c hpa nhihig nguyen Iy nen tang c5n ban, bao dam quyen tu do ciJa ci nhSn con ngucri d6i vin cpng dong xa hpi vk su phdt trien.
' Mill dua ra quan diSm v^ cac ranh gioi tat ygu cua tu do, nhu: (i) ttr do chi co thi tro thinh hiSn thuc trong mpt c^ng dong van minh; (ii) chi dupc ap dung vdi nhfltig ngutri "da truong IhSnh vl cic nang lyc" tiic \k khong kp dung may mdc cho tre em vk nguoi bj thiSu nSng tn' tue; (iii) xa hpi chi dupc phfip gidi han tur do cua ck nhan nhSm d£ tu bao v$ vl bao ve nh&ng thinh viSn khic.
•* Banid Spinoza (1632-1677) la nhi UiSt hpc duy ly nguoi Hk Lan, ngucri dat nSn mong cho thcri kj- khai sang vk sSng lap chu nghTa phg phdn kinh thdnh hien dai. Vdi nhtJng quan dilm sau sic vl nhd nudc vk phdp luat phdp quyen ty nhien, Spinoza cho riing:
nha nuoc holn hao )k mot nhi nudc dan chu ma phap luat bao dam quySn lgi vk ty do thyc sy ciia con ngucri.
' V^ vin de niy, trong ly luan cua minh, CM&c va Ph.Angghen cQng khing dmh myc deu 1^ tucmg xay dyng mpt xa h6i lay "sy phdt trien ty do ciia moi ngucri li dieu kien cho su phdt trien ty do cua tat ca mpingu6i" [1, tr.628].
UDHR li Tuygn ngon ve cdc quyen co ban cua con nguoi (dupc Dai hpi dong Li6n Hpp Quic th6ng qua ngiy 10/12/1948), bao him cdc quygn CO ban ve kinh te, chinh tri vi cdc quyen chlng I?i su phSn biet doi xu bat cdng dya tren chiing tpc, ton gido hay gidi tinh.
Do thuat ngtt "tu do ngon luan" cflng dong nghia voi "tu do bieu dat" hay "ty do thi hi?n"; vi vay, viec bao vg ty do ngdn luan nhu li mpt quyen khong chi ndi dgn npi dung mi cdn ndi dgn phucmg den bieu dat.
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Do Diic Minh
* 'Th6ng tin" li nhihig hiSu biet, tri thiic thu dupc qua nghign ciiu, khao sdt, trao ddi gifta cdc doi ftipng vdi nhau; thdng bdo dn tiic vdi •$ nghia li tit ca nhihig gi mang lai higu biet cho con ngudi. Trong ddi sing xa hpi, thdng tin cd vai trd quan trpng vi dupc xem li "6xi cua nen dSn chii",
'David Hume (1711-1776) li triet gia, nhi kinh tg hgc, nhi su hpc Scotland, mpt trong nhftng nhan vat quan ttpng nhdt ttong thdi kj khai sdng cua Scotland.
'"Benjamin Constant (1767-1830) li nhi vdn, nhi Ur tudng 16i lac vi chi'nh tti gia ngudi Thuy ST, duac menh danh li "hiing bign nhat ciia tat ca cdc nhi bao ve quygn ni do vi rigng tu" (Isaiah Berlin).
" Magna Charta (1215) li Ban Dai hign chuong (vi m§t s6 dao luat khdc) dupc xem li mpt vdn ban phdp luEit quan ttpng vi li nguon ciia hien phdp bat thinh vin cua nuoc Anh. N6i dung cua Magna Charta li h^n chg quygn lyc cua nhi vua vi thira nhiin mdt so quyen ty do cua con ngudi.
'^ ICESCR dupc Dai hpi dong LiSn Hpp Qu6c thdng qua ngiy 16/12/1966 (Viet Nam phS chuin ngiy 24/9/1982), quy dinh: cdc quoc gia tham gia phai cam kit ttao cdc quyen kinh te - xa hpi vi vkn hda cho cdc cd nhan, bao gIm quyin cdng doin vi quyen chim sdc sue khoe, quyen gido due vi quyen duoc dam bao mdc sdng phti hgp. Cung vdi UDHR vi ICCPR, ICESCR 11 mpt phdn cua Bp LuSt Nhan quygn qudc t^ vk dupc dit dudi sy gidm sdt cua Uy ban ICESCR.
" Quygn tigp can thong tin cua cdng dSn da dupc ddt ra ngay khi diinh I(ip Nudc Viet Nam dan chii cpng hda, nhung Hiln phdp 1992 Ian dau dgn xdc dinh quyen dugc thdng dn nhu li quyen co ban cua cong dSn (Dilu 69). Hien phdp 2013 kl thira quy dinh niy vi sua ddi diinh "quyen dip c?in didng tin" (Digu 25).
Quygn sdng (Digu 19); cdc quygn vg vdn hoa (Dilu 41); quyen xdc djnh dan tpc, sir dung ngon ngft rae de, lya chpn ngon ngtt giao tigp (Di^u 42); quygn sdng trong mdi tniong ttong Ianh (Digu 43); quyen cua cong dan khdng the bi true xuit, giao nop cho nhi nudc khac (Dieu 17); quygn hign md, bp phSn ca thi ngudi vi hien xae (Dieu 20); quygn cd noi d hpp phdp (Dilu 22); quygn hudng an sinh xa hpi (Dilu 34)... Bd sung nhieu quyen mdi nhu: quygn duac cd qudc tich, quygn dupe bao dam an sinh xa hpi, quyen dupc thu hudng gia tti vin hda, dupc bao ve ttong tieu diing, duoc song ttong mdi trudng ttong linh vi cd nghta vu bao vg mdi tnrdng... Nhftng quyin mdi niy da md rpng pham vi bao ve hien phap vdi cdc quyen con ngudi, quygn cong dan trgn cdc liiih vuc dan sy, chinh tri kinh tl - xa hdi va vdn hda.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] CMac vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn lap. t.4, Nxb Chi'nh ttj qudc gia. Ha Npi.
[2] Do Ddc Minh (2014), "Quan hg cua truyin thong dai chung vdi nginh tu phdp d cde nudc tu ban phdt trien", Tgp chi Khoa hge, Dgi hgc QuSc gia Hd Npi, sd 2.
[3] http//:press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/
documents/amendI_speechs2.html.
[4] http://nghiencuuquocte.org/2014/03/13 /truyen-thong-va-dan-chu/
[5] https://luatviemam.vn/tu-phap/hien-phap-18- 2013-l-ctn-quoc-hoi-83320-dl .httnl#noidung [6] https://luatvietnam.vn/chinh-sach/luat-103-
2016-qhl3-quoc-hoi-104847-dl.html#noidung [7] https://luatvietnam.vn/thong-tin/Iuat-104-20I6-
qh 13-quoc-hoi-l 04848-dl .httnlftnoidung [8] https://luatvietnam.vn/an-ninh-quoc-gia/luat-
an-ninh-mang-2018-luat-an-ninh-mang-so-24- 2018-qhl4-164904-dl.httnl
