E^JghienlBiiru- -Khoa hoc Giao due
sir DUNG PHUONG PHAP KHAM PHA QUY NAP TRONG DAY HOC M O N KHOA HOC 6 TIEU HOC
POSTS. PHO OUfC HOA ThS. NGUYIN HUYEN TRANG Trirditig Dai hoc Sif pham Ha Noi
S
u phat trien va thay doi nhanh chdng cua xa hdi ddi hdi con ngudi phai nang dpng, sang tao va ed kha nang thich Crng cao. Vi vay, trong day hpe, nha su pham d n SLP dung cac phuang phap tich cue, ed kha nang kfch thfch dugc tfnh ehu ddng, ddc lap, tu giac trong t u duy eua tre. Khai thac kinh nghiem hpc tap, kfch thfch kha nang tham hilm, tim kilm, su dung va Crng dung... chfnh la thdng diep cua day hpe kham pha quy nap, dugc ap dung trong eac loai hinh nha trudng hien nay, trong dd cd nha trudng tiiu hpc.i l l U i ; i ! ! , l | .
1. Kham pha quy nap (inductive Inquity) Quy nap la phuang phap di tCr tri thCre v l eai rieng d i n tri thCre v l eai chung, tCr tri thCre ft chung d i n tri thCre chung han. D l tim eau tra Idi cho nhCrng eau hdi, chung ta ed t h i xem xet, k i l m nghiem vat dd mdt each kT cang, thye hien mpt vai thf nghiem, SP sanh nd vdi cac vat t h i khac, cae vat the tuang ddng han... T i t ca cac heat ddng quan sat, hinh thanh gia djnh, kilm nghiem, k i l m tra gia djnh...dl thu thap thdng tin va k i t ndi chung lai vdi nhau, hinh thanh cac gia djnh va gia djrih nay se lam hinh thanh kinh nghiem mdi, it la l l m han va ed y nghTa han.
Dugc hilu la phuang phap khoa hpc, phuang phap kham pha quy nap la mpt qua trinh SLP dung quan sat de phat trien thanh eac nguyen t i e chung v l mdt ehu t h i nao dd. Mdt nhdm cac m l u , sy kien, vat t h i giong nhau se dugc quan sat va nghien eCru, sau dd tCr cae quan sat nay ngudi ta se rut ra k i t luan Chung v l chu t h i dugc nghien eCru. Cac k i t luan nay cd the se trd thanh quy luat t y nhien hoac hpc thuyit. Phuang phap kham pha quy
nap dugc sir dung rdng rai trong giao due va khoa hpc. Khi sir dung phuang phap kham pha quy nap, giao vien dua ra mdt v I n d l eu t h i nhu mdt thf nghiem d n dugc giai thfch hoac mdt v I n d l trong thye t i l n d n dugc giai quylt. Hge sinh d n phai sir dung cac kiln thCre can ban d l d i i u tra, k i l m tra, phan tfch rdi dua ra k i t luan hoac phan anh theo each rieng cua minh.
Trong trudng hge, phuang phap kham pha quy nap thudng dugc sir dung rdng rai nhu la mdt phuang phap hudng d i n eua mdt qua trinh quan sat va kham pha. Nha trudng se su dung phuang phap kham pha quy nap nhu mdt dinh hudng eho hpc sinh nghien eCru khoa hpe. Cac hoat ddng kham pha nay cung lien quan d i n ea cae cdng thCrc va cae thCr nghiem v l khai niem gia thuyit thdng qua vied t i l n hanh thyc nghiem cua hpc sinh. Chung eho phep cac em kham pha eac hien tugng va y tudng cua cae ehu d l do cac giao vien hoac eac ehuyen gia trinh bay. Chung cdn ed the dugc su dung d l eho phep hgc sinh dua cac suy nghT va y tudng dugc cdng thCre hoa vao md hinh hay If thuyit ma hg cd the thCr nghiem va suy nglm trong phln md dau eua mdi phln giang day; thdng thudng giao vien cd the dua ra eho hge sinh cae tinh hudng khd ma khdng giai thfch. TCr dd, kfch thfch sy td md, tim hilu v I n d l , bai hgc cua cae em.
2. Cac dang cua kham pha quy nap Phuang phap day hpc quy nay ed nhiiu dang vdi nhiiu ten gpi, bao gdm: Hpc qua hdi dap, hpc kham pha, hpc qua dy an, hpe theo tCrng trudng hap va hpc trye tilp.
2.1. Hgc qua hdi dap (Inquiry-based learning)
KHGD so 65, thang 2 - 2011 17
Khoa hoc Giao due •Ng en znu Hpe qua hdi dap, hpe sinh dugc dua ra mdt
thir thach va hoan thanh viee hpe mong mudn trong qua trinh tra Idi thCr thach dd. Qua dd, hpe sinh phat triln suy luan eua minh, giai quylt v I n d l , cac kT nang tren li thuyit d l tap trung vao cac hoat ddng kham pha xung quanh, cae cau hdi d n thilt eho viee nghien eCru thyc nghiem, dua vao cac chuang trinh va eac tinh hulng quen thudc vdi hpc sinh, va d l ra mCre dp d l y du cua thCr thach d l thuc d l y viee phat triln kT nang.
2.2. Hge kham pha (Discovery learning) Hpc sinh lam viee chu ddng de hoan thanh cae bai tap, dua ra nhO'ng k i t luan phu hgp.
"Kham pha" nhung kiln thCre thye tiln eung nhu cd tfnh khai niem trong qua trinh dd, hgc sinh hge each sir dung phep thCr va sai de phan tieh va xir If cac k i t qua minh tim ra. Trong phuang phap nay giao vien dua ra mdt loat cac v I n d l , danh gia no lye eua hpc sinh nhung khdng trye tilp djnh hudng, d i n dat hpc sinh trong qua trinh thye hien dd.
2.3. Hge dira tren ehu de (Problem-based learning)
Hpe sinh dugc giao mdt v I n d l thye t l d n phai giai quylt. Ndi chung hpe dya tren ehu d l khuyin khfch viec hpe cdng tac bang each x I p hpc sinh vao cac nhdm. Hp se eung tim ra cdng thCre va danh gia cac giai phap khac nhau eua hp, ehpn giai phap tdt nhIt va dua ra tranh luan cho giai phap nay. Trong each hpc nay, hpc sinh khdng nhan dugc hudng d i n d n thilt trudc, va trpng tam khdng phai la eau tra Idi chfnh xac ma la qua trinh nghien eCru. Hp hinh thanh cdng thCre va danh gia cac giai phap khac nhau, lya ehpn mdt giai phap t i t nhIt, tao tinh hudng cho nd va danh gia cae bai da dugc hpc.
2.4. Hgc qua dy an (Project-based learning)
Hpe sinh dugc giao mdt bai tap cd mdt hoac nhiiu nhiem vu de cd the dem d i n k i t qua cudi eung la mdt thilt k l , md hinh, thilt bj hoac mdt md phdng tren may tinh. K i t qua cudi eung eua dy an thdng thudng la mdt bai bao eao vilt hoac ndi, tong k i t qua trinh da SLP dung de tao ra san pham va trinh bay k i t qua qua trinh thuc hien eua hpe sinh.
2.5. Hgc theo tCrng trwong hgp (Case-base learning)
Trong phuang phap nay, hpe sinh phan tieh eac bai tap tinh hudng cd tinh Ijch sir va gia thuyit, sau dd yeu elu giai quylt v I n d l , ra quylt djnh.
2.6. Hgc tren lop (Just-in-Time Teaching) Hpe sinh duae giao cae cau hdi mang tfnh khai niem khi bat d i u bai hpe. Cae eau hdi nay thdng thudng dugc thyc hien qua thu dien tCr hoac trang Web de hgc sinh cd the tilp can ngay. Sau dd giao vien sir dung eac tim tdi nay eua hpe sinh d l diiu chinh bai giang va djnh hudng lai cae nhan thCre sai cua hpc sinh v l
ndi dung chu d l . , 3. Quy trinh cua kham pha quy nap
Quy trinh cua kham pha quy nap cd d u true
vdng trdn va cd trinh t y sau: ,,
Giai doan 1: .:
- Xac djnh ITnh vyc hoat ddng; ,•
- Thilt lap mue tieu va pham vi kham pha khdi d i u ;
- Chpn mdt d l tai d l nghien eCru;
- Lam rd cac mue tieu. j Giai doan 2: io •] otjri;
- Thu thap, trinh bay. Net ke du' lieu; .^
- Tap hgp, trinh bay bd du' lieu ban d i u ; - Liet ke va danh d i u du' lieu.
Giai doan 3:
- Kiem tra du' lieu;
- Nghien eCru kT ludng cac du' lieu va xac djnh eac dac trung cua chung;
- Ban se ndi gi vdi hpe sinh trudc khi cac em b i t d i u bai tap?
- Cac chi tilt gidng nhau, khac nhau d diem nao?
- Kiem tra kT ludng cac d l mue, chi ra eac dae trung.
Giai doan 4:
- Dua ra cac khai niem bIng each phan loai;
- Phan loai cae mue du' lieu va chia se k i t qua;
- Bo sung du' lieu;
- Phan loai lai, viee nay ed the lam nhiiu lin.
Giai doan 5:
0Gri>' aril t;--; D-^;
18 KHGD sd 65, thang 2 - 2011
len LTU- -Khoa hoc Giao due - D l ra cac phuang phap va thCr nghiem
chung;
- Kiem tra sy khac nhau va lien quan giO'a cac nhdm;
- Phan loai theo hai hudng dong thdi chinh li thich hgp;
- Tong hgp va kilm tra cac gia thuyit.
Giai doan 6: , -Cung ed va chuyin giao;
- Tim kilm them cac mue dCi" lieu tCf eac ngudn;
- Tong hgp bang van ban ITnh vyc hoat ddng ed sir dung cae nhdm;
- Chuyen eac nhdm dd thanh eac kT nang.
Tdm lai, md hinh quy nap ma hpc sinh tilp can da khuyin khfch cac em xay dyng kiln thCre va kT nang qua qua trinh kham pha ed nguyen tie... Viec duy tri kha nang SLP dung cac kiln thCpc va kT nang dugc phat triln trong qua trinh kham pha la mue tieu ea ban cua qua trinh day hge. , (;n ; : ; ; . , - j . -
4. Su' dung phu'ang phap day hoc kham pha quy nap trong day hpc mon Khoa hoc 6" tieu hoc
Sau qua trinh nghien eCru, chung tdi quylt djnh lya ehpn mdn Khoa hpc Idp 5 lam mdn hpe thyc nghiem. Day la mdn hpc cd ndi dung g i n gui vdi ddi sing thyc tiln do dd cd t h i khai thac triet de kinh nghiem sing cua hpe sinh.
De dam bao tfnh khach quan eho qua trinh thye nghiem, chung tdi chpn Idp thyc nghiem va Idp d l i chCrng d Trudng Tiiu hpc Ngd Thi Nham, Hai Ba Trung tuang ddi ddng d i u nhau v l trinh dp. Hai Idp cung hpc mdt chuang trinh nhu nhau, nhung d Idp thye nghiem chung tdi sir dung phuang phap kham pha quy nap cho eac bai day.
Sau khi nghien eCru, xay dung xong ndi dung bai soan khoa hpc v l "Mdi trudng", "Tai nguyen thien nhien" va "Vai trd cua mdi trudng ty nhien d l i vdi ddi song con ngudi" ed van dung day hpc kham pha vao tilt hpc, chung tdi t i l n hanh thye nghiem theo dung chuang trinh hpe cua hpc sinh.
Cy Idp doi ChCrng, chung tdi tiln hanh day binh thudng theo sach giao vien va theo dung ndi
dung chuang trinh quy djnh cua Idp 5.
Qua qua trinh thye nghiem, ehCing tdi nhan thIy, hpc sinh rIt hCrng thu va sdi noi khi tham gia tilt hpc. Vdi phuang phap kham pha quy nap, cac em cd ea hpi dugc khai thac va t h i hien toan bp nhCpng kinh nghiem va kha nang tim kilm thdng tin cua minh thdng qua viee giai quylt cac v I n d l eua bai hpc. K i t qua thye nghiem cho thIy, mac dCi cd xult phat diem tuang ddi d i u nhau song qua qua trinh hpc tap vdi phuang phap kham pha quy nap, hpe sinh Idp thyc nghiem nIm vu'ng kiln thCre han, diem eua Idp thye nghiem eao han hpc sinh Idp d l i chCrng.
5. Ket luan
Kham pha quy nap giup ca nhan hpe sinh t h i hien tinh tich eye va phat huy nd lye eua ban than, lam eho kinh nghiem eua cac em trd nen ed y nghTa. Phuang phap day hpe nay da gdp phln phat huy tinh ddc lap, ty giac eua hpe sinh trong qua trinh chilm ITnh tri thue.
Cac k i t qua nghien eCru da eho thIy viee van dung phuang phap kham pha quy nap vao mdn Khoa hpc ndi rieng va cac mdn hpe khac ndi chung ed y nghTa to Idn, gdp phln nang eao chit lugng day hpc. Vi vay, viec d l x u l t van dung chung vao day hpe d t i i u hpe la hgp li va d n thilt.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bp Giao due va Dao tao. Day kTnang tw duy, Ha Ndi, 2000 (Tai lieu cua du an Viet-BI "Ho trg day hpc tCr xa").
2. Phd DCrc Hda, Day hoc tich ci/c va each tiip can trong day hoc tiiu hoc, NXB Dai hpc Su pham, 2009.
3. Inqury Teaching-Alberta, Canada, 2004.
5. http//www inquiry teaching.com SUMMARY
Inductive Inquiry is one of the active teaching and learning methods applied for teaching sci- entific subjects. This positive teaching method can make children become active, creative and positive in excavating and achieving knowledge.
This method consequently brings a much effec- tive class because it provides children with much excitement
KHGD so 65, thang 2-2011 19
