\| CHfNH SACH HUY DONG VA SLf DUNG VON CUA SINGAPORE GIAI DOAN 1961 - 1979
N G U Y I » ^ T H I T H U H l / d N G *
S
ff thdnh cdng cua Singapore ngdy nay dUdc giai tMch bdi nMlu ly do, trong dd chinh sdch huy dfng, thu hut cac nguin luc tdi chinh tff trong va ngoai nUdc cimg vffi vifc suf dung cd Meu qua cdc nguin luc trong giai doan tiln de 1961- 1979 dugc coi la m f t trong nhOlig n g i ^ n nhan chii ylu nliat. DO b l i canh mffi da cd nMeu thay doi, song nhiSig kinh ngMem cua Singapo d thffi k^ nay v l n cd tinh thdi sy cao dli vffi Viet Nam, n h l t la kM nUde ta dang tich cue thu hut cac nguin lUc cho cfing ngMfip hda, Men dai bda. Ddy cflng Id nfi dung chinh se dUdc phan tich va lam ro trong bdi viet nay.1. C h i n h s a c h h u y d $ n g v o n d a u ti^
c u a S i n g a p o r e
Phdt t r i l n vffi khdi ffiem khfing cd tai nguyen tMen nMfin, tMeu nhdn Iffc, d giai doan diu thuc Men cdng ngMep hda, cbinh phu Singapore do fing Ly Quang Difiu (Lee Kuan Yew) diing dau, ludn coi trpng vific tim kie'm cac nguon von ben ngodi. D l dgt dffdc muc tieu trfin, Singapore phai dau tff xay dung cac cd sd hg t i n g vd phdt trien cdc nganh dich vu tMe't yfi'u phuc vu cbo phat t r i l n cdng
ngMfp. Trong b l i d n h vffa lap qud'c, nhd nffdc Singapore khdng cd sdn cdc nguon vln, do vdy, t r a n h thu tSi da mpi nguin tuc, tff cdc khoan tilt Idfim cua n^fdi dan cho tffi cdc khoan vien trd va dau tU trffc tilp d a nudc ngodi da trd t h a n h nMem vu het sffc d p bdch eua qude gia nay.
1.1. Chinh sdch huy dgng von ngi dia
Tff sau ndm 1965, Singapore da thffc tM chu trffdng "tilt k i l m bat bufc" thdng qua vifc cai t i l n hoat dpng eua Quy dff phbng trung ffcmg (Central Provident Fund CPF) dffdc ban h a n h n a m 1955 kM Singapore van cbn chiu sU eai tri d a Anh.
Trong CPF cd ba tai khoan: tdi khoan thdng thudng, tdi khoan dac bifit va tdi kholn bdo liilm y te"^^*. Chdc ndng chinh d a Quy Id tgo ra nguon tdi ctiinh cho nguffi lao dfng Idii ve huu. CMnh phu quy dinh moi ngUffi lao ddng dUdc hffdng ItSctng d Singapore diu phai nop mdt khoan tien to 5-25% iQcmg hdng thdng vdo Quy nay vd se dffdc nhgn lai khi dfi'n tuli 55'^*, cdn chu sd hiJO Iao dfng dd phai ddng tff 6,5-16%
Iffdng hdng thdng cua ngffdi lao dong.
Nguin thu cua Quy trfin da giup cMnb phu cd dffdc kholn tiln ldn de diu tu phat trien
' Ths. Nguyin Thi Thu Hudng, NCS. TrUdng Bai hoc KHXH&NV, DHQG Hd N6i
Nguyin Thj Thu Hudng - Chinh sdch huy d0ng vd sd dung von cua Singapore... 23
ed sof ha t i n g , xdy dffng nhd d edng cfng, kieh tMch n i n k m h t l phat t r i l n . D i n g thdi, chinh sdeh tiet kifm bat bufc cOng gdp phan ldm cho cM s l tfch Ifly nfi dia tdng cao. Tff con so dm ndm 1960, ti If t i l t kifm ndi dia da tdng len con so 10% GDP vko ndm 1965 vd trong thgp mfin 70, con s l ndy Id 30%. Mdc dO ehinh phu Singapore g^p khd khdn trong huy dfng nfi dia bdi lUdng dan it, song vffi bien phdp manh me, Singapore da huy dfng dUdc ti Ie tifi't kifm eao hdn so vffi Hdn Quic. (Xem B i n g 1)
Ngoai ra, ehinh phu Singapore sff dung thue kinh doanh vd tiln cho thufi di't... de hS trd phat t r i l n cd sd hg tang. Nhd chinh sdch cho thufi n h a dffdc duy tri tff nam 1960, nMlu ngudi ddn Singapore cd thu nh$p thap da cd c h l d. Chinh sdch ndy da dat dupc kfi't q u i ngoai mong dpi. Nlu nhU nfim 1960 cM cd 9% ngudi dan dUdc thue nhfi d, tM d i n giOa nhflng ndm 80 dfi cd hdn 80% cu dfin thfinh thi dUdc t h u l nhfi d vffi ffifin tich tUdng d l i rfng rai*^\ (Xem B&ng 2)
1.2. Chinh sdch huy dgng vdn ddu MnUdc ngodi
Do tlii trffdng trong nffdc ban hep.
hudng dau tien trong cMin Iffde phdt t r i l n d a Singapore lfi thffc Mfin cMin thudt
"nhay khu vUc"**\ tQc Ifi Uln kfi't vffi nhflng nude phat t r i l n nhff My, vfi mft s l nffdc Chdu Au, n h i m thuc day trao dli thUdng mai vfi d i u tu giffa cac b^n.
Nfim 1961, Bf ThUdng mai vfi Diu tU da thfinh l§p Uy Ban Phdt Trien Kinh T l (EDB)*^* hogt dfng theo cd che mft d a cho cfic nlifi d i u t u nudc ngofii, tao von vfi phdn b l tfii ciimh cho edc ngfinh cfing ngMfp, b i o lanh cho vay tin dung ngan hfing. K i t n i i trUe tiep vffi nhflng khdch tifing tilm nfing d chuih quic gia d a cac nhd diu tff, EDB c l gang thu hut edc nha dau tU vfi dinh hudng diu tu vfio cdc linh vffc hod diu, sufa ehffa tfiu thuyen, che tao kim loai vfi ffien to*®*. N h i m md rfng boat dpng, nhong nam tQ 1971 - 1976, EDB dfi tMit lap d c vdn phbng hai ngogi tai Zurich, Paris, Osaka vfi Houston*''.
Khdc vffi d c qud'c gia khac, Singapore khdng ban Iidnh "Luat diu tU nUdc ngofii", khdng quy dinh ti lfi d i u tU, khdng tian che du dn vfi phUdng ibffc dau tff. Qiinh phu Singapore ung hf mpi dU dn diu tU, du kim nggch diu tu ldn hay nhd, nha diu tu trong nUdc hay nUdc ngofii deu dUtte doi xijf nhff B&ng 1: T o n g tig't k i f m t r o n g mtdc c d a m $ t s o qud'c g i a Chfiu A (% GDP)
Singapore Dai Loan H4n Quffc H6nK KdnR
1960 -3 13 1 6
Ti 1$ t i e t Id^
1985 10 22 8 29
1970 21 26 15 25
m 1971-1980
30,0 32,2 22,3 27,5
L a i s u a t h u y d $ n g tln^c t e 1961-1981
2,8 4,1 1.0 1.8 Ngudn: Anis Chowdhury, lyanatul Islam (1993), The Newly Industrialising Economies of East Asia, p.l28
Nghien cim Bong Nam A, sd' 11/2015
B a n g 2: T i n g tie't k i f m q u o c gia ctia S i n g a p o r e 1974 - 1979
Nam
1974 1976 1976 1977 1978 1979
Tdng tiet kiem qu6'c gia (GNS) Trieu $
3.220 3.986 4.580 5.079 5.928 7.300
Tig't kiem khu vUc cong
Triiu $ 736 1.362 1.470 2.021 2.230 2.801
%GNS 22,8 34,2 32,1 39,8 37,6 38,4
Tiet kigm Ichu vUc tu nhSn Quy du ph6ng
trung uong Trieu
$
643 821 831 888 1.027 1.534
%aNS 20 20,6 20,6 17,5 17,3 21
Khdc (t4ip iokn + cA nhfin) Triiu
$
1.841 1.802 1.802 2.170 2.671
^ 2.d965
%GNS 57,2 45,2 45,2 42,7 45,1 40,6 Nguon: W. G. Huff (1994), The economic growth of Singapore, Cambridge University Press, p. 333.
nhau, d l ho cd cd hpi tu do cgnh tranh. Ben canh dd, Chinh phii Singapore cbn ban hanh mdt so luat QU tifin kfiu gpi dau tU vfio cac ngfinh cong ngMfip miii nhpn phuc vu xuat khau nhU "Lugt md rpng kinh tl**
(Economic Expansion Act) nam 1967, "Ludt khuyin kMch md rpng kinh tfi* (1971)...
Thffc tM "Luat md rdng kinh te* tff ndm 1967, Singapore da tie'n hfinb mien giam t h u l cd ffiiu Men dffa theo Meu qua lao dpng. Singapore dfi giam mft each dang k l t h u l ldi tffc cua doanh ngMfip dffa theo ldi lihuan thffc tfi' tff 40% xuing cbn 4% trong vong 15 ndm, mien lfi edc san pham tgo ra phai ddp flt^ dffdc yeu d u xuat khau'*'.
Viec theo duli cMnh sdch thffdng mgi ty do, khdng danh t h u l hodc giam t h u l da mang lai nhieu thu$n ldi cho Singapore trong viec thu hut riMlu cfing ty tai chlnh, thffdng mgi quic t l , d c nha dau tff nffdc ngofii tdi ldp cd scf kinh doanh, dau tU vfio Unh vffc cdng ngMep che' tao hang xuit khiu. Nfi'u nhff trffdc nam 1967, tff ban Anh ddng vai trb cMnh trong dau tff vfi
chuyln giao ky thuat cong nghfi cho cfing ngMep chfi' tao tai Singapore tM sau dfi.
My va Nhgt Ban'^* lai trd t h a n h nhQng nlifi diu t u trUe tie'p chii chot, Ha Lan van lfi ban hfing budn ban vfi d i u tU quen thufic eua Singapore. CMnh sach cua My vdi Dfing Nam A sau cMin tranh thfi' giffi thd hai da tdc ddng sdu sac tffi sQ phdt trien cua Singapore. Vffi Idi thfi' v l vi tri dia ly cMe'n lUdc cung vffi mdi tnfdng an ninh va Qu dai d i u tff, thdng thffdng, tQ ndm 1968 My da chpn Singapore ldm dau md'i chinh de md rdng diu tQ d Chdu A.
CMnb sach tien lUcmg lfi mdt trong nhflng giai phap quan trong d l thu hut FDI, tao mdi tnfdng dau tU thudn lpi cho cac nhfi d i u tU nUdc ngoai va d nffdc nhan dau tu. Ndm 1968, CMnh phu Singapore da ban bp "Luat v l lao dpng" vfi "Lu^t b l sung v l quan he trong cong ngMep". Theo luat nay, cdng nhan khong cd quyln thucmg lUdng tap the dbi tang lUdng, cam cac hoat dpng ffinh cdng bai cdng, giam so lUdng nhan cdng cua chu doanh ngMfp.
Nguyen Thj Thu Hudng - Chinh sdch huy dong vd sik dung vd'n cua Singapore... 25
Chfnh phu Singapore chu tnfcmg trong mdt thdi gian dai duy tri mQc t i l n luong td'i tMeu (ndm 1975 mQc iQcttig cua Singapore cM bang 1/3 mffc iQdng d a Nhdt) de tao the canh tranh vffi d c nudc khdc trong vifc thu hut FDI'i'''. V l va'n d l nfiy, Bf tnfdng (Job Keng Swee da tifng k h i n g dinh tgi Hfii thao v l v l h d l lao dfng xa hpi ndm 1973: "ChQng t a phu thufc qufi nMeu vfio dau tu nudc ngofii de phat trien kuih te, cdng nhfin Singapore dang d thfi' canh tranh gifin tiep vffi cdng n h a n cfic nUdc ASEAN khac. Trong mft thdi gian dfii, sU pliat trien cdng ngMep d Suigapore da rat chgm chgp vi t i l n lUdng d Singapore cao hdn tiln luong d Hdn Quoc, Dai Loan vfi H l n g K6ng..."f"'.
Bfin cgnh dd, viec so' lUdng ngudi Hoa'^^' chifi'm da so' cflng da gdp phan thu hut v l n t o Trung Qud'c va tff cac trung tam ngffffi Hoa hai ngoai, bien Singapore trd thfinh mft trong nhQng dau moi chinh, ffiem tich tu tff ban vfi hogt dfing bufin ban ciia he t h i n g kinh doanh trong mgng Iffffi ngffdi Hoa trfin khap thfi' giffi.
K l tff kM Singapore bat dau "cufc each
mgng cdng ngMfp thQ hai" vfio nfim 1979, diu tff nffdc ngofii do vfio qud'c dao ndy tang gap khoang 9 l l n so vffi d i u thdp men 1970. Bang 4 cho thfi'y, trong nam 1979 Singapore da nhgn dupe lUdng von FDI ldn nhd't so vdi cfic n i n kinh te dang phdt trien klific d Chfiu A. (Xem Bang 3)
Ap dung d i n g bfi nMlu cMnh sfich vfi bifn phdp, chinh phu Su^apore da huy dfing dffpc nMlu nguin Iffc tfii cMnh, dap ffng cho nhu d u phdt t r i l n kinh tfi'. Nfi'u nhff giai dogn nQa dau thfip mfin 1960, s l vd'n CO dinh Mnh thfinh cM dfftig d con so 1.093 trifu ddla My thi thfp mfin 1970, con so' nay da tang khoar^ 6 lan vffi trung binh lfi 6.648,6 trieu ddla/ndm (trong dd von tff khu vffc tff nhdn cMe'm tffi hdn 70%)'^^'.
2. C h l n h s a c h q u a n ly v ^ n d a u ti^ p h a t t r i e n
2.1. Md rgng cde kenh qudn l^ vd cung cdp vdn
CMnb phii Singapore da tao lap cac dinh che' tfii cMnh bao g i m hfi thong cac Ngan hdng thuong mai, Ngan hang thffdng
B a n g 3: D a u t\i nifdFc n g o a i v a o c a c nvi&c C h a u A Q u o c gia
H6ng K5ng Dai Loan Malaysia Singapore H i n QuSc
t h a p n i e n 70 Ban vi: triiu ddla My N a m
1970 50 62 94 93 66
1971 59 53 100 116 42
1972 110 3 114 f61 496
1973 271 62 172 353 4
1974 153 83 571 340 2
1975 377 34 350 292 6
1976 256 71 381 231 5
1977 274 61 406 291 132
1978 477 114 500 300 169
1979 648 126 673 836 172 Nguon: Elliot Formal - Agnieszfta Wojtera (2013), The Foreign Dimension of Singapore's Economic Growth, pp.41
26 Nghien cim Bdng Nam A, so 11/2015 mai dich vu, Ngan hang tiet kifim bUU
ffifin, Uy ban t i l n tfi Singapore,v.v,..
He thd'ng ngfin hfing ciia Singapore dUdc xdy dffng vfio n a m 1970, ptifin cMa theo 2 linh vffc boat dpng lfi tai ehinh trong nffdc vfi tai cMnh qud'c td', dd Id ngan hfing thUdng mai, hay cbn gpi Ifi cac Ngan hfing qud'c ndi (DBUs - Domestic Banking Units) vfi Ngfin hang tien te chau A (ACUs - Asian Currency Units). Nfi'u nhff Ngan hfing qud'c npi (DBUs) dUdc thUc Mfn cdc giao dich b i n g d i n g dd la Smgapore, tM cac ngan tifing ngoai Iai thUc Men cfic giao dich tfii chinh qud'c tfi' vffi b i t cQ d i n g tien nfio, trff dong do la Singapore'^*'. Chie'n lUdc nfiy d a cac nhfi hoach dinh Singapore to ra Mfu qua kM nhanh chdng tMe't lap vfi md rfng cac quan he tM clunh qufic te, song song vffi viec phat trien, bao hf ngdn hfing trong nffdc tfing ndng Iffc canh tranh vdi nffdc ngoai. Khdng cM khac bifit v l chffc nang hoat dfng, ctiinh phu Singapore cung dp dung cac chinh sfich rieng biet.
DBUs giai quye't cfic cong vific cMnh Ufin quan dfi'n cfic khoan tien gffi va cac khoan cho vay b i n g d i n g nfii tfi, chiu sU quan H chfit che, dong thffi chiu mQc dy trff b i t bupc va thufi' cao hdn cac ACUs (3% pM ngMa vu cua pM dQ quy vdi MAS (Uy ban tiln te Singapore), 18% phi ngbia vu trong nguon vd'n lOU dpng). Trong Idu dd tM cac ngdn bang ACUs dUdc hUdng nMlu QU dai hdn.
CMnh sach tao thuan ldi cua Singapore cbo cdc ACUs da tao dpng Iffc d l ngfinh tai cbinh qud'c tfi' tai nffdc nfiy phat t r i l n vffi t i c df vUdt bac. So vffi cac nUdc trong khoi ASEAN, Singapore dUdc ddnh gia lfi cd thi trffdng tfii chinh phat t r i l n n h l t . Nam 1975, d Singapore Ifii suat tien vay vfi tien gffi trong nffdc da dffdc tU do hda. Nam
1978, chinh phu bai hb hodn toan vific kiem soat ngoai hoi nham tao ffieu Mfin cho cfic ngan hfing Singapore huy dfing, sijf dung Mfu q u i nguon vdn nhfin rdi trong vfi ngodi nUdc nham ddp flng nhu eau v l n cho qufi trinh cdng ngMfp hda vfi Mfin dai h d a Chinh phu cho phep ngffdi nude ngoai dugc tu do luan chuyen vfi khdng ban che s l kfdng giao dich ngoai tf.
Nam 1971, Uy ban tien tf Singapore (Monetary Authority of Singapore MAS)'^^' true thudc Bf tai chinh Singapore dUdc thfinh Ifip vffi ehQc nfing gidm sat cdc t l chffc tfii cMnh vfi thffc tM chinh sdch tiln tfi. Theo quy dinh, Uy ban t i l n tfi Singapore chiu trdch nMem doi vffi tat d cdc chQc nfing ngan hfing trung Udng.
2.2. Phdn ho v6n dau td vdo cdc ngdnh cong nghidp trgng diem
Singapore lfi nU6c dau tifin d Ddng Nam A thffc Men cMe'n lUdc cong ngMep hod hffdng ve xul^t khau vfio nhOng ndm 1965 - 1967. Muc tieu chu yeu cua chie'n lUdc nay lfi xdy dffng mot hf thong cfing ngMep Men dai n h i m tao r a nhffng san pham cd chat Iffdng cao phuc vu xuit khiu. CMnh sfich cua chinh phu thu hiit d i u t u nUdc ngoai nhflng nfim 1960 chii ylu tap trung cho cfic cong ty da quo'c gia (Multinational Corporations MNCs) trong linh vffc san xuat. Dieu nay nham muc ffich tao r a n h i l u cd hfi viec lam, giai quyfit thfii ngMep... Bfin canh vific fip dung cfic Men phdp mof cffa hofin tofin linh vffc chfi' tgo, chinh phii Singapore cung da khuye'n khich cac doanh ngMep nffdc ngofii d i u tff vao nganh che' tao-ngfinh trpng ffiim phat trien. Kfi't qua, ngfinh nfiy to c h l cM cMlm hdn 16% ti trpng GDP d i u thap m e n 1960 da tfing Ifin g i n 30% GDP nfim 19S0^^^\ TOnfim 1970, thdi
Nguyin Thi Thu Hu&ng - Chinh sdch huy dpng vd sCl dung v^n cua Singapore... 27
ffiem d e ngfinh s i n xuat sff dung nMeu lao dpng dang dffng trffdc sU canh tranh ngay cfing gay gat trfin thi trffdng qud'c te', Singapore da thay d l i cd d u c d i ^ ngMep theo hffdng phat t r i l n cdng ngMep nfing sff dung nMlu von nhu ddng tfiu biln, Ipc dau. Cdng ngMep lpc dau tffng bffdc trd t h a n h try eft eua n i n cdng nghiep Smgapore. Ngofii ra, FDI cOng dUdc thu hut vfio cac linh vQc khae cua n i n kinh tfi', trong dd cd vgn tai quic te''^'*.
Dffffi tac dfng cua chinh sach kinh te dung d i n vfi sff xac dinh dung ngfinh n g h i trong tdm, nfin tO sau kM gifinh dffdc dfc ldp d i n nam 1973, kinh te Singapore da tang trffdng manh me. Cfic ngfinh phat t r i l n n h l t gom ngfinh dfit may, cfic san pham ffien tff vfi d l ffifin gia dung, hda diu, cac san ptiam hda hpe, cac san ptilm che tao tQ kim loai, san pham ffifn tQ vfi d l ffien, Unh kifin, mfiy mdc vfi may cong cu chinh xfic. S l cd sd kinh doanh cM tff 548 nfim 1960 da Ifin tffi 3.355 vdo nam 1980, tang Idioang 5,5 Ian; s l cong nhan c u i ^ tang hdn 10 lan, tQ 27.416 ngUM ndm 1960 tang Ien tdi 285.250 ngUdi nfim 1980'^^'.
2.3. Tang vdn dau td phdt tri^n cat s& hg tdng, may mdc, ki thugt
Ngay tff diu thfip mfin 1960, chinh phii Smgapore dfi r i t chu trpng phat t r i l n cdc nganh cdng ngMep san xuat hang xuat khiu cliinh, dau tff xdy dotig kfi't d u lia tang ky thuat, cac khu cdng ngMep tap trung, kho bai nhfi xffdng, dUdng sa, ben d n g , sdn bay. Vific xfiy dung kfi't cd'u bg tang cdng ngMep dUdc giao cho EDB dam nhdn. Cd quan ffi diu thuc Mfn cdng vific nay lfi Cong ty Town Jurong (JTC) phat triln vfi quan ly tai san e d i ^ ngMfip Jurong. Dfiy Id cong ty nha nffdc dffpc thfinh lgp ndm 1968 vd cd nMfm vu xdy dutig mpt
vOng cdng ngMep tgp trung ldn nhat Singapore. Sau ttifinh lgp, JTC b i t diu tgo ra cac khu cfing ngMfip mffi vd md rfng cac khu vffc san xuat nhQ cac khu cdng ngMep d Senoko, Kranji vfi Sungei Kadut...*^^'.
NgoM ra, ctifnh phii Singapore cdn day mgnh dau tff cho cac cfing trinh giao thfing dffdng thuy, difdng bp vfi dffdng hfing khdi^. Nam 1975, bat chap sff ptian dli d a nMeu nhfi Ifinh dgo vfi cupc khung hoang dau Iffa nam 1973, Thu tQdng Ly Quang Difiu van quyd't tam cM ngfin sdch 1,5 ty USD d l xay dutig san bay Changi (rpng khoang 5 tan so vffi san bay cu Paya Lega)'^'... Thdi gian xdy doiig sdn bay tbeo ke hoach lfi 10 nam, nhUng do tinh d p thie't da rut gon lai trong 6 nam'^^'. Tilp dd, Smgapore da hofin thfinh nhffng con dUdng cao tfi'c Ufin k i t cfic trung tam, cac tdiu cdng ngMep chinh cua Jurong d pMa tay (vo'n la dam Ily vao nfim 1959) va san bay Changi vffi pMa ddng. Dich vu xe buyt (dUpc dat dffffi sU quan ly cua chinh phu nam 1978) vfi mpt he t h i n g van chuyen hanh khfich da cung d p phuong tifin van chuyen cfing cfng Meu qua'^^*. Nam d tuyen dudng giao thong trong ffiim d a khu vUc, vffi dia binb nMlu ddo, vung, vinh, Singapore da diu tff phat t r i l n mft hfi thong be'n bfii, kho vdn ldn, he thong giao thdng dffdng bien pbdt t r i l n manh. Cue van chuyln hfing hai Singapore (Port of Smgapore Authority - PSA) thfinh lap nam 1964 da cung d p cac dicb vu cd tinb Meu qua vfi canh tranh cbo vgn tai bien cua Singapore'^^^ Tdi nam 1975, Singapore ngay cfing dffpc md rfng vfi trd thfinh d n g ban rf n thQ tQ the giffi v l van chuyen trpng tai'^^'.
Sff phdt t r i l n cac ngfinh xuit khiu da Ifim tang nguon thu nbfip ngogi tfi vfi tang kha ndng thanh toan, d i n g thdi, dfi lam
28 Ngliien cdu Bdng Nam A, so'11/2015 tang vdn dau tff phat t r i l n may mdc, ki
thuat, gdp p h i n phat t r i l n cfic ngfinh cdng ngMfip xud't k h i u va kha nfing canh tranh cua Smgapore tren tnfdng the giffi. Ndi cdch khdc, cMnh phu Singapore da tan dung thfinh qua phfit t r i l n kinh tfi' d l dau tff vfio phdt trien hfi thd'ng cd sd hg t i n g , chuyln giao cdng nghf, mfiy mdc, ki thu$t.
Mfit kM cd sd hg t i n g dffdc nfing cao se tao thuan ldi thu but dffdc thfim nMeu nguin dau tQ phdt trien mffi. Diu tU - phfit t r i l n - dau to lfi vdng t u i n hofin hflu ich, Ifim nfin sQ phdt t r i l n ky ffidu cho n i n kinh te Singapore. MQc dd diu tff cao d Singapore the Mfin ro qua viec tang he so sff dung von (IGOR). He so ICOR da tang gan g i p doi, tff con s l 2,8 trong giai doan 1965-73 Ifin con so 4,6 d giai doan 1974-83*25). Con so nay cho t h i y Meu sud't dau tff giai dogn nay ehffa cao, xuat phfit tff nguyfin nhdn gia tang diu tff cho cd sd vfit chit. Tuy vay, tang trffdng GDP giai doan 1961 1979 tang hdn gap nam lan vfi GDP binh qufin dau ngffdi g i n nhu tang gap bd'n lan trong giai doan nky'^^K
3. Mpt s o n h a n x e t
Qua khao sat vfi trinh bfiy trfin day, cd the thay chinh phu Singapore dUffi sU lanh dao cua Thu tUdng Ly Quang Difiu dfi rfit Unh hogt vfi hfii hba trong van d l huy dpng va sff dung nguon v l n vdi muc tifiu phat t r i l n giai doan 1961-1979, the bien d nhffng ffiem chu ye'u sau:
ThU nhdt, du ngMfin cQu nfiy khdng de cap trffc tie'p tffi Tbu tffdng Ly Quang Difu va chinh phu cua dng, song, qua nbtJng cMnh sach va bien phap trien khai, cd t h i nhan rd vai trb quan trpng cua Nha nffdc trong Vlfic on dinh nen kinh te', tao mdi trffdng thuan ldi cho tff ban nUdc ngofii dau
tu, long tin cua q u i n chung vffi chinh quyln. CMnh phu Smgapore ludn dfinh gid kha chinh xdc vi the', khd khan, thugn I d trong tifi'n trinh phfit t r i l n kinh t l , tff dfi dua ra nhOfng chinh sfich, bien phfip kinh te' phu hdp. Chinh vific nhfi nffdc dffng ra Ifim ngifdi bao bd, thffc Mfn cac bifin phdp QU dai da Ifim tang tieh lOy von cho san xuit vfi t r i l n khai sff dung Meu qua nguin vln.
Thd hai, Singapore da bie't k i t hpp chdt che vfi hfii hba giQa tQ ban nhfi nffdc vfi tff ban tff nhdn trong cdng ngMfip hda dit nffdc. Giai doan dau phfit t r i l n , trong ffiiu kien thie'u v l n t r i m trpng, chinh phu Ly Quang Dilu dfi t r a n h thu toi da mpi nguin lUc, tQ cdc khoan t i l t kifm trong nhan ddn cho tdi cdc khoan vien trd, d i u tff nUdc ngofii d l huy dfng nguon von sff dung cho phat triln. De ed the huy dpng vd'n tff moi thanh phan dan cff vfi d i y mgnh boat dfng dau tu, Singapore da chu y xfiy dfftig he thong ngdn hfing viJng manh vffi mgng Iffdi rfng, phan vung hoat ddng ro rfing.
Cbinh sach khuye'n kMch dau tU cua tff ban nQde ngodi ludn dQdc cMnh phu gin Uln vdi cfic nhiem vu ke' hoach dgt ra trong tifng giai doan. Singapore cd sff phdn bifit rd rang giffa nd nffdc ngoai va dau tff nudc ngoM, ddc bifit nhanh nhay trong vific thu hut nguon von d a Hoa kieu d hai ngogi. DO cfic khoan vay tff Ngfin hdng T h i gidi, Ngdn hang phdt t r i l n Chau A„
kha hgn chfi', dau tU nffdc ngoai vao Singapore van dat mffc ddc bifit cao'^''.
ThU ba, ben canh nS lUc thu hut vln dau tff phfit triln, cMnh phu Singapore cOng da tifi'n hanh hifu qua nMeu bifin phap quan ly va sQ dung nguon vd'n. Nhd thu hut vfi sff dung von c6 bieu qua da gdp phan lam cho nen kinh t l Singapore trd
Nguyen Thi Thu Hu&ng - Chinh sdch huy ddng vd sd dung von cua Singapore... 29 nen nfing d p r ^ vfi cd tinh canh tranh cao.
Chfnh phu Singapore khong tap trung vfio vific nudi dodng cfic cong ty do cfic doanh nhan trong nffdc ffiiu tifinh, mfi tbeo duli rfio riit vfi mdi gpi cfic cong ty qud'c tl', cfic cdng ty da qud'c gia ttifim nhfip hogt dfng tgi Smgapore. HUdng phat trien nfiy cho thay ffiim khac bift so vffi Hfin Qud'c - tgp trung phfit trien cfic tap doan kinh t l (chaebol) trong nffdc. Chinh bang cdch nay, ctiinh phu Singapore dfi tliay thfi' dffdc cfic hoat dpng d a cfic chaebol Hfin Qud'c bang d e tfip dofin da quic gia. Ben egnh dd, ffiim noi bgt trong cdng tfie dau tff cho ptiat trien cd sd lia t i n g d a Sii^apore lfi nffdc nfiy da tan dung trift d l ldi thfi' v l vi tri dia l;y cua qud'c gia minh.
Sff thanh cdng d a Suigapore minh chffng eho sffc mgnh cua diu tff nffdc ngoai trong qud trinh b i l n nude ngheo thfinh giau cd. NhQng bifin phfip d i n g bf cua chinh phu Singapore tao nfin vbng trdn khep kin giQa thu hut diu t u nudc ngofii - d i tgo mfii tnfdng diu tU - tfing trffdng - thu hut diu t u nUdc ngoai.
Du bd'i d n h vfi ffiiu kifn phfit t r i l n khde nhau, song nhQng kinh ngMfim trfin cua Singapore se lfi bfii hpc tham khao td't cho ^^fit Nam trong tifi'n trinh cfing nghifip hda, hifin dai hda d i t nffdc./.
CHU THICH
1. Tdi khoan dac bift chi dimg cho tuoi gid vd nhiJag cM pM bat ngd dac bift. Tai khodn thfing thudng cfi t h i dflng d l mua nhd cung nhu mua cac co phin dUtfc Uy ban CPF cho ph6p. Tdi khodn bdo Mem y t l dung d l thanh todn cdc cM pM nim vifn. (Din theo Huynh Vfin Gidp (2003), Dia If Dfing Nam
A, NXB Dai hoc Quo'c gia TP H i CM Minh).
2. Ty If dfing gfip cho quy CPF thay dli thifdng xuygn vd biln dfng tuy theo tuli tdc vfi doi tUdng tham dU (tham khdo thfim http;//mycpf.cpf.gov.sg/CPF/About-Us/CPF- Stats/CPF_Stats2011q4.htm, truy d p ngdy 25/11/2012).
3. Housing and Development Board (HDB) http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/arti-
cles/SIP_1589_2009-10-26.htnil, truy cgp ngfiy 10/7/2013
4. Lee Kuan Yew (2001), Bi quylt hfia ring, NXB Tri, tr.72.
5. Lee Kuan Yew ddnh gid r i t cao vai trb cfla EDB, vdi fing nhflng thdnh cong nhd nhat trong nhong ndm thfing hoat dfng diu tien ciing dbi hdi su bin bi tuyet vdi tff nhQng nhdn vifin EDB, du liic dd trien vong cua Singapore cfin r i t md mit. NhOng nhfin vien nay luon hang hdi phung sU cho mfit chl dfi cfng hfia non tri, hdo hffc hoc hoi vd dUdc lua chon trong so nhffng ngudi tm tfl nhat (Tham khao Lee Kaan Yew (1998), The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, Prentice Hall, chapter 4).
6. Thfl tuGng Lee cho i ^ g MNCs mdi cfi kha ndng tao ra nMlu cong an viec Ifim nhanh nhat, nh|lp khiu nhiMg cfing nghf mdi vfi dfio tao cho ngUdi Singapore nhffng ky nang qudn ly vfi lao dpng tifin tifi'n nhat Lee Kiian Yew (2000), From Third World to First; The Singapore Story (1965-2000), p76.
7. EDB (2013), Our History [Online]
https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/edb/en/why- singapore/about-singapore/our-histo- ry/1960s.html [truy cap ngdy 19/09/2013].
8. Augustine H H Tan (1999), Ofiicial Efforts To Attract FDI: Case Of Singapore's EDB, p.7, http://www.fas.nus.edu.sg/ecs/pub/wp/p revious/AHTAN2.pdf [truy cap 19/9/2013]
9. Trong so cfic nhd ddu tu chinh cfla Smgapore tM nguon vou tff My vfi Nhdt Ban cMlm tdi 70% tong so vfi'n dau tU trUc tiep. Trong do, tu ban My chuyfin diu tU trong linh vUc san xuat hang mdy cd difn, thiet bi hdng hai vfi hang khong, loc dau vfi san xuit may vi
30 Nghien cdu Bdng Nam A, sd'11/2015 tinh; cbn tu ban Nhfit Ban lai chuyen dau
tff trong ngdnh ffifin tff ban din, cong n ^ f p hfia dau vfi ddng tfiu bien..
10. Mhoistry of Finance, Wages in the Leading Asian Economies
http;//www.smgaporebudget.gov.sg/data/budg- et_2015/download/annexal.pdf [truy d P ngfiy 5/7/2014]
11. Goh Ker^ Swee (2013), "Labour in the Teclmolo^cal Society", The Practice of Economic Growth. Marshall Cavenffish International Asia Pte Ltd, p.210 12. Tff diu the ky XX, d Singapore da xuat
Mfin cdc ngan hfing cfla n^ldi Hoa nhu Ngdn hdng Kwong Yik (1903), ngan hang Sze Hai Tong (1907)... nhUng von hoat dfng cfin it va chfl ylu hoat dfng kinh doanh dli tiln. Cdc doanh nlidn Singapore nhd mdi trudng thUtfng mai da dang, sau mot thdi gian htfp tdc vdi tU ban Anh da tich luy dUtfc nMlu nhffng kinh ngMfim bufin bdn, trao dli thucmg mgi vdi qufi'e tl.
Cdc doanh nhdn ngudi dUpc danh gid id co tinh than trpng thuong mai, t h i Men d chfi ho khfing chfi mot ngfinh nghe nao la nhd hay thd'p k6m. Hp cM coi viec kinh doanh Id quan trpng, vfi trong kinh doanh tin s i n sdng ldm b i t cff viec ^ ra ldi nhuan, r i t d n cu vd thyc dung (Trin Khanh, 1993).
13. W.G. Huff (1994), The economic growth of Singapore, Cambridge University Press, p. 337
14. Tan Khee Giap and Chen Kang (1999), Singapore's Dichotomized Financial System, p.82-140. Rising to the Challenge in Asia: A Study of Financial Markets, Asian Development Bank, volume 3 https://aric.adb.org/pdf/aem/external/finan-
cial_niarket/VoIume3.pdf [truy cap ngdy 3/7/2014].
15. http://www.mas.gov.sg/About-MAS.aspx [truy cap ngay 3/7^014].
16. W. G. Huff (1994), The economic grovrth of Singapore, Cambridge University Press, p.
303
17. Din theo Elliot Formal - ,^nieszka Wojtera (2013), The Foreign Dimension of
Smgapore's Economic Grovrth, p.37.
18. Lmda Lim & Pang Eng Fong (1986), Trade, Employment and Industrialisation in Singapore, p-45 http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1982/
82B09_319_engl.pdf [truy c|lp ngdy 6/7/2014]
19. Jurong Town Corporation
http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/arti- cles/SIP_553_2004-12-31.html [truy cdp 27/9/2013].
20. Changi Airport Group (2015), Chartmg New Horizons: 50 years of Air Travel in Singapore. http://www.changiairport- group.com/export/sites/caas/assets/chan^_c onnection/issue28/290515_CC_sg50_low.pd f [truy cdp 30/8/2015]
21. De xdy mdi san bay nfiy, Lee Kuan Yew dd cho san phing nhilu tba nhfi, ffi chuyln hfing nghin ngfii mf, cdi tao riMlu khu vUC dam ldy, Ily dat ldn biln tai mft s l khu vuc...
22. W. G. Huff (1994), The economic grovrth of Singapore, Cambridge University Press, p.300
23. Port of Singapore Authority PSA. http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infope- dia/articles/SIP_577^2005-01-27.html[truy cgp ngdy 30/8/2015].
24. National ArcMves of Smgapore (NAS), Singapore in 1975.
http://www.nas.gov.sg/lstCab/7585/trav- eLexh_Secl.html [truy cdp ng&y 30/8/2015].
25. Din tiieo Hopf Gregor (2009), Saving and investment: the economic development of Singaporel965-99, Saarbrucken, Germany:
VDM Veriag Dr. Muller, p.260-261 26. ElUot Formal - Agnieszka Wojtera (2013),
The Foreign Dimension of Singapore's Economic Growth, p.43
27. Dau tu nudc ngodi vfio Singapore dat tdi 4 710 trieu dfi la My nfim 1983 (Tham khdo Jon Woronoff (1990), Nhffng nen kinh t l than ky d Chau A. p.l49).
