N G H | £ N C O U T H O C N G H I E M - KINH NGHIEM
SINH KE CUA NGlTOfl DAN TRONG BOI CANH SA MAC HOA:
TRirdNG HOP XA PHlTdC HUtJ, HUYEN NINH PHlTOc, TINH NINH THUAN
D6 Thi Ngan Nguyen Dytmg Hoa Tdm tdt: Sa mgc hda cd dnh huang l&n din sdn xudt vd dai sdng cua ngu&i ddn tai xd Phu&c Huu, huyin Ninh Phu&c. tinh Ninh Thudn. Dua tren khung sinh ki bin vimg cua DFID, nhdm tdc gid phdn tich tdc ddng cua sa mgc hda den sinh ki cua nguai ddn trin ba ngudn vdn Id vdn tu nhien, vdn tdi chinh vd vdn con ngu&i. Kit qud nghiin cuu tgi Hdu Phu&c cho thdy thai tiit khd hgn, thiiu nu&c khiin cho ddt dai mdt di su mdu ma, dinh duang ddn din nang sudt trong trdng trgt, chdn nudi hi gidm sut, tdng them chi phi dau tu sdn xudt. Ngu&i ddn da cd nhieu biin phdp thich img hiiu qud v&i sa mgc hda trong ITnh virc sdn xudt ndng nghiip vd dai sdng. song cdn thieu tinh bin vimg. Bin cgnh do, bdi viit cung dd chi ra lifc lugng lao ddng cua dia bdn nghien cuu chit yiu la lao ddng phd thdng. trinh do chuyen mdn thdp vd cd xu huong r&i nhd di lam dn xa, vi lau ddi se gdy khd khdn trong viic dinh hu&ng phdt triin kinh te - xd hdi cua dia phuang.
Tir khoa: Ninh Thuan; sa mgc hda; sinh ki.
Dat van de
Ciing vdi su bien doi, phat trien khong ngimg cua nen kinh te - xa hgi thi nhiing vin dl ciia tu nhien nhu sa mac hda, suy thoai dat, han han va dac biet la bien ddi khi hau (BDKH) da va dang tac dgng true tiep den ddi song kmh te-xa hdi va moi trudng toan cau. Theo Bdo cdo tinh hinh thuc hiin Chuang trinh hdnh ddng quoc gia chdng sa mac hda (NAP) nam 2012 ciia Van phong Cong udc chong sa mac hda, Tdng cue Lara nghiep, thi Uong nhung nam qua hien tugng nang nong va khd han keo dai bat thudng da xay ra nghiem Ugng d khip mgi nai tren ca nude va dac biet la d khu vuc miin Trung, Tay Bac va Tay Nguyen. Dien hinh la dot han han keo dai trong hai nam 2010-2011 tren dien rgng da gay hau qua nang ne doi vdi san xuit nong lam nghiep ciia nhieu dia phuang, lam thiet hai gin 100.000 ha dat liia d mien Trung va la nguyen nhan gay man hda hon 600.000 ha d ddng bing song Cliu Long (Tong cue Lam nghiep, 2012). Dgt khd ban nam 2014-2015 ciing la dgt kho han keo
dai va gay gat nhat trong 40 nam trd lai day tai viing Nam Trung Bg da gay ra nhung thiet hai dang ke cho san xuat ndng nghiep.
Sa mac hoa gay ra nhiing tac dong tieu cue den mdi trudng va kinh te xa hgi, suy thoai dat lam mat dan kha nang san xuat cua dat, anh hudng den an ninh luong thuc ddng thdi thay dii dilu kien sing theo hudng tieu cue ciia ngudi dan trong viing hi anh hudng. Pham QuIc Vugng (2016) da chi ra hai nhdm nguyen nhan gay ra sa mac hda tai huyen Ninh Phuoc, tinh Nuih Thuan: Nhdm cac ylu tl tir nhien gIm vj tri dia ly, khi hau, dia hinh, biln dii khi khau; nhom cac yeu to lien quan din boat dgng ciia con ngudi nhu pha rimg, chuyin doi muc dich sir dung dat, dd thi hoa va phuang thiic canh tac khong phii hgp. Sa mac hoa khiin cho dit dai giam do phi nhieu, khd can, gia tang chi phi diu tu san xuat, nhit la trong san xuit ndng nghiep. Xa Phudc Hihi, huyen Ninh Phudc, tinh Ninh Thuan n^m trong viing Duyen hai Nam Trung Bg vdi dac Irung la mgt trong nhiing huyen khd han nhit ca
P H A T T R I E N B E N V O N G V O N G Q O Y E N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
B5 Thj Ngan - Nguyin Buwig Hoa Sinh ke cua ngiriri dan..
nude ve khi hau, ban han da hinh thanh nen nhiing dien tich dat bi sa mac hoa, kho can, dat bj suy thoai nghiem Ugng va vdi nhiing dac thii vl dia hinh, khi hau va thd nhuong.
1. Phuong phap nghiSn ciru
Nghien cim sir dung each tiep can lien nganh de tim hieu nhiing thay ddi trong sinh ke cua ngudi dan trudc nhiing tac ddng ciia hien tugng sa mac hda. Khung sinh ke cua DFID de cap den 5 ngudn vdn sinh ke va cac ngudn von nay tac dgng qua lai, bo trg cho nhau Uong viec duy tri va phat Uien sinh ke ben viing cua hg gia dinh (DFID, 1999). Trong pham vi bai viet, tac gia se di sau phan tich anh hudng ciia sa mac hda den 3 ngudn von sinh ke la von tu nhien, vdn tai chinh va von con ngudi. Mat khac, each ngudi dan van dung cac ngudn vdn nay de thich iing vdi hien tugng sa mac hoa trong san xuat, phat tnen kinh te ciing se dugc phan tich,
Nghien cim phan tich cac chucmg trinh, du an, de tai lien quan den sa mac hda, sinh ke va tac dgng ciia sa mac hoa den sinb ke ngudi dan khu vuc ven bien va phan tich cac bao cao chinh quyen huyen/xa, cac hgi/doan the tai dia ban nghien ciiu tir nam 2008 - 2018 dl lara rd cac luan diem cua nghien cim.
Nghien ciiu ciing tien hanh khao sat xa hdi hgc vdi bg can hdi dugc thiet ke gom cac ngi dung dua tren khung sinh ke de thu thap thdng tin 100 bang hoi doi vdi dai dien cac bd gia dinh va phdng van sau 05 tnrdng hgp tai dia ban nghien ciru, bao gdm ca nhan dai dien hg gia dinh, dai dien cac td chiic chinh tn/ xa hgi va cac nha quan ly cd hen quan din radi trudng. Ben canh do, nghien ciiu ciing tien hanh 02 thao luan nhom tai dia ban xa
2. Dac diem dia ban nghien cuu 2.1. Bgc diim kinh ti - xd hgi
Xa Phudc Hiiu la mdt xa nam d phia Tay Nam ciia huyen Ninh Phudc, each trung tam huyen ly 1,5 km. Ting dien tich toan xa la 6.043 ha vdi 7 thon vdi tong sd dan la 19.405 khiu/4.445 hg, trong dd, dan tdc Kinh 7.670 khau, chiem 39,5%);
dan tgc Chara 11.652 khiu, chiera 60 %>; dan tgc Hoa 52 ngudi, chilm 0,3 % va cac dan tdc khac
chiira ty le khong dang ke (dan tgc Raglay 11 ngudi; dan tdc Niing 03 ngudi, dan tgc khac 17 ngudi) (Uy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Hihi, 2018a) Toan xa cd 163 hg ngheo/677 khiu, chiem ty le 3,66%, hg can ngheo 524 hg/2.373 khiu chiira ty lei 1,78%.
Ca cau kinh fe cua xa vdi ndng nghiep chiem 68,49 %; tilu thii cong nghiep chiem 18,15%i, xay dung, thuong mai, dich vu chiem 13,16 %. Ty le lao dgng cd viec lam Uen dan so trong do tudi lao dgng cd kha nang tham gia lao dgng 8.835/9 152 lao dgng, ty le dat 96,53% (Uy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Hihi, 2018a).
Xa Phudc Hihi da dat chuan nong thon mdi vao thang 4 nam 2019, nghia la d giai doan 2 cua Chuong trinh rayc tieu quoc gia xay dung nong thon mdi, do vay tieu chi ve thu nhap d miic kha cao. Nam 2018, thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cua xa dat 35,02 Uieu ddng/ ngudi/ nam, tang 23%i so vdi nam 2016. Xa dat chuan pho cap mam non cho tre 5 tuoi; pho cap deu hgc dimg do tudi; xda rau chii dat miie do 2) va phd cap trung hgc co sd. Ty le hgc sinh tdt nghiep trung hgc ca sd dugc hgc len trung hgc phd thong (ke ca pho thdng, bo tiic va trung cip nghi): 243/245 hgc sinh, dat 99,2%. Ty le lao dgng c6 viec lam qua dao tao: 4.635/8.835 lao dgng, dat 52,46%o (tJy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Huu, 2018a).
Smh ke chinh ciia cac hd gia dinh chu yeu la trdng trgt - trong cay liia. Dudi tac ddng ciia su bien doi khi hau, dac biet la tinh trang sa mac hda tbi dia phuang da co nhung bien phap ciing nhu thay ddi co cau cay Udng. Chinh vi vay, trudc dd chii yen dgc canh cay liia, nay da phat trien dugc nhieu viing chuyen canh cac loai cay trdng thich hgp vdi dieu kien kho han, thieu nude nhu nho, tao Ve ca sd vat chat cua cac ho gia dinh, ket qua khao sat cho thay chi co 8% hg gia dinh dang d nha tam, 17% hg gia dinh co nha raai bang va nha tang, nhung chiem dai da sd la nha cap 4 vdi 75%.
Chan nuoi ciing la mgt the manh ciia xa, vdi tdng dan gia siic toan xa cd ban 12.535 con, Uong do;
dim trau 36 con, dim bd 3.993 con, dan de 1.952 con, dan cim 4.153 con va dan lgn cd 3.650 con.
P H A T TRltN B E N VO'NG V O N G Q O Y E N 9, SC 4 (12/2019)
N G H I £ N CU'U THU'C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIgM
phuong, thi Iii lut ciing thudng xuyen xay ra. Vl han ban, Uen tiep 3 nam 2015 - 2017, dia phucmg chiu anh hudng nang ne ve san xuat, de dga den an ninh luong thuc ciia dia phuang. Lfl lyt cung xay ra 2 lin dinh diem vao nam 2010 va 2018, phai di ddi dan din nhiing not an toan ban. Nhung thiet hai do han han, mua Iii gay ra doi vdi ddi song ngudi dan xa Phudc Hiiu la rat nghiem Ugng. Van dl dam bao an ninh luong thuc cho ngudi dan la rit cip bach moi khi cd han ban dien ra, nhat la doi vdi cac hg ngheo, cac hd cd dien tich dat d dong 1 vu. Thiiu nude, nang nong gay gat khien cho ngudn thiic an cho gia siic von it 6i lai cang trd nen khan hilra, do vay, hau qua la viec gia siic hi chet do ning nong, thieu thiic an cGng co kha nang xay ra(Bang 1).
Bang 1: THIET HAI DO THIEN TAI GAY RA TAI XA P H U Q C HlTU VA CAC HINH THlTC HO TRO CUA CHINH QUYEN CAC CAP
Tdng dan gia cira cd cd 71.500 con, trong dd; dan vit CO 49.000 con va dan ga co 22.500 con (Uy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Him, 2018).
2.2. Thuc trgng sa mgc hda tgi Phu&c Hiru, Ninh Phu&c
Theo nhan dinh ciia ngudi dan, tinh Uang ban ban tai dia ban nghien cim co xu hudng ngay cang gia tang trong 10 nam ud lai day. Chi co 8% so ngudi dugc hoi cho rang tinh trang han han co xu hudng giam di; 42.0% cho rang tinh trang han han khong thay dii va 46% so ngudi nhan dinh la tmh trang nay ngay cang gia tang.
Tai xa Phudc Hihi, kit qua thao luan nhom ve luge sir thien tai diin ra tren dia ban, cho thay, ben canh nang nong, han ban la dac thu ciia dia
Nam 2014
2015
2016 Thien tai Han han
Han han
- Han han - Lii lut
Tinh hinh thiet hai - Khong san xuat dugc do thieu nude
- Giam dien tich gieo trong (Ilia va cay mau). tong dien tich gieo trong la 3700 ha/4817 ha, giam 928,2 ha so vdi nam 2014
- Dien tich ddng 1 vu khong san xuat dugc do han han keo dai khong c6 nude mdi - 46 con cim ciia 9 hg bi chet - Giam nang suat cay Udng - Dgt raua lii nam 2016 gay thiet hai cho 447 ha/1.155 hg, Uong do dien tich liia la 442,2ha/1.136 hd; cay mau la 4,8ha/19hg.
Hinli thirc ho trg Cim doi giap hat cho hg ngheo, can ngheo c6 dat khong san xuat do thieu nude cho 60 hd/ 257 khau vdi so gao la 11.665kg
- Cap phat tien ho trg dat san xuat Ilia dgt 1/2015 vdi so tien hem 650 trieu dong - Ho trg giong chuyen doi chuyen ddi co cau cay trong tit Udng liia sang uong bap, dua hau, co chan nudi
- Cap phat tien ho trg thtxc an gia siic dot 1/2015 vdi 435 hg/2 678 con/ 272,8 trieu ddng va dgt 2 la 738 hg/ 4.039 con/ 725.6 trieu ding - Hd trg gao Cliu ddi 3 dot la 111.741 kg gao - Cap phat 467.100 kg cho ngudi dan - Thong ke va lap danh sach cac hg bi thiet hai - H6 trg 20.140 tin gidng lua cho 272 hg/5 thon Hiin Diic, Thanh Diic, Mong Dire va Nhuan Diic
Ngudn: Bdo cdo kinh te xa hdi cua xd Phu&c Hint ndm 2014, 2015, 2016 vd 2017
PHAT TRI^N B^N V O N G V O N G Q U Y ^ N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
Bo Thi Ngan - Nguyen Dmmg Hoa Sinh ke cua ngtriri d3n..
3. Anh hirdng cua sa maic hoa den sinh ke ciia ngiroi dan xa Phiroi: Hihi, huygn Nmh Phuov
3,1. Anh huang den von tir nhien
ddng nong nghiep cua ngudi dan tai dia ban, trong dd sa mac da la 746 ha, chilm 12,3%, dien tich thudng xuyen thiiu nude la 1.050 ha, chilm 17,4%
(Bang 2). Nhu vay, dien tich khdng san xuat dugc va phu thudc vao thdi tiet len den 29,7%.
Vdn tu nhien dugc xera xet Uong nghien ciiu la dat dai, ngudn nude, tu lieu san xuat trong boat
Bang 2: DIEN TICH DAT NONG NGHIEP T H U Q N G XUYEN THIEU NUQc TREN DLA BAN HUYEN NINH PHUClC
STT 1 2 3 4
UBND cac xa, tlii trkn TT Phuoc Dan Xa Phuoc Hiiu Xa Phuoc Thai Xa Phuoc Hai
Tong dien tich
Dien tich (ha) 80
1.050 70 22 1.222
Xii' dong Dong 1 vu (Chung My, Phu Quy) Vung ho Bau Zon, dong da Tan Giang Vung Ho Ta Ranh
Vimg Ho Bau Ngu (Thon Thanh Tin) Ngudn: Phdng Ndng nghiep huyin Ninh Phuoc (2019 ) .
Khdng cd rirng che phii, dat ngay cang bac mau, bi phen hoa, man hda nen viec canh tac tai canh dong 1 vu chii yen la dua vao nude mua, nhung CO nude tudi ciing chua dam bao cho cay trong sinh trudng tot, viec san xuat doi hdi chi phi dautu Idn hon (Hop 1).
Hdp 1: Hien trang dat san xuat nong nghiep tai xa Phudc Hiru
Sau Giai phong la it mua. Trudc nam 1975 d day cd rimg nhung sau do ngudi dan dot than lam ray, rimg bi tan pha. May nam nay thi lai co du an nang lugng mat Udi, san iii mat bang nen sau nay se con nang niia Mua d day la mua tren mii nen khi cd mua la bi lii, chi tot cho vung triing, dit tren nay la bac raau, soi cat khong.
Bay gid lam cho cd le thdi vi phai bam nude ten mdi lam dugc. Bay gid lara lit chi phi rat cao.
Thon Hiiu Due, Hau Sanh chu ylu la dong 1 vu, hon 100 miu. D day cd 2 loai ddng, mgt la dong 2 vy va ddng 1 vu. Ddng 1 vu nhung cd vu gieo uing xong la chit luon. San xuat chu ylu la trong vao nude trdi, cd nude mdi lam dugc, nhung khi cd mua lai de bi lu... Trong hai nam ud lai day, cd ho chiia nude thi nhieu hg cung tan dung de lam raau dugc. Nhin chung la co lam dl CO luong thuc an thdi (Phdng vin sau ngudi dan, nam, 48 tuoi).
Thdi tiet khd han, nang nong, lugng mua trung binh nam thap, do vay, ben canh be thong kenh muong ngi ddng de phuc vu san xuat thi he thdng dap, ho da dugc xay dung de du trii va cung cap nguon nude chu dgng hem cho cac vung kho ban.
Tren dia ban huyen Ninh Phudc, cd he thong dap Nha Tnnh (Song Cai), he thing kenh Nam dai 29,5 km, cung cap nude tudi cho 6.800 ha (kenh Cham cung cap nude eho 3.3336 ha), trong do ruong 3 vy liia han 4 200 ha; he thong dap sdng Lu gom 7 dap dang chinh Ngoai ra cdn c6 cac ho Ta Ranh, ho Lanh Ra, ho Bau Zdn cung cap nude tudi cho ban 500 ha dat san xuat nong nghiep. Tuy nhien, do raua it, nang nong keo dai nen cac ho chiia nay cung chi dap iing dugc mgt phan dien tich san xuat cua huyen Ninh Phudc.
3.2. Anh hu&ng den von tdi chinh Von tai chinh ciing la mgt nhan td tac dgng Idn den sinb ke cua ngudi dan dia phucmg. Do dia ban tinh Ninh Thuan ndi chung va xa Phudc Hiiu ndi rieng co khi hau khac nghiet, siic canh tranh dau nj ciia tinh khdng cao, nguon von dau tu tryc tiep ciia tinh rat thap. Nam 2017, vdn dau tu toan xa hgi dat 6.777,7 ty dong, trong dd ngudn von ngan sach nha nude chiem 19,28%, khu vuc ngoai nha nude chiem 78,71% va khu vuc c6 vdn dau tu nude ngoai la 2,01 %o (Cue Thong ke tinh Ninh Thuan, 2018). Vdn dau tu thuc hien tren dia ban phan theo nganh kinh te cho thay hoat ddng lam thue cac
P H A T TRI£N B E N VO'NG V O N G Q O Y E N 9, SC 4 (12/2019)
NGHIEN cOO THU'C NGHlEM - KINH NGHIgM
cong viec trong cac hg gia dinh, san xuat san pham vat chit va dich vu tu tieu diing cua hg gia dinh chilm 34,7%; nong nghiep, lam nghiep va thiiy sail chilm 22,1 % cho thiy hien uang phat trien kinh tl thien vl nong nghiep va cac hoat dgng san xuat ciia hd gia dinh, cac hoat dgng ve cong nghiep, dich vu - du lich cdn ban chi (Cue Thing ke tinh Ninh Thuan, 2018).
Nguon von tai chinh ddng vai Ud quan Ugng d ca diu vao va dSu ra eua san xuat nong nghiep.
Vdi vi tri diu vao, von tai chinh cung cap ngudn vdn dl ngudi dan mua giong, phan bon, cong cu san xuit, thilt bi ky thuat, thitc an cho chan nuoi...
Ci diu ra, tai chinh chinh la nguon thu nhap sau khi trit chi phi da diu tu vao hoat dgng san xuat, tiep tuc dugc sit dung dl phat trien nguon von tu nhien, vat chat, con ngudi va von xa hgi.
Thdi tilt kho han, thieu nude khien cho dat dai mit dl sy mau mo, dinh dudng, san xuat Uong Ugt, chan nudi bi tang them chi phi. Trong so 100 hg gia dinh dugc phong vin thi cd din 81% hg cd vay
Bieu 1: MUC DICH VAY V 6 N CUA NGUCJI D A N (%)
tiln Uong 1 nam vira qua. Trong dd, vay cho dau Ur san xuat chilm ty le cao nhat, dat 72,8%i. Do anh hudng ciia dilu kien khi hau, dat dai, cac miia vy ma ngudi dan san xuit khdng mang lai gia trj, lgi nhuan, ddng nghia vdi viec ngudi dan khong cd tich luy vl vin diu tu cho miia vy sau. Do do, ngudi dan phai di vay dl tai dau tu tii ngan hang, cac quy tin dung/td vay vdn - tiet kiem hay tir ngudi than, ban be. Muc dich vay cho chi tieu sinh hoat ciing tuang doi Idn, chiem 42%). Sau cac dgt ning han, lii lut, miia vu bi that thu nen viSc ngudi dan phai di vay dl chi Ua cac khoan vl an uong, chi tieu cho cac dam hiiu/ by tai cong ddng... cung la nhiing ap lyc Idn doi vdi cac ho gia dinh tai noi day. Vay tiln cho con di hgc ciing chiera ty le kha cao la 50,6% - cho thiy ngudi dan rat coi hgng viee giao due ciia con cai. Cac muc dich khac thi chilm ty le thip han: vay de kham chiia benh (13,6%), vay dl xay/ siia chiia nha cira (16,0%), vay dl khic phuc hau qua ciia mSt miia/ lii lyt/
thien tai (4,9%) va muc dich khac (1,2%) (Bieu I).
Muc dich khac Vay de khac phuc hau qua ciia mat mua/..
Vay de xay/ siia ch&a nha cira Vay de kham chira benh Vay cho con di hoc Vay cho san xuat Vay chi tieu sinh hoat
) 20
^ >
40 60 80
Ngudn: Kit qud khdo sdt cua nhdm nghien cuu.
Theo khao sat tai dia him, cac cu soc ve thien tai va dich benh trong khoang 10 nam gin day, dac biet tinh Uang kho han keo dai trong nam cac 2012, 2015, 2016, Nmh Thuan da phai himg chiu nhiing hinh thai thdi tilt bit thudng gay khd khan va thiet hai Idn cho san xuit, cong them vdi tap quan canh tac truyin thong din den giam nang suit nhieu loai cay trong.
Ben canh do, tinh trang dich benh ddi vdi nhieu cay trong va vat nuoi ciing cd xu hudng nghiem trgng ban, nhat la dich vdi gia siic Uong thdi gian gin day. Sy biln dgng cua gia ndng san lam gia tang nii ro ddi vdi san xuit nong nghiep va anh hudng tieu cue den nguon vin diu tu cho san xuat
P H A T T R I ^ N B t N VONG V O N G Q U Y E N 9, S 6 4 (12/2019)
Do Thi Ngan - Nguyin DuoTig Hoa Sinh ke ciia nguoi dan- Han han xay ra, mua vu bi that thu, dan gia siic
bi suy giam, khien cho ngudn thu nhap cua nguoi dan ciing hi anh hudng. Theo bao cao cua Hgi Nong dan, nam 2018 cd 11 tl, 863 thanh vien vay von ben Ngan hang Ndng nghiep va Phat Uiln ndng thdn vdi tdng du ng 33.843 ty ddng. Hgi Nong dan phdi hgp vdi Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hgi quan ly 6 to tiet ki^m va vay von vdi 382 thanh vien, vdi tdng du ng la 6.428.265 ty dong, trong do ng qua ban la 20 trieu ddng. Nguyen nhan dugc chi ra la do cac hg sau khi vay xong tbi cd ngudi di lam an xa nen viec ddng lai hang thang bi cham va
khdng diing dinh ky. Mdt sd hd thi co dien tich dat san xuat d ddng 1 vu khong san xuat dugc do thieu nude tudi nen din den viec tra lai va tiSt kiem khdng dam bao theo chinh sach de ra (Hgi Ndng dan xa Phudc Hiiu, 2018).
Tren thuc te, ngudi dan tai dia phuang da khai thac tdi da cac dien tich dat canh tac dugc 3 vy/
nara. Khu vuc dat hudng nude tir kenh Nam, chil dgng ve tudi tieu da giiip cho ngudi dan Phudc Hihi san xuat dugc liia thucmg pham. Tren dia ban ciia xa cd 4 hgp tac xa boat dgng Uong ITnh vuc san xuat lua gao (Hop 2).
Hop 2: Cac sinh Ice ciia ngirM dan tai xa Phirdc Huu
Xa Phudc Hiiu cd 70%j hg gia dinh lam ndng nghiep, san xuat liia thuang phara, cd 4 hgp tac xa hoat dgng Uong lmh vuc nong nghiep. Xa bien co kenh Nam va 2 hd chiia phuc vy san xuat ndng nghiep, hang nam san xuat 4000 ha, chti ySu la cay liia, mgt sd dien tich tbi uIng nho (15-20 ha), tao 25 ha, thu gap 5 lan/ha so vdi lua, 70-80 trieu/ sao (da tni chi phi). San pham chan nudi chii luc la bo, de, cira.
500 ha san xuat 3 vu la dien tich hudng nude kenh Nam; 1.500 ha san xuat tiiy theo thdi tiet va hudng nude ho, cd nam 3 vu, cd nam 1-2 vu, cd nam khong cd vu nao vi phu thugc vao thdi tiet. Trudc day san xuat rat bap benh, nhung tii khi cd ho Tam Giang (nam 2000) thi dap irng dugc nhu can san xuat cua ngudi dan.
Budn ban nhd le, co 4 nha may xay xat liia gao Idn. 1 tnrdng trung hgc co sd, 4 tieu hgc, 1 mau giao, hgc sinh khoang 2500 hgc sinh.
Ho ngheo: hon 3% hd ngheo. Thu nhap binh quan: dat 35 trieu/ngudi/nara, dat chuan ndng thdn mdi thang 4/2019
La 1 trong nhiing xa co nhieu nha raay san xuat dien mat Udi nhieu nhat d Ninh Thuan (6 nha may, chiem khoang 1.000 ha). Vi tri cua cac nha may nay khong anh hudng gi den dien tich san xuat nong nghiep, chu yeu la dat ray, niii va cac dien tich dat san xuat khdng co hieu qua nen chuyen ddi sang lam nang lugng tai tao. Nam 6/2018 nha may dau tien bat dau lam. Viec den bu dat cho ngudi dan dugc Nha nude cho phep thucmg lugng gia den bii vdi ngudi dan, 1 ha - 120 tneu, cao nhat la 260 tneu, cao gap 3 lan thu hoi ciia Nha nude (Thao luan nhdm can bd xa Phudc Hiiu).
Do anh hudng ciia ban han nen thieu viec lam vao miia khd thudng xuyen dien ra. Ben canh dd, ngudi dan da co gang tim kiem cac cong viec cd tinh thdi vu de tang them thu nhap cho gia dinh.
Tren dia ban xa cd 6 nha may dien nang lugng mat Ucfi dugc Uien khai, do dd, nhu cau ve lao dgng pho thdng cao. Ngudi dan trong khu vuc dugc thue theo cong nhat de dao, chon cot va lap cac tim pin nang lugng vdi mire gia tir 250 000 ding - 300.000 ddng/ngudi/ngay. Nhieu hg gia dinh co dat d khu vuc dat nha raay ciing dugc den bii dat tir 120 trieu - 260 tneu/ha nen nguon lue tai chinh dugc tang cudng. Day ciing la mgt nhan td giiip tang mirc thu
nhap trung binh cua xa len 35 trieu ddng/ngudi nam 2018. Dieu nay ciing cho thay tieu chi ve thu nhap ciia ngudi dan nai day khong ben viing, bdi cac cdng viec tir nha may nang tugng mat trdi chi mang tinh chat thdi vy va khi cac nha may di vao boat dgng thi ciing la ket thiic nhu can ve lao ddng pho thong. Bai toan ve viec lam lai dugc dat ra ddi vdi chmh quyenxa/huyen.
3.3. Anh hudng den von con ngu&i Von con ngucri ciing khdng nara ngoai nhirng tac dgng bat lgi ciia tinh trang sa mac hda. Bang 9 cho thay co su tuang quan chat che giiia trinh do
PHAT TRIEN BtN VONG VONG QOY^N 9, S 6 4 (12/2019)
N G H I E N CO'U THl/C NGHIEM-KINH NGHIEM
hoc y k ciia chu ho djn miic sdng ciia ho gia dinh. huong tang len: tieu hoc ya khac (khong di hoc) la KiSm dinh Chi- square la .002 < 0.05 nen Mong 23%, tnmg hoc CO so la 30,0%, trung hoc ph6 quan nay rat co y nghia yl mat thdng ke. Trong s6 thong la 17%, cao dang tro len la 13%. Do yay, khi 12 ho CO muc s6ng can ngheo thi co din 75% chii mu6n cai thien miic song cua ho gia dinh thi cac ho CO hgc y k o bac ti6u hoc. 6 nhom muc song chinh sach nen tap trung cho giao due nhieu hon.
tmg binh thi trinh do hpc van cua ehu ho eo xu
Bang 3: BANG TLTONG QUAN OIOA HOC VAN CUA CHU HO VA MiTC SONG CTJA HO GIA DINH
Mire song cua ho gia dmb Ho can ngheo
Trung binh Kha gia
Tan suat Tan suat
%
Tan suat
%
%
H9C vSn cua chii ho Tieu hoc
10 29,4 23 67,6 1 2,9 34 100
THCS 1 3,2 30 96,8 0 0 31 100
THPT 1 4,8 17 81,0 3 14,3 21 100
Cao dang trff Ifen
0 0 13 92,9 1 7.1 14 10
Tong so 12 12,0 83 83,0 5 5,0 100 100 Nguon: Ket qud khdo sdt ciia nhdm nghiin cihi.
Hien tugng di cu, chay mau lao dgng dang dien ra tai dia ban va xu budng ngay cang gia tang. Dia ban nghien cim khong cd cynVkhu cdng nghiep hay nha may co quy md Idn nen lao dgng thudng tim kiem viec lam d cac tinh khac nhu Lam Dong, Binh Thuan, Dong Nai Va chu yeu la lap thanh nien - nhdra chu luc trong dinh hudng phat Uien cua dia phuang phai di cu di lao dgng. Di cu lao ddng khong chi gay ra nhiing van de ve kinh te ma con dang dat ra nhiing bai toan ve mat xa hgi. Hien tuang "khuyet the he" dang xay ra d nhieu thon/lang, co nhiing thdi diem ca lang khdng thay CO thanh nien, d nha chi con co ngudi gia va Ue
nhd. Do do, viec di cu co the mang lai thu iih^p cho gia dinh va dong gop vao ngudn thu ciia dia phuang, song ve lau dai, nhiing chien luge phat tnen kinh te - xa hgi cua dia phuang noi rieng va ciia tinh Ninh Thuan noi chung se thieu ngudn nhan luc de thuc hien. Mat khac, ty le lao dgng co trinh do eua dia phuang chua cao (51,78%) (Uy ban nhan dan huyen Ninh Phudc, 2019). Luc lugng lao dgng cua xa Phudc Hiiu chu yeu la lao dgng phd thong, nen neu cd cong viec doi hoi bang cap hay chuyen mdn se khong dap iing dugc (nha may dien mat trdi) (Hop 3).
Hop 3: Van de viec lam va trinh do cua lao dong cua dia phugng
Cac hien tugng thdi tilt cue doan: nang han tir thang I den thang^ 8, miia mua cd 4 thang, lu lyt. Thdi gian thiiu nude, khong san xuat dugc nen nhieu hg ^la dinh chuyin djch nghi nghiep, di lam an xa, dii do tudi, CO siic khoe la di lam an xa. Hai nam vita rli, co I lang khong co thanh nien d nha, chit khong lara dugc gi, thara chi la khdng lara dugc chan nudi. Nude ngam khong nhilu, cix nSng ban la bd rugng khong, khdng lam dugc.
Diim din lao dgng la thanh pho Phan Rang, Da Lat, Ding Nai, Phan Thilt, Dak L5k, Dak Nong... Chi la lao dgng phd thong (cong nhan may m|c, da giay, hat hat dilu, hai thanh long... Trinh do dan tri khong ddng diu, cd ca bac cao nhung ty le thkp, thanh nien hge hit c4p hai hoac cip 3 la di lao dgng. Hien tai, cac lao dong vao lam cong viec pho thdng (lap tim pin, dao cot Uu) thu nhap khoang 250.000 - 350.000 ddng/ngudi/ngay. Nhung theo chii truang thi tiiang 6/2019 cac nha may ddng dien thi cac cong viec nay
P H A T T R I E N B ^ N V O N G V O N G Q U Y ^ N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
B 5 Thj Ngan - Nguyin Dinrng Hoa Sinh k€ cua ngirM dSn..
se ket thiic, ngudi dan lai quay lai chu trinh cii la nang han lai di lao dgng ngoai dia phuang. Nha may co dang tuyen lao dgng cd tay nghe nhung dia p h u a n g khong dap irng dugc.
N u d e sinh boat la ngudi dan sir dung nude may tir hd thiiy dien D a Nhim, dam bao 100%. Ngudi dan lam bon chira nude it vi nude n i hd xuong dam bao (TLN iiy ban nhan dan xa Phudc Hiiu).
Dien tich dat san xuat nong nghiep it va p h u thugc vao thien nhien nen ngudn luc de dau tu cho von con ngudi la rat han che. Dieu kien san xuat khd khan, an ninh luang thuc la mgt mdi lo thudng true, von tai chinh khdng du raanh de dau tu vao giao due nen van de x a y dung va phat huy ngudn von con ngudi g ^ rk nhieu nan de can phai giai quyet.
5. S u thich u n g c u a n g u d i d a n xa P h u d c H u u , huyen N i n h P h u d c , t i n h Ninh T h u S n t r u d c hien t u o n g sa m a c h o a
Bang 4 ; SLT THAY DOI CUA NGANH C O N G NGHIEP, TIEU THU CONG NGHIEP, T H U O N G MAI DICH VU CUA XA PHU'CIC HUTJ GIM DOAN 2 0 1 4 - 2 0 1 8
Trong linh vuc sdn xudt ndng nghiep Viec trien khai vit nhan rgng cac mo hinh san xuat ap dyng tien bd khoa hgc mdi; rad cac Idp dao tao nghe nong thon nhara nang cao thu nhap va tao viec lara on dinh cho nhan dan ludn dugc dia phuang quan tara, mgt so mo hinh hieu qua, thiet thuc dugc dia p h u a n g trien khai, thyc hien n h u : rad hinh "1 phai 5 giam" tren cay liia; mo hinh trong tao, nho ket hgp nuoi de cim v6 b e o . . .
Nam 2014
2015 2016 2017 2018
So ho kinh doanh djch vu, thirong mai (ho)
159
338 558 486 493
LTnh vyc hoat dgng
Cung img yat tu nong nghiep, mua ban nong san, che bien xay xat tuong thuc, thiic an gia siic va dich vu phuc vu nong nghiep (khau lam dat, khau thu hoach), buon ban kinh doanh nho
Nt Nt Nt Nt
Nguon: Bdo cdo kinh ti - xa hot ciia xd Phuoc Hiru tir ndm 2014 din ndm 2018 Ve hinh thiic to chirc san xuat: Hien nay Uen
dia ban xa co 4 HTX dich vu ndng nghiep dang hoat dgng, bang nhieu loai binh da dang, da dap img ragt phan nhu cau ctia ngudi lao dgng, hg xa vien, dong gop quan trgng vao qua trinh phat Uien kinh te - xa hgi ciia dia phuang. Mot so khau dich vy mang tinh dac thii trong san xuat nong nghiep dugc duy Ui va thuc hien tdt, nhu: Lara dat, tudi tieu, thu hoach, cung iing gidng, vat tu, nao vet kenh m u o n g ngi dong,... giiip cho hg xa vien dam bao dugc cac dieu kien can thiet de phuc vy cho san xuat, ... Ben canh do, de phuc vu cho cac nhu c4u v l g i l n g , phan bon, cac djch vu b e n quan den
hoat ddng san xuat nong nghiep, nhieu hg gia dinh da dau tu chuyen doi sang kinh doanh, dich vu.
Tinh den nam 2018 cd 493 bg kmh doanh, dich vu, tang gap 3,1 lan so vdi nam 2014 (159 hg) (Bang 4).
Viec day manh ap dung khoa hgc cdng nghe mdi thong qua cac mo hinh san xuat lam gia tang gia tri san pham Uen ragt d a n vi dien tich, da tang thu nhap bmh quan cho ngudi nong dan tir 16 trieu ddng/ngucri/nam (vao nam 2011) len 35,02 trieu ddng (den cuoi nara 2018) (Uy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Hihi, 2018a).
P H A T T R | £ N B £ N V O N G V O N G QUYtN 9, SG 4 (12/2019)
NGHIEN COU THOC NGHlEM - KINH NGHlEM
hgc van cua chu hd den muc song ciia hg gia dinh.
Kiera dinh Chi- square la .002 < 0.05 nen tuang quan nay rat cd y nghia ve mat thong ke. Trong sd 12 hg CO miic song can ngheo thi co den 75% chii ho CO hgc van d bac tieu hgc. Ci nhora raiic song tmg binh tbi trinh do hgc van ciia chii hg cd xu
Bang 3: BANG TUONG QUAN GI0A HOC VAN CUA CHU HO VA MlTC SONG CUA HO GL^ DINH hudng tang len: tieu hgc va khac (khong di hoc) la 23%, trung hgc co sd la 30,0%i, trung hgc pho thong la 17%), cao dang trd len la 13%. Do vay, khi mudn cai thien muc sdng cua hd gia dinh thi cac chinh sach nen tap trung cho giao due nhieu ban.
Mu-c song cua no gia dmn Ho can ngheo
Tnmg binh Kha gia
Tiin suat Tiin suiit
%
Tan suat
%
%
T' '
Hoc van ciia chii ho Tieu hoc
10 29,4 23 67,6 1 2,9 34 100
THCS 1 3,2 30 96,8 0 0 31 100
THPT 1 4,8 17 81,0 3 14,3 21 100
Cao dang trof len
0 0 13 92,9 1 7.1
14 10
Tong so 12 12,0 83 83,0 5 5,0 100 100 Nguon: Kit qud khdo sdt ciia nhdm nghien ciru.
Hien tugng di cu, chay mau lao dgng dang dien ra tai dia ban va xu hudng ngay cang gia tang. Dia ban nghien ciiu khdng co cym/khu cong nghiep hay nha may cd quy mo Idn nen lao ddng thuong tim kiem viec lam d cac tinh khac nhu Lam Dong, Binh Thuan, Ddng Nai... Va ehii yeu la Idp thanh nien - nhom chii luc Uong dinh hudng phat trien cua dia phucmg phai di cu di lao ddng. Di cu lao ddng khong chi gay ra nhiing van de ve kinh tl ma con dang dat ra nhung bai toan ve mat xa hgi. Hien tugng "khuyet the he" dang xay ra d nhieu thon/lang, co nhiing thdi diem ca lang khong thay cd thanh nien, d nha chi cdn cd ngudi gia va tre
nho. Do dd, viec di cu ed the raang lai thu nhap cho gia dinh va ddng gop vao nguon thu ciia dia phuang, song ve lau dai, nhimg chien luge phat tnen kinh te - xa hgi ciia dia phuang ndi rieng va ciia tinh Ninh Thuan noi chung se thieu nguon nhan lire dc thuc hien. Mat khac, ty le lao dgng co trinh dg ciia dia phuang chua cao (51,78%i) (Uy ban nhan dan huyen Ninh Phudc, 2019). Luc lugng lao ddng ciia xa Phudc Hiiu chu ylu la lao dgng pho thong, nen neu cd cong viec ddi bdi bang cap hay chuyen mon se khdng dap img dugc (nha may dien mat trdi) (Hop 3).
Hop 3- Van de viec lam va trinh do ciia lao dgng ciia dja phugng
Cac hien urgng thdi tiet cue doan: nang ban tir thang 1 din thang 8, miia mua co 4 thang, lu lut. Thdi gian thieu nude, khdng san xuit dugc nen nhilu hg gia dinh chuyin dich nghi nghiep, di ikm an xa, dti do tuoi, CO siic khoe la di lam an xa. Hai nam vira rli, co 1 lang khong co thanh men d nha, chir khdng lam dugc gi, tham chi !a khong lam dugc chan nuoi. Nude ngSm khong nhilu, cii ndng ban la bo rugng khong, khong lam dugc.
Diim din lao dgng la thanh phd Phan Rang, Da Lat, Dong Nai, Phan Thilt, Dak L^k, Dak Ndng... Chi la lao dgng pho thdng (cong nhan may mac, da giay, hat hat dilu, hai thanh long... Trinh do dan tri khong ding deu, cd ca bac cao nhung ty 1^ thap, thanh nien hgc hit cdp hai hoac c§p 3 la di lao dgng Hien tai, cac lao dgng vao lam cdng viec pho thong (lap tim pin, dao cot tm) thu nhap khoang 250.000 - 350.000 dong/ngudi/ngay. Nhung theo chii tmomg thi thang 6/2019 cae nha may dong dien thi cac cong viec nay
P H A T T R l t N B E N V L / N G V O N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
B6 Thj Ngan - Nguyen Duxmg Hoa Sinh k^ ciia ngu'di dan..
se ket thiic, ngudi dan lai quay lai chu trinh cii la nang han lai di lao ddng ngoai dia phuang. Nha may co dang tuyen lao dgng co tay nghi nhung dia phucmg khong dap irng dugc.
Nude sinh hoat la ngudi dan sii dung nude may tir ho thiiy dien Da Nhim, dam bao 100%). Ngudi dan lam bdn chiia nude it vi nude tu hd xudng dam bao (TLN uy ban nhan dan xa Phudc Hiiu).
Dien tich dat san xuat ndng nghiep it va phu thugc vao thien nhien nen nguon luc de dau tu cho vdn con nguiri la rat ban che. Dieu kien san xuat kho khan, an ninh luong thuc la mgt mdi lo thudng true, von tai chinh khdng du manh de dau tu vao giao dye nen van de xay dung va phat huy nguon von con ngudi g ^ rat nhieu nan de can phai giai quyet.
5. Sir thich ung cua ngudi dan xa Phirdc Hihi, huyfn Ninh Phudc, tinh Ninh Thuan trudc hien tuong sa mac hoa
Bang 4: SU THAY DOI CUA NGANH CONG NGHIEP, TIEU THU CONG NGHIEP, THUONG MAI DICH VU CUA XA PHU6C HOXJ GIAI DOAN 2014 - 2018
Trong linh vuc sdn xudt ndng nghiep Viec tnen khai va nhan rgng cac md hinh san xuat ap dung tien bg khoa hgc mdi; md cac idp dao tao nghe nong thdn nham nang cao thu nhap va tao viec lam dn dinh cho nhan dan luon dugc dia phuang quan tam, mgt so md hinh hieu qua, thiet thuc dugc dia phuang Uien khai, thuc hien nhu:
md hinh "1 phai 5 giara" tren cay liia; mo hinh trdng tao, nho ket hgp nudi de cim vd beo...
Nam 2014
2015 2016 2017 2018
So ho kinh doanh dich vu, thu-ong mai (hd)
159
338 558 486 493
Linh virc hoat dgng
Cung ling vat tu nong nghiep, mua ban nong san, che bien xay xat luong thuc, thiic iin gia siic va dich vu phuc vu nong nghiep (khiiu lam dat, khiiu thu hoach), buon ban kinh doanh nho
Nt Nt Nt Nt
Ngudn: Bdo cdo kinh te - xd hdi cua xd Phuoc Hiru tir ndm 2014 den ndm 2018.
Ve hinh thiic to chiic san xuat Hien nay tren dia ban xa co 4 HTX dich vu ndng nghiep dang boat dgng, bang nhieu loai hinh da dang, da dap ung mgt phan nhu cau cua ngudi lao dgng, hg xa vien, ddng gop quan trgng vao qua Uinh phat Uien kinh te - xa hgi ctia dia phuong. Mgt sd khau dich vu raang tinh dac thii trong san xuat ndng nghiep duac duy tri va thuc hien tot, nhu: Lara dat, tudi tieu, thu hoach, cung irng giong, vat tu, nao vet kenh muong ndi dong,... giiip cho hg xa vien dam bao dugc cac dieu kien can thiet de phuc vu cho san xuat, ... Ben canh do, de phyc vu cho cac nhu chx vl gilng, phan bon, cac dich vu ben quan den
boat dgng san xuat ndng nghiep, nhieu hd gia dinh da dau tu chuyen dot sang kmh doanh, dich vy.
Tinh den nam 2018 co 493 ho kinh doanh, dich vu, tang gap 3,1 lan so vdi nam 2014 (159 hg) (Bang 4).
Viec day manh ap dyng khoa hgc cong nghe mdi thdng qua cac mo hinh san xuat lam gia tang gia tri san pham Uen mgt dan vi dien tich, da tang thu nhap bmh quan cho ngudi nong dan tir 16 trieu ddng/ngudi/nam (vao nam 2011) len 35,02 trieu ddng (den cuoi nara 2018) (Uy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Hiiu, 2018a).
P H A T TRIEN B E N VO'NG V O N G Q U Y E N 9, S6 4 (12/2019)
NGHIEN Ciru THl/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHIEM
Bang 5: THICH (TNG V6l TINH TRANG HAN HAN TRONG HOAT DONG TRONG LUA CUA HO GIA DINH
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hoat dona (N=95)
Len lich thoi vu de tinh toan can than thoi gian ^leo tr6ng va thu hoach Thay d6i ea cau ciiy u6ng phii hop voi cac hien tucmg khi hau cue doan Thuc hien cac ky thuat trdng trot phii hop hien nrong khi hau cue doan Sir dung cac gi6ng chiu duoc cae dieu kien hien tucmg khi hau cue doan Tang cuong he th6ng tuoi tieu cho nong nghiep de thich ung voi ban han Hoc hoi kinh nghiem eiia hang xom va a dia phuong khac
Tim kigm them viee lam phi nong nghiep tai dia phuong (lam thue, buon ban nho...)
Huy dong von (tit ngan hang, ban be, nguoi than) de dau tu vao hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh moi
Di cu sang cac dia phucmg khac de tim kiem cac CO hoi viec lam moi Khong trong trgt nua
Tyll(%) 60,0 48,4 37,9 42,1 29,5 35,8 28,4 11,6 5,3 16,8 Nguon: Ket qud khdo sdt cda nhdm nghien cuu.
Bang 6: THICH ITNG V(3l TINH TRANG HAN H A N TRONG HOAT D O N O CHAN NUOl ciJA HO GIA DINH
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Hoat dong (N=95) Dau tu them chi phi (cho thirc an va phong trir benhdich)
Thay doi phuong thiic chan nuoi (vi du nhu chuyen tit nuoi lon sang nuoi gia cam)
Giam quy mo chan nuoi
Tim kiem them viee lam phi nong nghiep tai dja phuong (lam thue, buon ban nho ...)
Huy dong von (tir ngan hang, ban be, ngucii thiin) de diiu tu vao hoat dong san xuat kinh doanh moi
Di cu sang cac dia phuong khac de tim kiem cac co htii viec lammoi Lap ke hoach phong ngira nil ro cho hoat dgng chan nuoi (thu thap thong tin vl rui ro thoi tiet, thien tai,...)
Khong chiin nuoi nira Khong lam gi ca
Tyll(%) 28,4 45,3 33,7 28,4 13,7 8,4 14,7 28,4 29,5 Ngudn: Kit qud khdo sdt ciia nhdm nghien ciru.
Hat nganh san xuat nong nghiep chiu nhieu anh hudng nhat tir han han, nang nong la Udng liia va chan nuoi. Ngudi dan da cd nhiing dieu chinh nhSt dinh nham toi da hda cac hoat dgng nay. Chang ban nhu len lich thai vu de tinh toan can than thdi gian gieo trdng va thu hoach (60%), thay ddi ca can cay trong phu hgp vdi dieu kien khi hau (48.4%), sti dung cac giong chiu dugc eac hien tugng khi hau cue doan (42,5%), thay doi phuong thirc chan nudi (45,3%), dau tu them chi phi eho thiic an va phong trir dich benh (28,4%). Viec tim kiem them viec lara phi nong nghiep thay the va
tan dung thdi gian nhan roi cung la ra^t hudng dugc ngudi dan thuc hien (chilm 28,4%); nhilu hg gia lua chgn phuang an khong chan nuoi niia khi dilu kien thdi tilt ngay cang cue doan (28,4%). Co 29,5% sd ngudi dugc hdi lua chgn phuang an
"khdng lam gi ca", nghTa la ngudi dan dang bi bat lue trudc thien nhien, san xudt ndng nghiep dang dua hoan toan vao khi hau ciia moi nam (Bang 5, Bang 6).
Viec xac dinh cac sinh kl kha thi, phii hgp vdi dieu kien kbi hau va han chi anh hudng ciia qua
P H A T T R I E N B ^ N V O N G V U N G Q U Y t N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
Bo Thj Ngan - Nguyen Dirgng Hoa Sinh k^ cua ngiroi dan..
trinh sa mac hoa ddng vai trd rat quan trgng trong viec dam bao sinh ke ben viing cho ngudi dan. Tac gia da dua ra cac sinh ke de nguoi dan danh gia xem sinh ke nao la kha tbi va phii hgp trong boi canh sa mac hoa va ban ban tinh tren thang do tir 1 (kha thi va phii hgp nhat) den 10 (it kha thi va phu hgp nhat). Ket qua xir ly so lieu cho thay nguiri dan lua chgn cac sinh ke nhu sau (tdng sd lua chgn tit 1-3): trdng lua: 77%; trong hoa mau: 82%; trdng cay an qua: 66%; chan nudi lgn: 61%; chan nudi gia cam: 64%; chan nudi bo, cuu: 46%; nudi trdng thuy san: 1%; danh bat thuy san: 1%; kinh doanh, buon ban: 52%), dich vu, du lich: 2\%; di dan: 5%;
sinh ke khac: 0%. Cac sinh ke nay dugc kiem dinh thang do bang he sd Cronbach's Alpha cho thay cd su tin cay. Bang 14 cho thay gia Ui Cronbach's
Trong linh vuc d&i sdng
Viec chil dgng phdng tranh thien tai cho con ngudi, cay trong va vat nuoi dugc ngudi dan noi day rSt chii trgng. Dieu nay the hien qua viee ngudi dan idy cac thong tin ve thdi tiet, khi hau d nhieu kenh khac nhau. Cac kenh pho biln nhat la qua loa phat dianh ciia xa (78%), nghe qua tivi la 79%, intemet ciing la mgt kenh thdng tin mdi raa ngudi dan su dyng (40%). Mgt so kenh ngudi dan sii dung d miic do trung binh nhu dai/radio, nghe ngudi khac ndi va thong bao tir chinh quyen dia phuong (31-39%). Bao in co mdc do su dyng thap nhat (8%j) do do Ue cua kenh thong tin nay ciing nhu lien quan den viec ngudi dan it cd thoi quen dgc bao in (Bang 7).
Alpha la 0,877, the hien gia Ui thang do rat tot
Bang 7; NGUON THONG TIN H O GIA DINH TIEP CAN VE THIEN TAI, T H 6 I TIET STT
1 2 3 4
Nguon thong tin Loa phat thanh Dai/ Radio/ Bg dam Tl vi Bao in
Tyle(%) 78,0 31,0 79,0 8,0
STT 5 6 7 8
Nguon thong tin Intemet
Nghe ngucii khac noi Thong bao tir chinh quyen dia phucmg
Nguon khac
Ty IS (%) 40,0 39,0 35,0 0 Ngudn: Kit qud khdo .^dt cita nhdm nghiin ciru
Mgt ngudn vdn quan trgng khac dugc ngudi dan sit dung la vdn xa hgi, the hien quan he, mang ludi xa hgi ciia ngudi dan trong viec irng phd vdi thien tai. Nhilu nghien cim da chi ra rang raoi ho gia dinh thudng co it nhat 1 ngudi la thanh vien cua cac td chiic/nhdm/cau lac bg tai dia phucmg.
Dilu nay khdng chi cho thay miic do gan ket, boa nhap vao ddi sdng xa hot ciia ngudi dan, ma qua do ngudi dan muon the hien gia tri ciia ban than minh thdng qua cac boat dong ciia hgi/nhdm.
Trong trudng hgp cac thanh vien ciia cac td chiic gap vkn dl trong cudc song thi hgi/nhdm chinh la mgt trong nhiing mang ludi an sinh co hieu qua nhit till hien qua cac hoat ddng nhu thara hdi, dong vien, hd trg vat chat cho thanh vien do. Khi dugc hdi vl 3 to chite nao ho trg hieu qua nhit khi gia dinh gap thien tai, ket qua cho thay chinh quyin xa la don vi ho trg hieu qua nhat (85%), tiep
theo la Hot Ndng dan va Hgi phu nii (40%)), cudi cimg la ngudi than (31%). Cac td chiic cdn lai (Doan Thanh men, Hgi chii thap do, Hgi Cuu chien binh, CLB sd thich, NGOs hoat ddng tai dia phuang) chiera ty le thap, trong do c6 CLB sd thich la 0%.
Kit luan
Su tac dgng ciia sa mac hoa den sinh ke cua ngudi dan tren ba ngudn von la von tir nhien, von tai chinh va vdn con ngudi rat rd rang. Trong dd, ragt each true quan nhat la tac dgng len von tu nhien, the hien qua viec suy giam chat dinh dudng, su cd ket ciia dat va xu hudng phen boa, man hoa dat dang dien ra. Von tai chinh va vdn con ngudi la nhiing nguon von do con ngudi tao nen, song lai co mdi quan he mat thiet vdi von tu nhien. Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay nhiing thanh tuu trong sinh kl
P H A T T R l ^ N B £ N V O N G V O N G Q O Y E N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
N G H I E N C O U T H y C NGHieM - KINH NGHIEM
cua ngudi dan tai xa Phudc Hiiu chua thuc su ben viing.
Sa mac hoa, han ban da gay ra nhung hau qua vd ciing nghiem trgng len an ninh lucmg thuc, sinh ke cua ngudi dan va gay thiet hai hang tram ty dong cho tinh Ninh Thuan. De han che nhiing tac dgng ciia sa mac hda thi can co nhiing giai phap trudc mat va lau dai, trong do can chil trong cac bien phap ve khoa hoc ky thuat nhu gidng mdi c6 tinh nang chiu han, riet kiem nude; cac giai phap cdng trinh nhu ho chiia, xay dung he thdng kenh muong nham dara bao nude tudi chii dgng cho san xuat. Ben canh do la cac giai phap dong bg ve phat tnen kinh te, xa hdi nhu nang cao nhan thtic ciia ngudi dan ve sa mac hoa, bao ve moi trudng; chinh quyen can dinh hudng cho ngudi dan trong viec lira chgn cay Uong - vat nuoi thay the, phii hgp vdi
dieu kien khi hau cua dia phuang ma van mang lai hieu qua kinh te cao.
Qua qua trinh nghien ciiru, nhom tac gia nhan thiy CO hai yeu to then chdt cd the tac dgng den viec phat Uien suih ke ben viing ciia ngudi dan nai day lit con ngudi va cdng nghe. Tuy nhien, ca hai yeu to nay hien vai U6 con rat md nhat. Dia phuong chua cd doanh nghiep nao dau tu vao nong nghiep theo hudng cdng nghe cao de cd the tao viec lam va han che anh hudng ciia sa mac boa den ddi song cua ngudi dan. Ve yeu td con ngudi, lyc luong lao dgng hien nay chu yeu lit lao ddng pho thong, trinh do ehuyen mdn thap va co xu hudng rdi que huong di lam an xa, ve lau dai se gay kho khan trong viec dinh hudng phat trien kinh te - xa hgi ciia dia phuang.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Bg Ndng nghiep va Phat Uien nong thon (2006). Chuang trinh hdnh ddng quoc gia phdng chong sa mgc hda giai dogn 2006 - 2010 & Cdng uoc chdng sa mgc hda cita Liin hop qudc, Bd Nong nghiep va Phat tnen nong thon. Ha Ngi.
2. DFID (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets, http://www.nssd.net/references/Sust Liveli/DFIDapproach.htm#Gui dance.
3. Hdi Nong dan xa Phudc Hiiu (2017). Bdo cdo tinh hinh thuc hien Cdng tdc Hgi vd phong trao ndng ddn 9 thdng ddu ndm 2018. Bao cao sd 19-BC/BCH, thang 9/2017
4. Hgi Ndng dan xa Phudc Hihi (2018). Bdo cdo tinh hinh thuc hiin Cdng tdc Hdi vd phong trao ndng ddn, phuong huang, nhiim vu thdng cudi ndm 2018. Bao cao sl 13-BC/BCH, thang 10/2018 5 Phdng Nong nghiep va phat tnen ndng thdn huyen Ninh Phudc (2019). Cdng vdn so 57/PNN-PTNT cita
Phdng Ndng nghiip vd PTNT vi viic cung cdp diin tich ddt sdn xudt ndng nghiep thu&ng xuyin thiiu nu&c tren dia bdn huyin Ninh Phudc, tinh Ninh Thuan ndm 2019
6. Tong cue Lam nghiep (2012). Bdo cdo tinh hinh thirc hiin Chuong trinh hdnh ddng qudc gia chong sa mgc hda.
1. Uy ban nhan dan huyen Ninh Phudc (2018). Bdo cdo tinh hinh kinh ti - xa hdi 6 thdng ddu ndm vd nhiem vu trgng tdm 6 thdng cudi ndm 2018. Bao cao sd 252/BC-UBND, ngay 29 thang 6 nam 2018 8. Uy ban nhan dan huyen Ninh Phudc (2017). Bdo cdo thuyit minh tdng hgp Diiu chinh Quy hogch tdng
the phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi huyen Nmh Phu&c din ndm 2020.
9. tly ban nhan dan huyen Ninh Phudc (2019). So lieu cabdn huyen Ninh Phu&c tinh din ngdy 1/3/2019.
10. Uy ban nhan dan xa Phudc Hihi (2014). Bdo cdo tinh hinh thgc hien kinh ti - xd hdi ndm 2014 vd phuong hudng, nhiim VIA ndm 2015. Bao cao so 132/BC-UBND, ngay 6 thang 11 nam 2014
P H A T T R I S N B ^ N V C T N G V O N G Q U Y ^ N 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
Bo Tbi Ngan - Nguyin Dumig Hoa Sinh ke cua ngirofi dSn..
11. Uyban nhan dan xa Phudc Hiru (2015). Bdo cdo Tdng ket tinh hinh kinh ti - xd hdi, qudc phdng - an ninh ndm 2015 vd phuong huang, nhiim vu ndm 2016. Bao cao sl 137/BC-UBND, ngay 17 thang 11 nam 2015
12. Uyban nhan dan xa Phudc Hiiu (2016). Bdo cdo tinh hinh kinh te - xd hdi, qudc phdng-an ninh ndm 2016 vd phucmg hu&ng. nhiem vu ndm 2017. Bao cao sd 143/BC-UBND, ngay 5 thang 11 nam 2016 13. Uy ban nhan dan xa Phudc Hiiu (2017). Bdo cdo tinh hinh thuc hiin nhiem vu phdt triin kinh ti - xd
hgi ndm 2017 vd nhiim vif phdt triin kinh ti - xa hdi ndm 2018. Bao cao sd 170/BC-UBND, ngay 16 thang 12 nam 2017
14. Uy ban nhan dan xa Phudc Hiiu (2018a). Bdo cdo kit qud thuc hien phdt tnin kinh ti - xd hdi, qudc phdng - an ninh ndm 2018 vd phuang huong, nhiim vu ndm 2019. Bao cao sd 117/BC-UBND, ngay 12 thang 11 nam 2018
15. Uy ban nhan dan xa Phudc Hihi (2018b). Bdo cdo kit qud thuc hiin cdc tieu chi ndng thdn moi giat dogn 2011- 2018 cua xd Phu&c hihi, huyin Ninh Phu&c, tinh Ninh Thuan.
Thong tin tac gia:
Ngay nhan bai: 05/5/2019 1. Do Thi Ngan, Th.S .., . , , . . nM/onm
T, " - . ,,•- XI u - • nu-. . ' Ngay nhan ban sua: 12/7/2019 - Dan VI cong tac' Vien Nghien cuu Phat tnen " •'
bin Viing Viing, Vien Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Ngay duyet dang: 22/7/2019 Viet Nara.
-Diachi eraail: [email protected] 2. Nguyen Duffng Hoa, Th.S
- Dan vi cong tac: Vien Nghien cim Phat trien bin viing Vimg, Vien Han lara Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam.
PHAT TRI EN BEN VONG VONG QOYEN 9, SO 4 (12/2019)
