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Sljr DUNG s u Dd Tir DUY TRONG QUA TRINH GlAO DUC d CAC TRUdNG M A M N O N CUA T I N H L A M DdNG
1.0ft vin d i
Thyc tiin phit triin cda nUde ta trong thdi dai ngiy nay d i d i t ra ylu d u phii doi mdi giio dye trong dd, d f i mdi phuong phip dfy hpc l i hft sdc ein t h i i t TfO dupe d m giie ttioii m i i v i sy tham gia tich eye eda hpc sinh mlm non, diiu niy cd nghia giio viln (GV) d n phll bllt thilt kf nhdng hof t ddng hpe, chpn phuong phip, ki thuft trong dfy hpc mdt eieh llnh hoft, sing tfo nhim d i m bio mdc dp tham gia, cao v i tham gia tfch eye cda ngUdi hpc, tic dfng d i n tinh d m , thii d f eda ngtfdi hpc v i dem d f n nilm vui v i sy hdng thd trong hpc t f p cda hp.
Dfii vdl glio dye mlm non, vdl phuong chim:
"Hpc m i choi, choi m i hpc" cing ddi hdi ngtfdi GV phii biit phfii hpp, lya chpn phtfong phip dfy hpc phd hpp vdi dfc diim phit triin t i m - sinh l i t r l ; ddng thdi, sd dyng ki thuft dfy hpc m f t d e h cd nghf tiiult, khio llo thl mdi phit huy dupe tinh chd ddng, tich eye hoft ddng cda t r i nhim htfdng tdi myc tilu hinh thinh mdt sfi g i i trj nhin cich d n thilt eho t r i ngay td tufii mlm non nhtf tfnh ty tin, ty lye, dfc Ifp, tinh sing t f o v i hda nhfp trong giao tilp...
Vdl dfc diim phit triin t i m li trf em d d f tufii 5 - 6 tufii (eufil tufii miu giio), b i t d i u xuit hifn kiiu ttf duy tn/c quan hinh tUpng mdi v i nhtfng y l u td cda kilu tu duy logic dd l i kliu t u duy tn/c quan so dfi.
Kliu tu duy niy t f o eho t r i m f t khi ning phin i n h nhdng mfil liln hf tfin t f l khich quan, khdng bj phy thufc vio y mufin chd quan eda bin t h i n dda t r i . Sy phin inh nhtfng mfil liln hf khich quan l i dilu kifn d n thiit d i t r i dupe linh h f i nhCmg tri thdc vupt ra ngoil khuf n khf cda vifc tim hiiu nhdng su vf t rilng II vdl nhdng thufc tinh sinh dfng cda chdng d i dft tdi tri thdc khii quit, ttf dd, hiiu dUgc bin chit cda sy v f t Ttf duy tn/c quan so dfi phit triin cao se dan t r i din ngudng cda cOa ttf duy trtfu tupng, s i cho t r i em hiiu nhdng biiu diln so d f khii quit m i sau niy sy hinh thinh khii nlfm s i dtfpc tifn hinh chd ylu dya trin d f Trong tiidl gian niy, t i f b i t d i u hiiu ring cd t h i biiu thj m f t sy vft hay m f t hlfn ttfpng nio dd bing td ngCr hay cic kf hlfu khic khi phii glil nhdng bii t o i n ttf duy dfc Ifp.
Phtfong phip giio dye phit triin nhfn thdc cda trf f giai dof n niy diu dya trin dfc diim phit triin nhfn thde cda t r i , ey t h i :
- Tri cd nhiiu thdng tin v i mft sf sy v f t hifn
ThS. N G U T £ N THj BACH MAJ Si Gilo dipc «i Bio tf 0 Um Bing
PGS.TS. NGO QUANG SON Ov ban Bio tfe Chinh phi
tupng nao dd nhung chtfa hiiu bUt diy dd vf stf v f t hiln ttfpng;
- Tri cd t h i ty t f o ra d c thi nghlfm h i t sdc don giin d i xem vifc gl se xiy ra v i nghi ra Idi giii thfch eho nhdng gl t r i quan sit dupe, mac dd t r i vin ehUa ed dd khi nang sd dung suy lufn logic v i trtfu ttfpng;
dfing thdi, t r i ed t h i lim mdt sfi thf nghlfm do cd htfdng din v i ed t h i giii thfch theo nhilu deh khic nhau;
- Tri thudng dinh nhilu thdi gian v i chd y hon vio d c hof t ddng m i t r i thfch.Thich choi theo nhdm ttf 5 din 6 t r i v i thich trao dfii trong nhdm t r i ;
- Tri cd t h i nim b i t d c khii nlfm trtfu tUpng nhUng t r i vin d n d c stf vile ed thyc d l gill thich d e khii nilm dd; ngoii ra, t r i cdn thich v l v i vHt d i ghi lfi cic sy vile
Td nhtfng die diim trin, GV cd t h i lya chpn nhdng phtfong phip, ki thuit dfy hpe d i kkh thkh htfng thd nhin thtfc, khi ning tham gia cda t r i di dft dugc mue t i l u giio dye.
Budc diu i p dyng cie phtfong phip v i ki thuft dfy hpc theo hudng tieh eye hda q u i trtnh nhfn thde qui trtnh tu duy cda t r i em mlm non, vifc i p dyng so dfi ttf duy trong vifc tfi chde cie hoft dfng nhfn thtfc cho t r i mlu giao S - 6 tufii cd t h i dft hifu q u i v i phd hpp vdi dfc diim phit triin tu duy cda t r i em 5-6tufiL
2. SO dyng hlfu q u i sa d f ttf duy trong d c trtfdng m i m non cf a tinh L i m Ofng
So dfi ttf duy (SDTD) cdn gpi l i Itfpc d f ttf duy..
l i hinh thdc ghi chip nhim tim tdi dio siu, md ifng mft y ttfdng, h i thfing hda m f t ehd d i hay mpt mf ch kiin thtfe. •• bing cich kit hpp vifc stf dung dfing thdi hinh inh, dtfdng nit. miu sle ehtf viit vdl ttf duy tich eye Oic bift diy l i mdt so dfi md, khdng ylu d u d n cd tf If, chi tilt chat eiie nhu bin dfi dja li, cd t h i v l thim hole bdt cac nhanh, moi em ve mpt kiiu sing tao khic nhau, sing t f o t d miu sle hinh linh, d e cym td diin dft khic nhau, cdng mdt chd di nhtfng mfil em cd t h i "thi hiln" nd dUdI dfng SOTO theo mpt cich rilng (tuy l i cic nit v i h i t sdc don glin), do dd, vifc Ifp SDTD phit huy dUpc tfil da khi ning sing tao d moi em. SDTD chd trpng tdi hinh inh, miu sk, vdi d c mfng ludi liln ttfdng (cic nhinh). Cd t h i vin dyng SDTD vio hf trp dfy hpc kifn thdc mdi, cdng cf kifn thdc sau mfi tiit hpc. SDTD l i m f t cdng cy cd tinh
stfn-nUNtii/znz^Si
^ T H | f C T l £ N G U 0 D M C .
khi thi eao vl cd thi vfn dung dtfpc vdi bat kl dilu kiln eo sd vit chit nio cda cic nhi trudng hiln nay. Cd thi thUt ki SDTD trin giiy, bla, bing phu,... bing deh sd dung bdt chl miu, phin, tiy,„ hole edng ed thi thilt kl tiin phin mlm SOTO. Vdi tmdng mam non nio cd dHu kiln CO sd hf ting cdng nghf thdng tin tot ed thi d l vio miy tinh piiln mim Mindmap eho GV sddyng, bing deh vio trang web www.download.com.vn gd vao d'tim klf m" cum ttf Mindmap, ta cd thi tii vi bin demo ConceptOraw MINDMAP 5 Professtonal, phin mlm niy kiidng hfn chi sfi ngiy stf dyng vi vile sd dyng nd eung khi don giin.
Qua thyc t i giing dfy d d c Idp miu giio 5 - 6 tufii cda tinh Lim Dfing, SDTD cd thi ip dung dUdi dfng don giin, chd ylu l i qua kinh hinh Inh vi cic nhinh don giin, sy phin nhinh cd thi ft hon. Tdy theo tdng chd d f mi GV cd thi lya chpn deh thyc hifn so dfi hole do GV thyc hlfn, gpi y tri dUa y iciln hofc tri, nhdm tri ty thio lufn v i xiy dyng SDTD theo gpi y hudng dSn cda GV...Trong to chdc hoft dfng hpe trin ldp mlu gilo vdi vifc thilt k l vi sd dyng SDTD ed thi thyc hifn v i llnh vye giio dye phit triin nhfn thde d hoft dfng khim phi khoa hpe
VI dg 1: Phin nhim ding vdt (di di Thi glU d^ngv^)
Ofc diim cda bii niy li tri da cd biiu tupng v i hinh dfng, dfc diim, diu hifu nhfn bllt eda d e eon vft gin gui vdl eic em trong cufc sfng. Hon nda, ed thi tri d i dupe biit mft sfi con vft qua sich, bio, phim inh, tivL. Vi vfy, khi dfy hpc bii niy nin tfi chtfc cho tri hoft dfng nhdm vi Ifp SOTO vdl tin ehd d i chinh l i phin lof I d e con vft theo mdi trtfdng sfng cda ehdng, qua df, tri si ty nhfn bllt phin lofI d c nhdm dfng vft nudi, dfng vft sfng trong rdng, ddng vft sfing dtfdl ntfdc Vifc lim niy si phit huy tinh tieh eye nhfn thtfc cda tri, ning eao hifu qui gid hpe
Muc dich: Trau do! 6c quan sat va khi nang phan nhom, phan loai.
Chuan bi: Bf tranh cac con vft nuoi, con vat song dudi nude va cac con vat song trong rdng. Tranh inh v^ rifng, ho nuoc, ngoi nha. Giay AO, ho dan, but chl mau...
Co thl to chCrc mot so hoat dpng sau day cho Uk:
+ Hoft ddngi: Cho tri ngf i theo nhdm nhd (6 - 8 tri), xem tranh tdng eon vit vi thio lufn vl mfi eon vittrong mdt nhdm;
+ Hoft ddng 2: Lfp SDTD vdi d c nhinh don giin. GV ed thi cho tri lip SDTD theo nhdm vdi eic gpi y: Cac eon hay thtf tim v i xIp eic tranh cd eic con vft nudi vio mft nhdm, cic eon vft sfng dudi nude d mdt nhdm vi d c con vft sdng trong rtfng vio mft nhdm. Sau do, giao nhifm vy ttfng nhdm din tranh cic con vft theo nhdm d i hoin thinh mft so dd chung, thio lufn va dit tin cho bdc tranh chung;
+ Hof t ddng 3: Trtnh biy v l SDTD. Cho mdt vii tri dfi difn eda d c nhdm lln trinh biy v i bde tranh (SDTD) mi nhdm minh d i thilt Ifp (tranh niy ed tin gl, gfim cd bao nhilu con vft ndi tin eda dc con vft cd thi nlu die diim, tiing klu cda ttfng con vft..
Trip theo cho cic em trong Idp ed thi cd y kiln bfi sung, chinh sda ^ hoin thifn SDTD vl deh phin lofi nhdm ddng v f t
+ Hoft dfng 4: Cdng cfi kiln thtfc bing mft SDTD. GV cd thi dya vio d e bdc tranh eda tri lim dl khii quit lfi nhdm dfng vft nudi trong nhi, nhdm dfng vft sfng dUdi nUde vi nhdm dfng vft sfing trong rtfng (GV chi nin chinh sda eho d c em vi mft kiln thtfc vi gdp y thim v i dtfdng nit vl vi hinh thdc - nlu dn). Cudi cdng, cho tri ty nhfn xlt nhdm nio xip ddng, nhiiu con vft theo nhdm vi tuyin dtfong, eho tri tiip tyc treo tranh vio d e gde hpc tfp hofc gde khim phi thiln nhiln. Qua hoft dfng niy vda biit ro vifc hiiu kiln thtfc cda d c em vda l i mft deh rin cho d c em khi ning trinh biy y kiln eda minh tmdc mpi ngtfdl, gidp cie em ty tin, mfnh dfn hon.
Cic hoft ddng tiip theo cda chd d l cd thi cho t i l Ifp so dfi, phin chia nhdm d c eon vft theo 1 hofc 2 diu hifu (con vft nudi cd 2 chin, cd 4 chin...).
VI dg 2: Tim hiiu vi qui huang da Bi (chd dt Qui huang)
Bac dilm cua bai nay la tri da co mot so hllu bllt noi minh dang song (co th^ visa hoc trUdc do vl chu de Bin than, Gia dinh, TrUdng mam non cua Bl...) nin trf CO the neu dupe tin, dfa diim, mft sf nol trf 82*nM^caAii|e
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da dupe din; ttf dd, ttf xiy dyng dtfpc nhtfng hiiu bUt mdi vi qui huong, bao gfim: vj tri, die diim, d c danh lam thing dnh, d e die sin cda qui huong, nit dpp cda qui hUong... thdng qua vile lip SDTD theo nhdm bing edng ey vl, din tranh vdi tin ehd d i la
"Qui huong cda Bl", dfing thdL GV edng phii chuin bj diy dd d e ngufin til nguyin (tranh inh, cic td)...
Cho tri thyc hifn cic hoft dfng tuong ty d vi dy 1 (Tri ty ki v i noi minh sfng, din tranh ve hole inh chyp mft cinh mang dfc tmng cda qui huong, vidy nhu Phong dnh D i Lf t biiu trung eho thinh phfi Oi Lft sau dd tim tranh cic thing cinh eda Oi Lft din thinh mdt nhdm, cic die sin cda D i Lft, cic tof i hoa qui eda Oi Lft l i hfi ngtfdi din tfe.. v i v l d e dtfdng ndi td d c nhdm tranh din biiu trtfng eda Oi Lat vi trinh biy ttfong ttf nhtf vi dy 1... Sau khi thyc hlfn d e hoft dfng trin, GV cd thi gidp tri ghi tin dudi cic hinh inh, gidi thifu khii quit lfi cho tri eic kiln thdc dugc thi hlfn trin SDTD.
Ttfong ty nhtf vfy, d cic chd d l khic, GV cd thi htfdng din cic tri thyc hlfn eic nfl dung dtfdl hinh tilde vi kl thuft SDTD nhtf chd d i Gia dinh cda Bl, thiit Ifp cic nhinh theo phi h i cd: dng bi, cha mg. bi v i cie anh chj; chd di Ldp miu giio cda em (gfim: Idp hpe cd giio, dfi choi, b l v i d c bf n...); chd df Nghi nghifp, tri cd t h i hiiu thim vi khii quit v i efng vifc, sin phim cda mft nghi cy thi (nghl ndng, efng cy, noi lim vifc, sin phim eda nghf...).
3. Kit lufn
Sd dyng SOTO si d i ding hon trong vifc phit triin y ttfdng, tim tdi xiy dyng kiln thtfc mdi cho d e em. Nhd sy liln kit eic nit v l edng vdl miu sic thich hpp v i cich diin dft rilng cda mfi em, SOTO gidp bf nio liln ttfdng, liln kit eic kiln thtfe d i hpe d i biit trong cufc sfing... d i phit triin, mf rfng y tudng v i khii quit hda lfi vin di, diiu niy rit d n thiit cho sy phit triin tU duy khoa hpc cda tri. Tri dupe ty thiit kf SOTO kit hpp vdi vifc thio lufn nhdm dudi sy gpi y, din dit eda GV, tri ty ndi lln du<»c nhdng nhfn thtfc cda minh v i nfi dung mft chd d i dudi hinh thtfc nhtf tfo khdng khi thi dua cda mft trd choi, din din trf cd thi hiiu bllt klin thtfc cda bii hpc mft deh nh? nhing, ty nhlin, hdng thd.
TfO nilm vui cho ehinh trf em cung si li nilm vui cda GV v i phy huynh khi nhin thiy nhtfng btfc tranh vi, din, vdi nhdng hinh inh don so, nit v i tuy cdn don giin nhtfng dd cOng li sin phim, thinh qui lao dfng hpp tic cda d c em, gdp phin tf o mdl trtfdng giio dye thin thifn trong d c tn/dng mlm non.
Hing ngiy nhin vio nhOrng so df iy tri sf d i ding ghi nhd nhtfng nfi dung, kiin thdc minh da dtfpc hpc Cich hpc niy efn phit triin dtfpc ning lyc rilng cda tdng ttf khdng chi v i trf tuf (biit vf,viit
gl trin SDTD), hf thfng hda kiln thtfc (huy dpng nhtfng dilu d i dupe hpc trtfdc dd), rin cic ki nang eo bin eda nghf thuft tao hinh (hinh thde trinh biy), kit hpp hinh vi, ehtf viit miu sic SOTO mdt cdng ey vfn dyng dupe vdi bit kl dilu kifn co sd vft chit nio cda cie nhi trtfdng hifn nay. Cd thi thilt kl SDTD trin giay, bla, bing phy,... bing cich sddyng but chl miu, phin, tiy,... hole cung cd thi thilt kl trin phin mim ttfong tie thdng minh nhtf Mimto, Aetivboard, Mindmap. Vifc stf dung ehdng edng khi don giin. Ngoii ra, GV cung cd thi ip dyng trong vifc Ifp kl hof ch gilo dye td ehuong trinh glio dye mlm non, ttf xiy dyng eic chd d l din xic djnh myc tilu cda tdng chd dl, thilt kl mfng nfi dung, mfng hoat ddng v i phit triin cie chd d i nhinh...
Bing hinh thtfc i p dyng phd hpp, don giin ttf ki thuft dfy hpe theo so dfi ttf duy d mdc df don giin dfii vdi gilo dye mlm non trong linh vtfc phit triin nhfn thtfc eho tri miu glio 5 - 6 tufii si din hinh thinh phit triin cho tri tU duy so do li tiin d i cda phit triin ti/ duy logie hiiu biit vin di mft eieh hf thfing, khoa hpc COng vdl nhtfng kit qui dft dupe si gdp phin dfii mdl phuong phip dfy hpc theo htfdng dfy hpc tfch eye, phit huy tfnh chd dfng, tfch eye hof t dfng eda tri nhim htfdng tdi myc tilu hinh thinh mdt sd gii trj nhin cich d n thilt eho tri ngay ttf tufii mlm non nhtf tinh ty tin, ty Itfe dfc lip, tfnh sing tf 0 vi hda nhfp trong giao tifp, chuin bj tfit cho tri vio Idp 1 vi nhdng nam tilp theo..
T A I L I $ U T H A M K H A O
1. Bf Glio dy c vi Oio tf o, Chutmg trinh Gido due mim non. NXB Giio dye Vift Nam, Hi Nfi, 2008.
2. Nguyin Thj Anh Tuyft (chd biln), Tdm Hhge tri em lOa tudi mim non, NXB Of I hpc Qufc gia Hi Nfi, 1997
3. Phd Ode Hda, Ngd Quang Son, Ong dgng cdng nghf thdng tin trong dgyhgctldi cyt, NXB Giio dye Hi Nfl, 2008.
4. Phd Ode Hda, Ngd Quang Son, Phuaig phdp vd cdng nghf dgy hgc trong mdl trudng sUphgm tuang tic NXB Dfi hpe SU phfm Hi Nf L 2011.
SUMMARY
TTic use of thinking map in the course of teaching process in preschools in Lam Dong province has yiekkd positive results. Through two examples of classification of animal groups (under the theme Animal Wortd) and exploration of the kid's homeland (under the theme Homdand), the author has generalized tire Importance of using the thinking map for preschool chlUren in the leamlng process; preparing them well psychokigiealfy before they enter grade 1 and the subsequent grades.
