So 1/2019- Nam [hilMircfi Bon
HOAN THIEN lyiOT SO QUY DjNH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH SU NHAM BAO DAM NGUYEN TAC TRANH TUNG
Le Thi Thuy Nga' Tom tdt: Tdng cuong tranh tung trong hogi ddng td tung hinh sir (TTHS) Id lu lu&ng mang tinh dot phd, xuyen sudt ndi dung ddi m&i vd hodn thien mo hinh TTHS Viet Nam, Id mot trong nhimg vdn di quan trong ciia cdi cdch tuphdp. Dieu ndy thi hiin sir nhdn thuc ngay mot day dii vd ton trong quy lugt khdch quan cuaTTHS bails tranh lung Id "quy lugt khdch quan. Idcdivdnco, letunhien"^ cua hogt ddng td tung Irong do cd TTHS. The che hda quan diem cua Ddng. nguyen tac "tranh tung trong xet xir duoc bdo ddm " da du^c chinh thiec ghi nhdn trong Hien phdp ndm 2013 vd Bd lugt Id tung hinh sir (BLTTHS) nam 2015. Tuy nhien. cdc tien dephdp ly di thuc hiin nguyen tdc ndy chua duoc thi hien ddy du trong BLTTHS. Diiu di nhdn thdy cdc chii thi TTHS chua duac phdn dinh rgch roi theo chirc ndng to tung, con cd su chdng cheo ve dia vi phdp ly giii-a ben budc tdi, ben bdo chira... Trong phgm vi bdi viit ndy, ehiing tdi de xudt mot sd gidi phdp hodn thien cdc quy dinh phdp ludi liin quan trong BLTTHS nam 2015 tap trung vao nhirng qity dinh nhdm bdo ddm su binh ddng giira ben budc tdi vd bin bdo chira, tranh chdng cheo giira viec thuc hien chuc ndng budc igi vd chirc ndng xet xic nhdm bdo ddm nguyen tdc tranh tung.
Tir khoa: Nguyen tac tranh lung, Id tung hinh sir.
Nhan bdi; 25/11/2018; Hodn thdnh bien tap; 02/01/2019; Duyet ddng: } 7/01/2019.
Abstract: Enhancing litigation in criminal procedure activity is an outstanding idea mentioned in all content of renovation andfinalization of criminal procedure mode in 'Vietnam. It is also an important issue of the legal reform. Thai shows the proper understanding and respecting objective truth of criminal procedure because litigation is "an objective rule which is natural" of the procedural activity including criminal procedure. Institutionalize viewpoint of the Party, the principle "litigation in hearing is secured"
is officially recognized in the Constilulion in 2013 and the Criminal Procedure Code in 2015. However, legal premise lo implement this principle is not fully expressed in Ihe Criminal Procedure Code. It is easily lo recognize that subjects of criminal procedure are not clearly classified under procedural jiinctions, there have been overlap in terms of legal status between the accusing party and the defending parly... Within this article, we suggest some solutions lo finalize relative legal regulations in the Criminal Procedure Code in 2015 focusing on regulations to ensure the equality between the accusing party and the defending party, avoiding the overlap between the function of accusing and hearing to ensure the adversarial principle.
Keywords: Adversarial principle, criminal procedure.
Dale of receipt: 25/11/2018; Date of revision; 02/01/2019; Date of Approval: 17/01/2019.
1. Nguyen t5c tranh tung trong xet xu- du-ffc tu phap dgn nam 2020" cOng nhu cu tbl hda tinh bao dam theo quy dinh cua Bp luat to tung hinh thin ciia Hign phap nam 2013, Digu 26 BLTTHS sur nam 2015 quy djnh nguygn tie tranh tung trong xet xir duge
The hien ro net tu tudng dg cao tranh bing trong bao dam vdi ndi dung cu thg nhu sau:
hoat dpng td tung hinh su da duge ghi nhan tai Nghi "1. Qua trinh kh&i td, diiu tra. truy Id, xet xir, quygt so 08-NQ/TW ngay 02/01/2002 cua Bd Chinh Diiu tra vien, Kiim sdt viin, nguoi khac cd thdm tri "Vg mdt sd nhiem vu trpng tam cdng tac tu phap quyin tien hdnh Id tung, nguai bi budc igi, ngu&i^
trong thdi gian tdi", Nghj quydt sd 49-NQ/TW ngay bdo chua vd nguai Iham gia id lung khac deu cd 02/6/2005 cua Bd Chinh tri "Vg chidn luge cai each quyen binh ddng Irong viec dua ra chimg cir. ddnh ' Thac sy, Pho Tnrong Khoa phu yach Khoa Dao tao chung ngudn thim phan, kiem sat vien, luat su. ^ 'Nguygn Thai Phuc (2008), "Vdn di tranh tung vd tang cii&ng tranh tung trong tS tung hinh sir iheoyeu cdu dia cdi cdch tuphdp ", Tap chi Nha nudc va Phap luat sd 8/2018
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dam bao cho eae ben cd didu kien dg tranh tung hieu qua.
- Bao dam su ddc lap ciia Tda an vdi vai trd la ehu thd tao digu kien cho nhung chii the tranh tung la Kidm sat vidn, bi cao, ngudi bao chira, nhyng ngudi tham gia td tung khac tranh tung binh dang.
Khoan 2 Digu 26 BLTTHS da xae djnh ro vai ft-o ciia Tda an trong qua trinh tranh tung la chu thg
"tao dieu kien" cho Kidm sat vien va nhirng ngudi tham gia td tung tranh tung dan chii, binh dang.
Ndi dung nay da thg hien duge digu kien quan trpng nhit dg tranh tung cd hieu qua la cac ben tranh tung phai that su binh dang vdi nhau va Tda an phai dirng d vi tri ddc lap, khach quan, la trpng tai bao dam cho hai ben thuc hien chirc nang cua minh. Ydu cau nay ddi hdi Tda an khdng chi tdn trpng quyen cua cac bdn trong td tung ma phai cd traeh nhiem tao dieu kien cho hg thuc hien quyen dd. Tuy nhign, viec Khoan 2 Dieu 26 BLTTHS liet kg cac chit the tranh tung khong theo hudng tach bach va phan djnh ro cac chu the tham gia td tung tuong irng vdi bgn budc tdi, ben go tdi dan dgn
"quy dinh cdn rudm ra, khdng ro rang"' va chua thg hien duge day dii vai trd cita Tda an vdi tu each la trpng tai vd tu, khach quan, khdng thidn vi, khdng diing ve bgn budc tdi hay bdn go tgl trong qua trinh tranh tung.
- Ban an, quyet dinh ciia Tda an phai can cii vao ket qua tranh tung tai phidn tda. Digu 26 BLTTHS nam 2015 quydinhcac tinh tigt lign quan den viec giai quygt vu an deu phai duge trinh bay, tranh luan, lam rd tai phidn tda va ban an quyet dinh ciia Tda an phai can cii vao ket qua kidm tra, danh gia ehiing cii va ket qua tranh tung tai phidn tda, Day la mdt trong nhirng diem mdi, tien bg duge ghi nhan trong BLTTHS nam 2015 tren co sd thg che hda chii truong cai each tu phap "...viec phdn quyet cua toa dn phdi cdn cir chii yeu vao kit qua tranh tung tgi phiin tod"' theo Nghj quyet sd 08-NQ/TW ngay 02/01/2002 ciia Bd Chmh tn "Vd mdt sd nhiem vu trpng tam cdng tac tu phap trong thdi gian tdi". Quy dinh nay bao dam hieu qua thyc te ciia qua trinh tranh tung giira cac ben trong td tyng hinh sy, bdi le viec tranh tung chi la hinh thiirc ngu ket qua Uanh tung khdng duoc thg hien trong ban an, quyet dinh cua Tda an.
3 Nguygn Hoang Thpih (2018), Nguyan tic franh tung frong xgt xir duoc bao dam tai Digu 26 cita Bo luat td Ume hinh sunam2018,baiviettrenwebsitetapchitoaan.vn, tmycapngay2/I0S0I8
gid chimg cu, dua ra yeu cdu de lam ro sir that khdch quan cita vu dn.
2. Tdi lieu, chung ci'c trong hd sa vu dn do Vien kiem sdt chuyen den Toa dn di xet xir phdi ddy du vd hop phdp. Phiin Ida xet xir vu dn hinh su phdi cd mdt ddy dii nhung ngiroi theo quy dinh ciia Bd lugt ndy, tru&ng hop vang mat phdi vi ly do bdt khd khdng hoac do tr& nggi khdch quan hodc tru&ng hgp khde do Bo lugt ndy quy dinh. Too dn co trdch nhiem tgo diiu kien cho Kiem sdt viin. bi cdo, nguoi bdo chua. nhimg ngiroi thorn gia td lung khac thirc hien day du quyin, nghia vu cua minh vd tranh tung ddn chu, hinh ddng tru&c Toa dn.
3. Moi chung ci'rxdc dinh cd Igi, ehiing cuxdc dinh vd tgi. tinh tiil tdng nang, tinh tiet gidm nhe trdch nhiem hinh sir, dp dung diem, khodn, dieu cua Bg lugt hinh su de xdc dinh tdi danh, quyet dinh hinhphgt, mirc boi thir&ng thiit hgi ddi v&i bi cdo, xir ly vat chimg vd nhung linh tiet khde cd y nghia gidi quyet vu dn deu phdi duac trinh bdy, tranh ludn, lam ro Igi phien toa.
4. Bdn dn, quyit dinh ciia Tda dn phdi cdn cu vao kit qud kiem tra. ddnh gid chimg cir vd kit qud tranh lung tgi phien Ida ".
La nguygn tac lan dau tidn dupc ghi nhan trong BLTTHS Viet Nam, nguygn tac tranh tung trong xet xii duge bao dam da thg hien nhiing npi dung cdt loi, tign bd cua nguygn tac tranh tung theo quy dinh ciia phap Mat qudc te, cu thg la:
- Su binh dang giira nhirng ngudi cd tham quyen td tung va nhirng ngudi tham gia to tung trong viec dua ra chirng cir, danh gia chimg cii, dua ra yeu cau de lam ro sy that khach quan cua vu an.
Sy binh dang nay khdng chi thg hien trong giai doan xet xii ma trong tit ca cac giai doan ciia TTHS tir khdi td, dieu tra, truy td den xet xir. Digu nay phii hop vdi ban chit ciia tranh tung la qua trinh ciing tdn tai, van ddng, dau tranh va phu dinh lin nhau giua hai chiic nang co ban cd dinh hudng ngugc chigu, ddi trgng nhau trong TTHS la chiic nang budc tdi va chiic nang bao chiia. Trong qua trinh do, bgn bupc tdi va bgn bao chira phai cd quygn binh dang trong viec dua ra chirng cir, danh gia ehiing cir va dua ra ygu ciu. Day la ndi dung quan trgng, tao ra ca sd phap ly dinh hudng cho cacquydinhcu thg trong BLTTHS nam 2015 nhim
S 6 ' 1 / 2 0 1 9 - N a m thi? MirftiB
Co the ndi, viec ghi nhan nguyen tac tranh tung tFong xet xir duoc bao dam cd y nghTa dac biet quan trgng, the hien sy thira nhan quy Mat tat yeu khach quan la tinh tranh tung giiia hai nhdm chii the cd Igi ich ddi lap nhau trong TTHS. Tir goc dp ly luan cBng nhu thuc tien cho thay de thyc hien nguydn tic tranh tung ddi hdi nhirng tien de phap ly nhat dinh nhu cd sy tach bach ve cac chiic nang co ban ciia TTHS, mdi chii the hoac nhdm chu the chi thuc hien mpt trong cac chirc nang co ban budc tgi, bao chira va xet xu, phai thira nhan tu each "cac bdn tranh tung" giiia cac chii thg thuc hien chirc nang huge tdi, chiic nang bao chiia va dam bao sy binh ding vg mat phap ly giira cac chii thd nay, dam bao su ddc lap ciia Tda an vdi tu each la chii thd thuc hien chiic nang xet xir, "mpi ydu td lam anh hudng dgn tinh ddc lap ciia Tda an phai duge loai bd" va
"khong the de lan Idn giira chiic nang bugc tdi vdi chirc nang xet xir"*. Day cQng la nhirng dinh hudng cho viec tidp tuc hoan thien cac quy djnh ciia BLTTHS nham bao dam nguyen tac tranh tung.
2. Hoan thien mot so quy dinh cua Bo luat to tung hinh su nham bao dam nguyen tac tranh tung 2.1. Hodn thien quy dinh viphan loai cdc chu the to tung hinh su
Vdi viec ghi nhan nguyen tac "tranh tung trong xet xir duge dam bao", BLTTHS can quy dinh vd cac chu thg TTHS trgn ea sd phan dinh cac chu the phii hgp vdi vi tri, vai trd (chirc nang) ciia timg chu the, nhdm chii the theo yeu cau tranh tung. Hien tai, BLTTHS vin quy dinh chu the TTHS thanh nhom chii thg cd tham quygn tign hanh td tung va nhom chii thg tham gia td tung vdi sy chdng lan vg chirc nang giira cac chu thg trong cimg mdt nhdm.
Vi vay, viec hoan thien ca cau cua BLTTHS ve chu the TTHS theo hudng tach bach, phan dinh ro rang giira cac chu thd thyc hien cac cbiic nang co ban ciia TTHS phu hgp vdi md hinh TTHS se la budc dau tign tao lap sy binh dang giira bgn budc toi va ben bao chua, su ddc lap ciia Tda an trong qua trinh tranh tung. Cu the, can phan loai cac chii the TTHS thanh cac nhdm:
Chu Ihe thuc hiin chuc ndng budc tdi gdm: Co quan digu tra va ngudi cd nhiem vu, quygn han thugc CO quan digu tra; Co quan duge giao nhiem vu tien hanh mdt sd boat ddng dieu tra va ngudi dupc giao nhiem vu tign hanh mdt sd hoat ddng
didu tra; Vien kiem sat, ngudi cd nhiem vu, quydn han thudc Vien kigm sat; bj hai va ngudi dai dien hgp phap ciia bi hai.
Chu the thuc hien chirc nang bdo chua gdm:
ngudi bj bugc tdi va ngudi bao chua ciia hp.
Chu the ihirc hien chuc ndng xet xir la Tda an.
Cdc chit thi khde tham gia vao qua trinh to tung giai quydt vu an gdm nguygn don dan su, bi dan dan su, ngudi cd quyen Igi va nghTa vu lign quan den vu an va ngudi dai dien hpp phap cita hg; ngudi lam chirng, ngudi chirng kidn; ngudi giam dinh, ngudi dinh gia tai san; ngudi phien dich, ngudi bien dich va ngudi dich thuat.
Vi vay, can thay ddi co can ciia BLTTHS hien hanh theo hirdng nhap Chuong III (Co quan cd tham quygn tign hanh td tung, ngudi cd tham quyen tien hanh td tyng) va Chuong IV (Ngudi tham gia to tung) thanh mpt chuong cd ten ggi la "Cac chii the TTHS" vdi cac myc nhu sau:
- Muc L.. Cac chii the budc tdi.
- Muc II... Cac chu the bao chua.
- Muc III... Toa an.
- Muc IV... Cac chii the td tung khac.
Viec thay ddi co cau ciia BLTTHS ve chu the TTHS nhu neu tren khdng chi la sir thay ddi vg mat hinh thiic ma the hien su thay ddi tu duy ve phan loai chii the TTHS gan vdi chirc nang td tung, la tidn de de quy djnh ve dja vi phap ly ciia mdi nhdm chu the TTHS phii hgp vdi ygu cau cua nguyen tac tranh tung.
2.2. Sua doi mot so quy dinh ve cdc nguyen tdc Cff bdn cua to tung hinh su
Bk bao dam phan dinh ranh mach giira cac chirc nang to tung, tranh sy chdng cheo giira viec thyc hien ehiic nang xet xii va chirc nang bupc tgi, cin siia ddi mot sd ndi dung lien quan tdi cac nguygn tic co ban trong TTHS nhu sau:
- Nguygn tic xac dinh su that vu an (Dieu 15):
Digu 15 BLTTHS quy dinh traeh nhiem chmig minh tdi pham thupc cac co quan cd tham quyen tidn hanh td tung (THTT) ma chya phan biet duge tracb nhiem chimg minh cua mdi co quan trgn co sd chirc nang TTHS. Cac co quan cd thim quyen THTT theo quy djnh ciia BLTTHS nam 2015 gdm ca chit thg thuc hien chiic nang budc tdi (co quan dieu tra, ca quan duge giao nhiem vu tien hanh mdt sd boat ddng didu tra, Vien kigm sat) va chit the ' Nguyin Hoang Thinh (2018), tldd
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thuc hien chiic nang xet xii (Tda an). Viec quy dinh traeh nhiem ciia tit ea cac co quan nay nhu nhau trong ehiing minh tdi pham la chua hgp ly. De bao dam nguygn tic tranh tung, can sua ddi nguydn tac xac dinh su that vu an theo hudng phan biet rd rang hon tracb nhiem chung minh trong TTHS cita cac chu the trong TTHS phii hgp vdi chiic nang td tung theo do ehii the budc tdi (Co quan didu tra, Co quan duge giao nhiem vu tien hanh mdt sd hoat dpng dieu tra, Vien kigm sat) chung minh tdi pham phuc vy viec budc tdi, Tda an chirng minh su that vu an lam CO sd cho viec dua ra phan quygt vg vu an. Cy thg, can sua ddi nhu sau:
"Diiu 15. Xdc dinh sic that ciia vu dn 1. Co quan dieu tra, Co quan duge giao nhiem vu lien hdnh mot sd hogi ddng dieu tra, Vien kiem sdt vd vd Tda dn trong phgm vi chirc ndng cua minh cd trdch nhiem xdc dinh su that cua vu dn mdt cdch khdch quan, loan dien vd ddy dii.
2. Trdch nhiem ehiing minh tgi phgm thudc ve Ca quan dieu Ira. Ca quan duge giao nhiem vu tien hdnh mdt sd hogi ddng dieu tra, Vien kiem sdt.
Phdn quyet cua Tda dn duoc thuc hien tren ca so su that vu dn duoc ehiing minh tgi phiin tda.
- Nguygn tac traeh nhiem khdi td va xir ly vu an hinh sy (Dieu 18) can dupc sira ddi theo hudng bd quy dinh ve traeh nhiem khdi td vu an ciia Tda an.
Mac dii cd y kidn cho rang viec quy dinh Tda an cd quyen khdi td vu an khdng ddng nghTa vdi viec Tda an thuc Men chiic nang bupc tdi vi "neu chi dimg d vide khdi td vu an thi chirc nang budc tdi ciing chua bat dau"^ song theo quan digm cua ehiing tdi khdi td vu an la hoat ddng nham khdi ddng tien trinh TTHS, la trinh tu can thidt ve mat td tung va gan bd chat che vdi vide thuc bien cac boat ddng tigp theo thudc pham vi ciia chiic nang huge tdi nhu khdi td bi can, dieu tra vu an. Han nira, mac dii BLTTHS khdng quy dinh tham quyen cua Hdi ddng xet xir khdi td bi can, nhung trgn thyc td, da sd cac trudng hgp khdi td vu an tai phidn tda Hdi ddng xet xu deu quyet dinh khdi td vu an de dieu tra vd hanh vi pham tpi cua mpt hoac nhigu ngudi cu the nhu vay thuc chat Hgi ddng xet xir da hudng vide bupc tgi vd con ngudi cu the. Quy dinh Tda an cd tham quydn khdi td vu an viia la su chdng lin
giu-a chirc nang budc tdi va chiic nang xet xu vua dd dan tdi nhirng djnh kidn, thidu khach quan khi Tda an xet xii chinh vu an ma minh da khdi to trudc dd. Vi vay, can bd quy dinh vd traeh nhiem va tham quyen khdi td vu an hinh su ciia Tda an theo quy dinh tai cac Didu 18, 154 BLTTHS. Dd tranh bd Ipt tpi pham, chi ndn quy djnh trong qua trinh xet xir ngu phat hien viec bd Ipt tdi pham thi Toa an kidn nghi dg Vien kiem sat va Co quan digu tra khdi td vu an.
2.3. Sua ddi mpt s6 quy dinh khac nhdm tranh su chong cheo giua viec thuc hien chuc ndng bupc tpi cua Vien kiem sdt vd chux: ndng xet xit cua Toa dn
Dap ling ydu ciu nay, theo ehiing tdi can nghien cuu, sira ddi, bd sung cac quy dinh cu the sau:
- Sira ddi quy dinh vg thim quydn tra hd so didu tra bd sung cua Tda an. Theo diem a, b, c Khoan 1 Dieu 280 BLTTHS, Tda an tra hd so cho Vidn kigm sat (VKS) dieu tra bd sung khi thieu chimg cir quan trpng trong vy an (trong dd cd chirng cir budc tdi) ma khdng thd bd sung tai phien tda, khi VKS bd Igt ngudi, Igt tdi. Quy djnh Tda an cd the tra hd so de didu tra bd sung trong nhimg trudng hgp nay khong phii hgp vdi chirc nang xet xu ciia Tda an ddng thdi khdng bao dam sy binh dang giiia ben bupc tgi VKS va bgn bao chira, dudng nhu tao cho VKS thdm "ca hdi" dg bd sung, ciing cd chimg cii bupc tpi trong khi theo diing nguygn tac khi truy td bj can ra trude Tda an ben budc tpi phai cd day du chimg cir chimg minh cho viec bupc tpi ciia minh.
Vi vay, neu duy tri quy dinh ve tham quydn ciia Tda an tra hd so cho VKS dg digu tra bd sung thi chi nen quy dinh can cii duy nhat la qua trinh dieu tra, truy td ed vi pham thu tuc td tung gay anh hudng nghigm trpng tdi quygn va Igi ich hgp phap ciia ngudi bi budc tdi, bi hai, cac duong sy va viec tra hd so cd the khac phuc duge vi pham do.
- Sira ddi quy dinh vg gidi han xet xir (Digu 298): Gidi ban xet xu ludn la vin d% trung tam thu hilt sy quan tam nghign ciiu. Gidi ban xet xii "la ranh gidi thg hien ndi dung va pham vi cita cac chirc nang td tung va cung la noi ma mdi quan he giua cac chiic nang td tung cung nhu chii thd thuc hien cac chiic nang to tung duge thd hien diy dii va rd rang nhit'"^. Giai quydt dung din vin dd gidi 5 Dang Van Phuong (2016), Chirc ndng bugc Igi Irong tdlmg hinh su Viel Nam, Luan van thac sy Luat hoc. Ha Ndi, y.22
^ Le Tign Chau, Chiic ndngxetxir Irong id lung hinhsu Viet Nam, Luan an tiSn sy luat hoc. Ha Noi, tr.]27
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han xet xu chinh la giai quyet diing dan moi quan he giira cac chiic nang co ban trong TTHS de vira bao dam nguyen tac ddc lap xet xii ciia Tda an, khong bign Tda an thanh co quan budc tgi ddng thdi bao dam quyen bao chiia cua ngudi bj budc tgi - nhftng ygu td cd y nghTa quyet dinh nham thyc hien nguyen tac tranh tung. De xac djnh dung gidi h?n xet xir phai dua tren co sd ly Man ve cac chuc nang co ban trong TTHS, lam ro vai trd cita mdi chirc nang trong TTHS va mdi quan he mat thiet, bien ehiing giira cac chuc nang. Theo dd, VKS thyc hien chiic nang budc tdi (bao gdm yeu td ve tdi danh - mdt phan de xac dinh traeh nhiem hinh sy cua ngudi bi budc tdi), Tda an thuc hien chirc nang xet xir trong pham vi budc tpi ciia VKS. Cimg vdi viec xu ly mdi quan he nay, phai bao dam nguyen tac tranh tung, nguyen tac bao dam quygn bao chiia cua ngudi bi budc tdi, nguyen tic nhan dao trong td tung hinh su. Trgn co sd can nhac cac ygu td dd, chirng toi cho rang quy djnh cho phep Tda an xet xii theo tpi danh nang ban so vdi tgi danh ma VKS da tmy td, theo khoan nang ban ciia cimg mdt digu luat ma VKS da truy td tai Dieu 298 BLTTHS nam 2015 la chua phii hgp. Bdi le, trong nhirng trudng hgp nay cac ygu eau cua nguygn tac nhan dao, nguygn tic tranh tung ciing nhu nguygn tac bao dam quygn bao chira cua ngudi bi budc tdi dgu khdng duge bao dam, cu thg la: (i) Tda an da xet xir ngoai pham vi truy td theo hudng tam xau di tinh trang ciia bj cao, didu ma ngay ca VKS vdi tu each la chii thg budc tdi ciing khdng duoc thyc hien (Kigm sat vien khdng duge thay ddi quan digm truy to tai phien tda theo hudng lam xau di tinh trang ciia bi cao); (ii) Dii duge thdng bao trude vd quan diem ciia Tda an lign quan den tdi danh song tai phign toa, khi phia Kigm sat vien chi dua ra y kidn ve tpi danh nhe hon thi ve nguyen tac bi cao va ngudi bao chira chi thuc hien viec bao chua theo npi dung budc tgi ciia Kiem sat vidn, khdng cd ca hgi va khong ngn tranh Man vd quan digm "budc tpi" ciia Tda an vi khdng phii hop vdi muc dich cua viec bao chua; (iii) khi ben bupc tgi va bgn bao ch5a khdng tranh tung vd tdi danh nang hon tbi tda an Cling khdng cd "kgt qua tranh tung tai phien tda"
de quyet dinh vg van dd nay. Ben canh do, nhung lo ngai rang ngu khdng quy dinh Tda an cd the xet xii' ve tpi nang hon la khdng bao dam nguydn tac ddc
lap xet xir, dan tdi lot ngudi, lot tpi, keo dai qua trinh giai quyet vu an ...hoan toan cd thd ly giai duge tir ly Man ve cac chue nang to tung va quy trinh, thii tuc td tung. Theo do, tda an ddc lap trong gidi ban xet xu, trudng hgp thiy cd vi pham Tda an cd thg kidn nghj dg xem xet lai vu an theo trinh ty giam ddc tham nhung tai thdi digm xet xir so thim, gidi ban xet xu va cac nguygn tic, thit tuc td tung phai duoc tdn trgng; vide dg Ipt ngudi, lot tdi la traeh nhiem ciia VKS - ca quan thyc hien chiic nang bugc tdi va phap luat da quy djnh cac thu tuc dd khac phuc nhirng sai lam nay (ndu cd) ciia VKS.
Vdi nhiing phan tich neu tren, theo chimg tdi cin bd quy djnh tai Khoan 3 Didu 298 BLTTHS va quy dinh ve gidi ban xet xir nhu Dieu 196 BLTTHS nam 2003, cu thg la:
"1. Tda dn xet xic nhirng bi cdo vd nhirng hdnh vi theo Idi danh md Vien kiim sdt truy td vd Toa dn dd quyet dinh dua vu dn ra xet xir.
2. Toa dn cd the xet xic bi cdo theo khodn khde v&i khodn md Viin kiim sdt da truy td Irong cimg mdt dieu lugt hoac ve mot tdi khde bang hodc nhe han tdi md Vien kiem sdt da truy td ".
- Siia ddi quy dinh vg trudng hgp Kiem sat vidn riit quydt dinh truy td tai phidn tda: Theo nguyen tac chi khi co budc tdi mdi c6 go tdi (bao chira) va xet xir; khi khdng cdn sy bupc tdi thi vide bao chua va xet xir cung khdng cdn. Ndu VKS rut quyet dinh truy td kg ca trudc va trong phign toa tbi toa an phai dinh chi xet xii ddi vdi bj cao hoac doi vdi hanh vi do bdi le khi VKS rut quydt dinh truy to doi vdi mdt bi cao nghTa la cham dirt viec budc tdi ddi vdi hi cao do va khi chiic nang bupc tgi khdng cdn tbi se khdng cdn ca sd lam phat sinh tranh tung giira cac bgn, khdng cdn co sd cho su tdn tai cita ehiic nang bao chira va chirc nang xet xir. Vi vay, Didu 325" BLTTHS nam 2015 cin duge sua doi theo hudng ngu VKS rut mdt phin quyet dinh truy td thi Tda an chi xet xu phan quyet djnh truy td khdng bj riit; ndu VKS nit toan bd quyet djnh truy td thi Tda an phai dinh chi viec xet xu. Cu thg la:
"Diiu 325. Xem xet viec rut quyit dinh truy td hodc kit ludn vi Idi nhe hon tgi phien Ida
1. Khi Kiim sdt vien kit ludn vi tgi nhe han thi Hdi ddng xet xir vdn tiip tuc xet xic vu an.
(Xem tiep trang 38)
Wm\um\Mm\^%
da sira ddi, bd sung ca ban cau thanh ciia Tdi: "mua ban ngudi va Tpi mua ban ngudi dudi 16 tudi" theo tinh thin ndi dung Nghj dinh thu vd phdng, chdng budn ban ngudi, dae biet la phy nir va tre em (Day la quy djnh nham ndi Mat hda Cdng udc qudc td ma Viet Nam tham gia).
Bdy Id. BLHS nam 2015 "lugnghda" cic yeu to mang tinh djnh khung hinh phat thay cho cac tinh tilt "dinh linh" nhu ''gay hau qua nghiem trpng",
"gay hau qud dac biel nghiem trong"(Dieu 127, Didu 130, Digu 133, Digu 137...); nhim ban chi thap nhat tinh trang thigu thdng nhat trong ap dung phap Mat.
Tdm la, BLHS nam 2015 cd quy dinh ngbidm khac hon so vdi BLHS nam 1999 ddi vdi cac trudng hgp chuan bj pham eac tpi tgi xam pham tinh mang, siic khde, danh dy, nhan pham (trong khi ddi vdi cac tdi khac thi BLHS nam 2015 da thu hep dang kg pham vi xir ly hinh sy ddi vdi ngudi cd hanh vi chuan bj pham tdi). Theo dd, cd rat nhieu trudng hgp chuan bi pham tdi khdng phai chju tracb nhiem hinh sy nhung neu chuan bi pham cactdi xam pham tinh mang, sire khde, danh du, nhan pham con ngudi thi hp van phai chiu traeh nhiem hinh su. Tham chi, Digu 14 BLHS nam 2015 cdn quy dinh: Ngudi tir 14 tudi ddn dudi 16 tudi chuan bj pham tpi Gilt ngudi hoac Cudp tai san thi van phai chiu traeh nhiem hinh su (BLHS nam
2015 quy dinh ngudi chuin bi pham tdichi phai chju traeh nhiem binh sy ddi vdi 24 tpi danh, thugc 4 nhdm tdi pham gdm: Cac tdi xam pham an ninh qudc gia; cac tdi xam pham tinh mang, sire khde, danh dy, nhan phim con ngudi; cac tgi xam^ pham sd hiru va cac tdi xam pham an toan cdng cdng).
Chin Id BLHS nam 2015 cd quy dinh sira ddi, bd sung nhdm cac tgi xam pham tinh mang, siic khde, danh dy, nhan pham ciia con ngudi (Chuong XIV) theo hudng: Quy dinh la tdi pham ddi vdi hanh vi su dung ngudi dudi 16 Mdi vao muc dich khigu dam (Didu 147); Tang nang hinh phat ddi vdi trudng hgp pham tdi khdng eiiu giiip ngudi dang d trong tinh trang nguy hiem den tinh mang dan ddn chdt nhieu ngudi (khoan 3 Didu 132).
Nhirng ndi dung sira ddi, bd sung trgn day cho thay, BLHS nam 2015 da kjp thdi cu thi hda cac quydn hien dinh ciia con ngudi; cd nhieu didm mdi tidn bp vd bao ve va bao dam quyen con ngudi, bam sat yeu cau ciia thuc tien xa hpi, tao co sd phap ly dd truy ciiu tracb nhiem hinh su ngudi thuc hien hanh vi nguy hiem cho xa hdi xam hai tdi quyen con ngudi, quyin duoc bao hg ve than thi, sire khde, tinh mang, danh dy, nhan pham ca nhan, cdng dan; gdp phan quan trgng vao viec day manh cudc dau tranh phdng ngira va chdng loai tdi pham xam pham siic khde, tinh mang, danh dy, nhan pham con ngudi./.
HOAN THIEN MOT SO QUY DINH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH SU NHAM BAO DAM NGUYEN TAC TRANH TUNG
(Tiep theo trang 25) 2. Tru&ng hop Kiem sdt vien rut mdt phdn quyet djnh truy Id thi Hdi ddng xet xir chi xet xir phdn khdng bi riit; tru&ng hgp Kiem sdt vien riit loan bg quyet dinh truy td thi Hoi ddng xet xic quyit dinh dinh chi vu dn ".
Tdm lai, ciing vdi viec ghi nhan nguygn tic tranh tung trong xet xir duoc bao dam, BLTTHS nam 2015 da cd nhigu thay ddi mang tinh chit dot
pha, tao tidn de ph,ap ly cho viec thyc hien nguygn tic nay. Tuy nbign,_ cac quy dinh ciia BLTTHS van con nhtmg ban chg, bat cap can duge tiip tuc siia ddi, bd sung dl nguyen tic tranh tyng duge van hanh mpt each trdi chay va hieu qua, gdp phin loai bd tinh trang oan, sai trong TTHS, bao dam quyin con ngudi va tien tdi xay dung mdt nin tu phap trong sach, hien dai./.
