Cac nhan to anh hirSng den y djnh khofi nghiep
cua ngu'di dan TP. Soc Trang
PHAN AMH TCI*
PHAIM HOANG TIEN"
Tom tat
Nghien ctiu nham xdc dinh cdc nhdn tddnh hudng de'n y dinh khdi nghiep cua ngUdi ddn TP.
Sdc Trdng. Dua vdo dff lieu dugc thu thdp tff 135 ngudi ddn tgi TP. Sdc Trdng vd sff dung phuang phdp phdn tich hi so' Cronbach's Alpha, phdn tich nhdn to'khdm phd (EFA) vd hSiquy da bii'n, ke't qud nghien cffu tim thdy 6 nhdn td'anh hudng di'n y dinh khdi nghiep cua ngUdi ddn, ldn lugt Id: (I) Chu dgng tim kie'm ca hdi; (2) Kie'n thffc vd ky nang khdi nghiep; (3) Ndng luc sdng tgo vd thich nghi; (4) Nguon vd'n kinh doanh; (5) Chdp nhdn rui ro; vd (6) Su nhgy bin. Hdm y cua nghien cffu ndy ddng gdp rd't ldn vdo viic khuye'n khich tinh thdn khdi nghiep cua ngUdi ddn tai dia phuang.
Ttf khoa: ngUdi ddn, TP. Sdc Trdng, y dinh khdi nghiep Summary
This study aims to examine factors affecting local people's entrepreneurial intention in Soc Trang city. Basedonasurvey of 135 local people in Soc Trang and using Cronbach's Alpha test, exploratory factor analysis and linear regression model, the result clarifies six determinants including (1) Opportunity self-exploring behavior; (2) Knowledge and entrepreneurhip skills;
(3) Creativity and Adaptability; (4) Business capital; (5) Risk taking; (6) and Flexibility.
The implications of this study contribute greatly to the encouragement of local people's entrepreneurial spirit.
Keywords: local people, Soc Trang city, entrepreneurial intention
Gidl THIEU c a S6 LY THUYET VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CU'U
Khai niem cdng ty khdi nghiep
hay doanh nhan khdi nghiep (start-up Ca sd ly thuyet vd mo hinh nghiin cdu entrepreneurs) cdn kha mdi me dd'i vdi Ly thuye't hanh vi kd' hoach cua Ajzen (1991) cho Viet Nam. Tuy nhidn, trong nhffng nam rang, y dinh thara gia vao hanh ddng CIJ the Id sif sdn gin ddy, phong trao khdi nghiep vd sang thffe hien mdt hanh vi nhd't dinh cua mot ca nhan tinh than doanh nhan dffdc khdi xffdng va y dinh nay dtfdc gia dinh la cd ttfdng quan cad vdi d khdp mpi dia phffdng trdn ca ntfde, hanh ddng thtfe td' Y dinh khdi nghidp irong nghien trong do cd TP. Sdc Trang. Vt vay, viec cffu nay dtfdc dinh nghia la stf ttf cam ke't va tha'u hieu xac dinh cac nhan td'tac ddng de'n y eua mgt canhan khi canhan nay dtf dinh thdnh lap radi dinh khdi nghiep cua ngtfdi ddn d Sdc nganh nghe kinh doanh vd chu dpng thtfc hidn nd trong Trang la cap thie't, nham giup cac nha ttfdng lai (Thompson, 2009).
hoach dinh chinh sach chu tdm hdn ve Utsch va Ranch (2000) khlng dinh, dac tinh sang phai trien va thtfc thi phong trao khdi tao la rapt khia canh c6 ban nhd't eua mot doanh nhan nghidp todn ddn, nudi dtfdng tinh than khdi nghiep. Dieu ndy la do sang lao cd thd' cat thien doanh nhdn Vidt vdi ttf duy "lam ehu dffcJe hieu qua hoat dpng kinh doanh, d6ng thdi lara gia ehff khdng lam cdng". tang y dinh khdi nghiep.
', ", Trtfdng Dai hoc Can Thd I Email: [email protected]
Ngdy nhan bdi; 07/03/2019; Ngdy phdn bien: 20/03/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/03/2019
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HINH: mo HINH MGHIEN Cdd D I X G A T 1 Tinlt sang t^o
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Kuip va Verheul (2003) ddnh gia, kha nang Iff chu cang cao, cang gid'ng nhff ca nhan se cd y dinh khdi nghidp. Dilu ndy la bdi, mgt ca nhdn tin rdng, thanh qua eua mot ngtfdi phu thudc vao kha nang vd hdnh ddng cua ban than, ma khdng phai do stf may man va phu thudc vao no Itfc cua nhffng ngffdi khae.
Trong khi dd, Casson M. (2003) cho bid't, vd'n de' khdi nghidp la radt nhdn td'quan trpng tac ddng manh dd'n y dmh khdi nghiep.
Cdn nghien cffu cua Pretorius va Shaw (2008) tim ra bang chffng eho thd'y, radi ty Id ldn ldn thd't bai cua cdc dff dn kinh doanh tai Nam Phi la do thid'u kha nang tid'p can dffdc nguon vd'n hd trd.
Dtfa vdo cac ly thuye't ndi trdn vd nghidn cffu thtfc chffng trong qud khff va hidn tai, nhdm tdc gia de xua't md hinh cac nhan td'anh hffdng de'n y dinh khdi nghtdp cua ngtfdi ddn TP. Sdc Trang gdm 8 nhdn td', dd la:
Chap nhan rui ro; Tinh sdng tao; Nhu cau thanh ltfu;
Kha nang ttf chu; Nguon vd'n kmh doanh; Kid'n thffc, ky nang khdi nghiep; Stf nhay ben; Ngtfdi ttf van, gdp y kie'n (Hinh).
Cde gia thuye't dtfdc dtfa ra nhtf sau:
Gia thuye't H|: Cha'p nhdn rui ro cd anh htfdng tich etfc dd'n y dinh khdi nghidp.
Gia thuyd't H,: Tinh sang tao cd dnh htfdng tich cifc dd'n y dinh khdi nghidp.
Gia thuye't H,: Nhu eau thanh dat cd anh htfdng lich ctfe dd'n y dinh khdi nghiep.
Gia thuyd't H^: Kha nang ttf chu cd anh htfdng tich CLfc de'n y dinh khdi nghidp.
Gia thuyd't H^; Ngudn vd'n cd anh htfdng tich ctfe de'n y dinh khdi nghiep.
Gia thuyd't H^_: Kid'n thffc, ky nang khdi nghiep cd anh hffdng tich cifc de'n y dinh khdi nghidp.
Gia thuyd'l H.^: Sff nhay ben dnh hffdng tieh cffe de'n y dinh khdi nghidp.
Gtd thuye't H^^: Ngffdi tff va'n, gdp y kid'n cd anh hffdng tich ctfe ddn quye't dinh khdi nghidp.
Phuongphap nghien citu
Dff heu nghien cffu dffdc thu thdp theo phffdng phdp phi xdc sud't theo kieu thudn tidn tfong nam 2018. 158 bang cdu hdi khao sat dffde phat ra vdi ngffdi dan sd'ng tai 10 phffdng cua Thanh phd', gora. hgc sinh, sinh vidn, cdng nhdn vidn chffc va ngtfdi dang kinh doanh budn ban. Ke't thuc cudc khao sat, nhdm tdc gia thu dffdc 135 bang^tii ldi hdp id. Thang do Likert 5 mffe dp dffdc sff dung de do Itfdng cae khdi nidm nghidn cffu trong rad hinh phdn tich
nhan td' ydi mffc dd tff I de'n 5^ (tff 1- R^t khdng ddng y dd'n 5: Ra't dong ^)-
KET QUA NGHIEN CL/U
Kiem dinh Cronbach's Alpha Hd sd'do tin cay Cronbach's Alpha la td't khi ndm trong khoang 0,8 dd'n 1, sff dung dffdc khi ldn hdn 0,7 hoae ehd'p nhdn dtfdc khi ldn hdn 0,6. Kd't qua kiem dinh dO tin cay thang do Cronbach's Alpha cho 8 nhan td vdi 24 quan sat va 1 bid'n thudc bie'n deu dat yen clu, phCi hdp de dtfa vao phan tich EFA.
Phdn tich EFA bii'n dgc lap Theo kd't qua phdn tfch EFA lan 1, kiem dinh tinh thieh hdp ciia md hinh cho gia tri 0,5 < KMO = 0,816 < 1; kiem dinh Bartlett's test ve tffdng quan cua cac bid'n quan sdi cd Sig. = 0,000 < 0,05, cho bid'l cac bie'n cd ttfdng quan chat che vdi nhau. Tong phffdng sai trich la 69,541%
> 50% dat yeu edu, eho bid't 6 nhdm nhan td' nay giai thich cho 24 bie'n quan sat ban dau la 69,541 %. He so' tai nhdn to' (Factor loading) cua hau he't cac bid'n deu ldn hdn 0,5, ed nghia la eac bid'n thanh phdn dat do tin cay cao va ddng gdp vdo vide giai thich eho nhSn to' chinh. Tuy nhien, cd 2 bid'n TV3 va NB4, khdng dat ydu cau, nen bi loai ra khdi rad hinh nghidn effu.
Kd't qua phan tich EFA lan 2 cho bid't, 0,5 < KMO = 0,801 < 1; Sig. = 0,000 < 0,05 cho tha'y cac bie'n ed Iffdng quan ehat che vdt nhau. Td'ng phffdng sai trich = 71,140% > 50%) va cd 6 nhom nhdn Id'dffde rut trich (Bang 1).
Tff kd't qua tren, cdc nhdn td' anh htfdng ddn y dinh tdidi nghiep cua ngtfdi dan TP. Sdc Trang dffde dat lai nhtf sau:
^ Nhan td'X, dtfdc dat tdn lai la "Chii ddng tim kie'm cd hpi" gora ed 5 bid'n thdnh phan: "Trao dd'i vdi nhffng ngtfdi giau kinh nghiera trong eiing ITnh vu'c, nganh nghe giup tdi nhan ra cac cd lioi lam an mdi" (TVl); "Trao dd'i vdi nhffng ngtfdi giau kinh nghidm nhtfng khac linh vtfe, khac ngdnh nghi giffp toi nhan ra eac cd hpi lam an mdi" (TV2). "Tdi chu dpng tim kiem nhffng y ttfdng, cd hdi lain an'' (TCI); "Tdi ldn kd'hoach dd' tim kiem eac y ttfdng kinh doanh theo tffng bffdc rd rang cii the" (TC2); "Cudc sd'ng eua tot la do tdi ttf quydt dinh" (TC3)
Nhan to X, dtfde dat ten lai la "Nans Itfc sang tao va thich nghi" gdm 5 bid'n thdnh phan: "Tdi hodn loan cd khd nana dtfa ra cac y ttfdng mdi la" (ST2) 'Tdi
102
san sdng thff nghiem nhiJng phtfdng an mdi dd' giai quyd't vd'n de" (ST3); "Tdi cho rang, nha quan ly trong cong ty phai ludn dat trong tam nghien cutf va phat trien, ky thudt cdng nghe hang dau va doi radi"
(ST4); "Khi lara mdt viec gi dd, tdi khong chi hoan thanh cdng vide rad edn phai hoan thanh td't" (TTU5); "Tdi rat nhay ben trong vide phdt hien cd hdi lam an " (NB 1).
Nhan td'X^ dtfdc dat ten la "Kid'n thffe vd ky nang khdi nghidp" g6ra 5 bie'n: "Tdi cd nhffng hie'u bid't sdu rdng v l thi trffdng nhff cdc md'i quan he vdi nha cung cap (nguyen vdl Ueu, nguon hang...), ky nang han hdng va ede loai mdy rade thid't bi dung cho cdng vtdc lam an cua minh" (KNI);
"Tdi ludn bie't each chieu long khaeh hang" (KN2), "Tdi da quen vdi vide xff ly cac vd'n de khach hang gap phai" (KN3).
"Tdi can tiep tuc hgc hdi" (TTU3); "Tdi mud'n phat hien hdn ve ban than" (TTU4).
Nhan to' X^ dffdc giff nguyen, dd la
"Chd'p nhdn riii ro" gora 3 bid'n thanh phan: "Tdi Ihich dffdng dau vdi nhffng trd ngai trong nhffng tinh hud'ng ma nhieu ngffdi coi Id mao hid'm" (RRl); "Trong mdt tinh hud'ng raa kha nang thdnh cdng chi khoang 1/5 (rui ro cao) nhffng ldi nhudn dem lai ldn khoang 4/5 so vdi sd' vd'n bo ra, tdi se chgn tinh hud'ng nay"
(RR2); "Tdi khdng he do dff, e ngai khi bat dau mdt md'i lam an mdi (ban them mat hang mdi, hdp tde Idra an hay rad thdm mgt cffa hang mdi...) du cho tdi khdng bie't gi ve nd" (RR3).
Nhdn Id' X^ dtfdc giff nguyen va ten la
"Ngu6n vdn kinh doanh" g6m 03 bie'n thanh phdn: "That dd ddng de cd dtfdc nguon vdn kinh doanh tff ban be, ngtfdi thdn"jVl); "Nhffng hd kinh doanh nhd le cd the dtfde eac ngdn hang, quy tin dung va^ cac to chffc tdi chinh khac hd trd vay vd'n bang nhieu cdeh" (V2); "Ngdn hdng san Idng cho vay vd'n khdi nghiep" (V3).
Nhdn to' Xg dffdc giff nguyen va ten la
"Sff nhay ben "gora 1 bid'n ve sif nhay ben:
"So vdi cac nha nghten ei^i, phan lich thi ffffdng, chuydn gia kinh 16*101 cd kha nang nhdn bid't cd hot lam an td't hdn hp" (NB3).
Phdn tich EFA bie'n phu thuge Ke't qua phan tich hd so' Cronbach's Alpha ya phdn tich EFA cho bie'n phu thudc Y dinh khdi nghiep cho tha'y, cac chi sd phu hdp vdi md hinh nghidn cffu.
Hd sd KMO la 0,5 < KMO = 0,757 <1 va kiem dinh Barlett's test ve tffdng quan cua eac bie'n thang do la phu hdp (Sig. = 0,000) dd' tie'n hdnh phan tich EFA. Ke't
BAMG 1; KET QGA MA TRAN XOAY M H A N TO LAM 2 (VARIMAX) Nhan t6'
Tlf van (TV) Tlf chu (TCI Tlf van fTV) Ttr chii (TC) Sang tao (ST) Thanh tu^i (TTUl Nhav ben fNB) Kie'n IhiJc, ky nang kh6i nghiSp (KN) Thanh ttfu (TTU) Riii ro (RR) Von h§ trd (V) Nhav ben (NB)
Ky (ligu TVl TCI TV2 TC3 TC2 ST4 ST2 ST3 TTU5 NBl KN2 KN3 KNI TTU4 TTU3 RR2 RR3 RRl V3 V^
VI NB3
He so ta i
0,776 0.769 0,753 0,751 0.615
2 3
0.827 0.711 0.699 0,580 0,535
0.790 0.714 0.697 0,57^
0.517 nhSn tS*
4
0.864 0.855 0.666
KMO
Si£. (Kiem dinh Bartlett) Eie en value PhtfoinB sai trich
5
0.904 0.843 0.569
6
0,870 0,801 0.000 1,201 71,140 Nguon- Phan tich du" lieu tu" di^u tra cua nhom t qua cd 1 nhdra nhdn td dtfde gom lai va hd sd'Eigenvalue eua nhan to' nay ldn hdn 1 va long phtfdng sal trich la 53,34% > 50%, ed nghTa la nhdn td'ndy cd thd' dtfdc giai thich bdi 5 thang do thanh phan ttfdng i&ig la 53,34%.
Bid'n phii thudc bao gora 5 thang do thanh phan "Tdi da tao mgi nd Itfc de bat dau va van hanh doanh nghidp cua chinh minh; "Muc deu nghe nghiep cua tdi la trd thanh doanh nhdn"; "Tdi da suy nghi nghidm tuc dd'khdi nghidp"; "Tdi chac chan khdi nghiep kinh doanh trong ttfdng lai bat ke da cd cdng vide kinh doanh hay chtfa";
"Tdi san sdng lam ragi thff de khdi nghiep ".
Udc lugng md hmh hoi quy OLS
Dd' xdc dmh md'i quan he nhan qua giffa cac bie'n dpc lap va bid'n phu thuOe, rad hinh tfdc Iffdng hdi quy theo phtfdng phdp binh phtfdng nhd nha't dtfde dp dung.
Vdi gia tn R^ hieu ehinh Id 0,530 eho tha'y, ede bie'n dgc lap cd kha nang giai thich 53% stf khac biet trong y dinh Ididi nghiep cua ngtfdi ddn Sdc Trang. Hd sd'VIF cua cac bie'n d^u nhd hdn 10, ndn khdng cd da'u hieu xay ra hidn ttfdng da cdng tuye'n. Md hinh hdi quy Id phti hdp (Sig. = 0,000) (Bang 2).
Ke't qua Bang 2 eho iha'y, ca 06 gia thuye't deu dffdc hd trd ve mat thd'ng ke. Cu the', chu ddng lira kid'ra cd hgi va y dinh khdi nghidp ed md'i quan he thudn chieu (P = 0,437; p < 0,01). Tinh sang tao cang eao, thi y dinh khdi nghiep cang eao (p = 0,195; p <0,01). Nd'u mgt ca nhan cd nhi^u kid'n Ihffc, ky nang khdi nghiep, thi ca nhan nay cang gid'ng nhtf se khdi nghiep (P = 0,385; p
< 0,01). Dieu nay eho thd'y, vai trd cua giao diic khdi nghiep la quan trgng. Khuynh htfdng rapt ca nhan dam cha'p nhdn rui rd, thi cang gidng nhff ca nhdn nay se cd xu htfdng khdi nghiep (p = 0,195; p < 0,01). Ngoai
103
BAMG 2: KET QUA HOI QGY Bi^n ddc ISp
H&n& sd X, X, X, X,,
x^
K
He s5' chtfa chud'n hoa Beta -1.136*10'
0,437 (0,069) 0,346 (0.0691 0,385 (0.0691 0,195 (0.069) 0,219 (0,069) -0,120 (0.069)
H^sfTda chii^n hoa
0,437 0,346 0,385 0.195 0,219 -0,120
t
6,337 5,024 5,584 2,837 3,179 -1,737
Sig.
0,000 0,000 0.000 0,006 0,002 0,086
PhSn ti'ch da c5ne tuvfi'n
1,000 1,000 1,000 1.000 1,000 1,000 Gia tri R^
Gia tri R^
Gia tri R hieu chinh Mtfc y nghTa He s6'Durbin- Watson
VIF 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 0,747 0,559 0.530 0,000 2.006 Chu thich: trang ngodc Id ,v,
ich du heu tu' die
ra, vdn kinh doanh ne'u dtfdc tiep can de dang se kich thich doanh nhdn khdi nghiep (p = 6,219; p < 0,01).
Trong khi dd, cd nhSn cang nhay ben va thieh nghi vdl radi trtfdng sd'ng lai khdng cd xu htfdng khdi nghiep cao so vdi ea nhdn it nhay ben (p = -0,120; p < 0,10).
Dieu nay la trai vdi gia thuyd't ky vgng vd ed the' ly giai la do tinh chd't phffc tap ciia mdi trtfdng kinh doanh ludn thay ddi, nen ngtfdi cd stf nhay ben cao thtfdng cd qua nhilu stf ltfa chgn, ddn de'n stf chdm ra quyd't dinh, tff dd y dinh khdi nghidp cd the' sut giam trong radt khoang thdi gian cu the.
KET LUAN VA MOT SO DE XUAT
Kd't qua nghien cthi cho thd'y, cd 6 nhdn td' anh htfdng de'n y dinh khdi nghiep cua ngtfdi dan TP. Soc Trang, trong dd cd 5 nhdn to' anh htfdng thuan chieu
theo thff tlf giara dan, dd la: Chu ddng fim kiem cd hdi, Kie'n thffc vd ky nang khdi nghidp, Nang Itfc sang tao vd thich nghi, Ngudn vd'n kinh doanh, Chd'p nhdn rui ro; 1 nhan to' cd anh htfdng ngtfdc chieu dd la Stf nhay ben.
Do dd, nhara khdi day tinh than doanh nhan khdi nghiep cua ngffdi dan TP. Sdc Trang trong thdi gian tdi, theo chung tdi, cac nhd hoach dmh chinh saeh can quan tdm tdi mgt sd'van d l sau:
Thff nhd't, ben canh viec cai each mdi trtfdng kinh doanh, can xay dtfng mdt he sinh thai khdi nghiep, gom: cae doanh nghiep khdi nghiep, ede quy dau tff, nha dau ttf thien than, cac vtfdn tfdm, cdc ehffdng trinh thuc da'y khdi nghidp... Tff do, kich thlch va tao sif ham mud'n khdi nghiep va tira kid'm cd hdi khdi nghiep eiia ngtfdi dan.
Thff hai, gidd due kid'n thffc va ky nang khdi nghiep can dtfdc trid'n khai trong ta't ca cac trtfdng hpe, bao g6m cdc khda hud'n luyen ngan va dai han nham tao dieu kien cho ngffdi ddn dffdc edp nhdl kid'n thffc vd ky nang khdi nghiep, dac biet la cdc ky nang lidn quan de'n nghd thudt lanh dao, dieu hanh, quan ly nhdm, quan ly tai ehinh, marketing vd nhdn stf. Ben canh dd, ky nang vid't de an khdi nghidp de ggi vd'n dau tff cung khdng kem phan quan irong trong giao due kie'n thffc.
Thffba, phat dgng cac eugc thi y tffdng sang tao va ddi radi tai dta phffdng, thffc htdn cde md hinh m§u ve khdi nghiep tai eac dia phtfdng. Ngoai ra, can khuyen khich vide lien kd't va tao lap nhdm khdi nghidp, dac biet la khdi nghiep ed ffng dting sd.LI
J : A I L I E U THAM KHAO
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