N g h i e n C L F U - K y t h u a t limit of quantification was 0.23 pg mf1 and 0.26 ug mf1 for P and I, respectively. This validated assay is followed-up for use in pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies.
Key words: paracetamol; ibuprofene; human plasma; HPLC.
Tai lieu t h a m khao
1. Ali A., Kazmi S., Plakogiannis F.M., High-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of ibuprofen in plasma, J. Pharm. Sci, 70(8), 5-944 (1981).
2. European Agency for the evaluation of medicinal products, Asean guidelines for the conduct of bioavaibility and bioequivalence studies (2001).
3. Demotes - Mainard F., Vincon G., Jarry C, Albin H.,Plasma determination of paracetamol using high performance liquid chromatography. Application to a pharmacokinetic study, Ann. Biol. CH. (1984)., 42(1), 9-13
4. Drugs information for the Professional Health Care, 22nd ed., Thomson Micromedex, 7-382 (2003).
5. USP 30 NF, 1088 (2007, electronic version).
K h a o s a t m i f c d o n h i e m n a m m o c
6" p h o n g l a m v i e c c o m a y l a n h
t a i t h a n h p h 6 H 6 C h i M i n h
Oat van de
Theo bao cao cua To chuc Y te The gioi vao nam 2005 cho biet chat lugng khong khi trong nha va cao 6c van phong tren toan the gicVi dang sut giam nghiem trong. Cong dong cac nha khoa hpc quoc te lo ling ve van de 6 nhiim khong khi d nhung m6i truong khep kin. Cac nha nghien cuu My va chau Au cho thiy con ngugi d cac nude cdng nghiep danh hon 90%
thdi gian cua hp trong nha. Nhung noi dupe quan tam nhieu nhit la nhung khu vue ma con nguoi d thai gian dai nhu nha d, trudng hpc va nai lam viec
Cac cong trinh nghien cuu cho thiy nim mic trong nha gay hai din sue khoe con ngudi nhu dau diu, chong mat, chay mui, hit hoi, ho, viem phoi, kich ung mit, dau khdp, anh hudng thin kinh, giam sue de khang .... Ngoai ra mpt so nim mic con co kha nang sinh dpc t i nhu:
Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizopus sp...Cac dpc t i nim gay ung thu nhu aflatoxin, ochratoxin, trichothecen...'21. Nim moc khong nhung gay thiet hai v i sue khoe cho con ngudi ma cdn gay thidt hai rat Idn ve kinh t i .
Trong tinh hinh hien nay d Viet Nam, chit lupng cupc song ngdy cang dugc nang cao,
Nguyen Van Thanh, Le Thj Ngoc Hue Khoa Duoc, Dgi hoc Y Duqc TP. Ho Chi Minh dieu kien lam vide ngay cang dugc cai thien. Do
dd tai cac thanh phd, da so cac van phdng diu dugc trang bi may lanh. Nhung da tao ra nghjch ly la de tilt kiem dien, tranh i n , tranh khdi bui ben ngodi, nhung nai ndy tang cugng ddng kin cua, may lanh khdng dugc ve sinh thudng xuyen, tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho nim moc phdt trien va gay ra mdi trudng bit Igi cho sue khoe. Ngoai ra, theo cac bdo cao d cac benh vien cho biit hien nay ti Id benh dudng hd hip ngay cang gia tang trong dd cd the ke nguyen nhan do nim moc.
Hon thi nua, tinh trang suy giam miin djch se cd nguy co cao trong viec nhiim nim moc nhu AIDS, lao, tieu dudng, ciy ghep co quan, ca phiu thudt...Vdi tac hai cua nim moc doi vdi sue khoe con ngudi, do dd d nude ngoai da cd quy djnh gidi han muc dp nhiim nim mdc trong 1 m3 khdng khi nha d. Tuy nhien nude ta chua cd quy djnh nay va vi vay, cung chua cd nhung bien phap xu ly can thiet.
De tim hieu tinh hinh thuc t i lam can cu cho nhung de xuit tiep theo, de tai thuc hien vdi cac muc tieu:
- Khao sat muc dp nhiim nim mdc trong khdng khi cua 20 phdng Idm viec may lanh cua trudng hpc. Pham vi chpn lua la trudng hpc vi
TAP CHI DUQC HQC - 10/2010 (SO 414 NAM 50) 45
• N g h i e n c C m - K y t h u a t day la 1 trong nhCrng moi trudng ma con ngudi d vai thai gian kha dai.
- Dinh danh chi nam nhdim phat hien nam m6c dpc gay nguy hai cho sire khoe con ngudi.
Ddi tiporig va p h i p o n g phap n g h i e n CLPU
Ddi tupng nghien cuu
20 phdng lam viec cd mdy lanh cua trudng hpc tai thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
Phuang phap lay mlu [ i 0 1
Dung may Mas 100, dTa thach Sabouraud.
Lay mlu budi sang, trong 3 ngay lien tidp.
Van hanh may vdi tdc dp 100 L/phut, tai 5 vi tri: 4 gdc phdng va chinh giua phdng.
Dem dia thach u d nhiet dp 25 °C trong 7 ngay.
Dem tong so khum nam trong dTa thach.
Cach tinh k i t qua CFU/m3 (CFU: Colony Forming Unit)
B = A/15
- A: tong so khum nam cua 5 gdc phdng trong 3 ngay.
- B: trung binh so khiim nam trong 1 dTa cua
Bang 1: Cac chi nim mdc nhiim trong 20 phong may lanh 1 phdng.
D = Cx10
- C: tdng sd khum nam /phdng dupe tra tu B theo bang quy djnh cua tdi lieu may Mas 100.
- D: CFU/m3 khdng khi
Phirong phap dinh danh [ 1 , 4 , 6 , 7 ]
Djnh danh theo phuang phdp cd dien dua vdo hinh dang, mdu sdc cua khum nam va ddc diem hinh thdi cau true nam mdc xem d kinh hien vi.
Djnh danh so bp de xdc djnh chi nam. Neu nam chua djnh danh dupe hay nam khdng cd bao tu, tham khao tdi lieu de chpn mdi trudng thich hpp cho nam nhu PDA, MEA, CYA, CZ, PCA hay Idm them mpt sd phan ung sinh hoa hoac cay vao mdi trudng dac biet nhu thach mau theo tinh ddc thu cua mdt sd ndm de xac dinh chi nam.
Sau dd cdy 3 diem (mdu sdc khiim nam) vd cdy tren lam (ddc diem hinh thai cdu true nam) de do dac kich thudc va so sanh vdi tdi lieu.
K i t qua va ban luan
Qua qua trinh thuc nghiem, chung tdi da xdc dinh duoc 29 chi.
TT Ten chi TT Ten chi TT Ten chi
1 Acremonium 11 Curvulaha 21 Rhizopus
2 Altemaria 12 Fusahum 22 Rhodotorula
3 Aspergillus 13 Mucor 23 Scedosporium
4 Beauveha 14 Nigrospora 24 Scopulariopsis
5 Bipolahs 15 Paecilomyces 25 Sporotrichum
6 Chaetomium 16 Penicillium 26 Syncephalastrum
7 Chrysonilia 17 Pestalotiopsis 27 Thchoderma
8 Cladosporium 18 Phaeotrichoconis 28 Trichothecium
9 Corynespora 18 Pithomyces 29 Thchosporon
10 Cunninghamella 20 Rhizomucor
Trong 29 chi gdm 27 chi nam spi, 2 chi nam Chu thich nhung chu viet tdt trong bang 2:
men {Rhodotorula, Trichosporon). - Aspergillus: A.
Ket qua khao sat muc dp nhidm nam mdc d - Nam chua DD: Nam chua djnh danh.
20 phdng may lanh dupe tdm tdt d bang 2. -Nam spi: Nam chi thay spi to nam khdng cd bao tu.
Bang 2: Kit qua khao sat muc do nhiim nim mdc d 20 phdng m&y lanh (CFU/m3 khdng khi)
TT Ten nam CFU/m3 khong khi
TT Ten nam
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P77 P18 P19 P20 1 Acremo. sp. 0 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 2 6 0 11 2 0 16 1 8 3 2 Alternaha sp. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 A. clavatus 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 A. flavus 7 7 3 8 3 5 1 1 47 31 8 18 35 17 20 18 17 17 16 35 5 A. flavipes 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 A. fumigatus 2 6 2 1 2 1 1 1 23 17 18 2 15 10 1 7 10 4 3 6 7 A.glaucus 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 5 0 1 1 5 9 0 2 7 4 8 A. nidulans 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 2 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
46 TAP CHI DUQC HQC - 10/2010 (SO 414 NAM 50)
• N g h i e n C L F U - K y t h u a t
TT Ten nam CFU/m3 khdng khi
TT Ten nam
P7 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 P14 P15 P16 P17 P18 P19 P20 9 A. niger 30 22 7 17 17 13 8 5 200 101 72 88 105 89 29 132 110 76 130 73 10 A. ochraceus 1 0 1 6 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 A. restrictus 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 A. terreus 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 A. versicolor 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 Aspergillus sp. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 13 0 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 Beauveria sp. 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 Bipolaris sp. 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 17 Chaeto. sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Chryso. sp. 1 4 0 1 3 4 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 4 19 Clados. sp. 153 111 128 53 38 151 67 51 93 94 109 95 136 132 71 71 51 97 69 91 20 Coryne. sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 21 Cunning, sp. 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 22 Curvu. sp. 1 1 5 1 0 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 0 1 5 0 0 0 0 5 23 Fusa. sp. 3 3 1 1 2 8 1 1 4 2 7 6 8 6 8 0 13 13 16 13 24 Mucor sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 25 Nigros. sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 4 0 0 26 Paecilo. sp. 0 1 2 3 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 6 27 Pen/, sp. 134 95 67 118 116 110 127 83 67 123 73 134 93 95 110 136 133 149 155 73 28 Pestalo. sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 Phaeotri. sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 30 Pithomyces sp. 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 Rhizomu. sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 32 Rhizopus sp. 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 7 2 6 7 33 Rhodo. sp. 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 18 0 1 4 1 0 34 Scedospo. sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 Scopu. sp. 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 Sporotri. sp. 0 0 1 0 1 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 Synceph. sp. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 1 10 6 38 Trichoder. sp. 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 39 Trichothe. sp. 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 Trichospo. sp. 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 41 Nam soi 57 24 27 38 45 55 33 29 54 63 38 67 79 60 33 39 62 83 79 36 42 Nim men 2 13 8 8 2 10 6 3 4 7 5 5 4 6 11 6 10 4 8 0 43 Nim chifa DD 1 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tong 400 302 259 259 238 382 257 190 532 449 350 429 481 438 329 441 440 468 511 372 Danh gia mire do nhiim nim mdc
Quy dinh gidi han cho phep mdc dp nhiem nam trong 1 m3 khdng khi
Co nhieu d i nghj mdc dp nhiim nim mic trong khong khi nha d cua cac nude nhu sau:
Bang 3: Quy dinh dd nhi§m nim mdc ben trong nha cua cac nude18,12, 141
TT Gidi han nam moc Nguon goc
1 < 100 CFU/m3 KK ACGIH 1989
2 < 200 CFU/m3 KK US Public Health Service (1993)
3 < 300 CFU/m3 KK Robetson, 1997 (My)
4 < 500 CFU/mJ KK Singapor
6 < 50 CFU/mJ KK cho tung chung loai nam
(tru Cladospohum spp.) WHO Robertson (My), 1997;
Canada, 1993
TAP CHI DUOC HQC - 10/2010 (SO 414 NAM 50) 47
• N g h i e n C L F U - K y t h u a t 06i chiiu kit qua bang 2 vai quy djnh quic t i cho thiy:
- Muc dp nhiim nim cua 20 phong co may lanh la 200 - 530 CFU/m3 khong khi, trong do (50% )phong co muc dp nhiem la 400 - 530 CFU/m3 khong khi, (10%) phong co mice dp nhiem nim hon 500 CFU/m3 khong khi. Theo tham khao muc dp nhiim nim mic cua cac nude (bang 3), kit qua khao sat d 20 phong la 10% phong co muc dp nhiim kha cao niu chpn theo quy djnh muc dp nhiim cua Singapor. Ngoai ra, theo tai lieu cho bilt nhan vien van phong thudng bi benh dudng ho hip do moi trudng lam viec nhiim nim d muc dp 344 CFU/m3 m.
- Da s i cac phong khao sat deu co chi Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium co muc dp nhiim cao han cac chi nim khac. Kit qua nay cung phu hpp vdi cac cong trinh khao sat cac
nude [ 4'5 ). Ngoai ra, kit qua khao sat cho thiy da
so cac phdng khao sat cd muc dp nhiim 3 chi nim nay kha cao hon 50 CFU/m3 khdng khi. Ca 3 chi nim tren diu cd muc dp nguy hai din sue khoe con ngudi. Chi Cladosporium gay di ung, ngoai ra theo bao cao cua BV DHYD Hui nam 2008, ca benh nao do Cladosporium batiana d benh nhan khdng nhiem HIVI 9l
- Rieng chi Aspergillus, djnh danh 11 nhdm lodi nhu A. clavatus, A. flavus, A. flavipes, A.
fumigatus, A. glaucus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A.
ochraceus, A. restrictus, A. terreus, A. versicolor.
Trong dd A. niger cd ti Id nhiim cao nhit vdi muc dp > 50 CFU/m3 khdng khi (11/20 phdng).
Theo tdi lieu tdm tit d bang 3 quy djnh mdi chung loai nim mic nhiim phai < 50 CFU/m3 vi niu vupt qua muc cho phep se gay nguy hai din sue khoe con ngudi vd theo tdi lieu 1 1 3 1 niu nhiim Aspergillus > 50 CFU/m3 khdng khi gay kich ung mit, da, ho. Vdy vdi kit qua tren, 50%
phdng khao sat bj tac hai cua nim moc.
- Theo tdi lieu I 2 , 6 | 7 1 va cac ca lam sang bao cao d bao dien tu cdc nim dinh danh dupe hiu hit diu Id nim cd the gay hai din sue khoe con ngudi. Nhu A. flavus nhiim vdi muc dp kha cao tu 30 - 47 CFU/m3 d cac phdng P9, P10, P13, P20; day la nim mic cd the san sinh aflatoxin gay ung thu gan.
K i t luan
Theo tham khao quy djnh muc dp nhiim nim cua cac nude cho thay mac du chi cd 10%
phong vdi muc dp nhilm nam kha cao Id hon
500 CFU/m3 khdng khi. Tuy nhien da s i nam mic nhiem Id nim mic ddc hai. Neu thdi gian con ngudi phoi nhiim d trong mdi trudng ndy khd nhiiu gid hay d nhung ngudi cd ca dia di ung, suy giam miin djch thi nim moc se cd nguy ca gay hai sue khoe. Do dd cin cd bien phdp loai bd nim mic.
Qua khao sat cho thiy nhung phdng cd muc dp nhiim nim cao cd dac diem chung la phdng cd nhiiu ngudi ra vdo vd cd dp am tuang ddi > 60%.
Day la nhung diiu kien cua su hinh thdnh va phat then cua nim moc. Vi thi, cdc noi nay cin cd bien phap khdc phuc muc dp d nhiim nim nhu ve sinh mdi trudng thudng xuyen hon, ve sinh may lanh, giam dp im cua phdng. Ngoai ra nen don dep bdt do dat de it chilm khoang khdng trong phdng.
S u m m a r y
Nowadays, indoor air environment is rather polluted, diseases caused by the moulds are increasing, especially on the acquired immune deficiency patients. Some countries have proposed limiting the level of indoor air pollution. However, there is no such regulation in our country.
We research on the polluted level in air- conditioned offices in the school and identify the moulds to discover toxic moulds to human health.
Research on fungal contamination in offices by using Mas 100 for taking moulds and identifying the moulds by following the classical method which is based primarily on colony color and mould morphology.
The moulds polluted level of the 20 air- conditioned offices was about 200 - 530 CFU in air cubic metre. Among them, there are 400 - 530 CFU in air cubic metre (50% offices), more than 500 CFU in air cubic metre (10% offices). The majority of moulds discovered are toxic ones to human health.
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
1. Dgng Vu Hong Mien, Bang phan loai cac loai nam moc thuong gap, NXB Minh Sang, Ha Noi, 1976, 371 -375.
2. Nguyen Dinh Nga, Sach Ky Sinh Trung, NXB Giao Dye Viet Nam, Ha Npi, 2009, 254-276.
3. Air-Care Engineering (S) Pte Ltd, 1998-2005.
4. Buczyriska A, Cyprowski M, Indoor moulds:
results of the environmental study in office rooms, Med Pr, 2007, 58(6), 521-525.
5. Cetinkaya Z, Fidan F, Assessment of indoor air fungi in Western-Anatolia, Turkey, Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology., 2005, 23(2-3), 87-92.
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