vfi KHAI NifiM TAC GIA VA D6NG TAC GIA COA TAC P H ^
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ac gia ciia tac pham cd the dugc phan loai theo nhieu tieu chi khae nhau va vdi mdi loai tac gia se cd mgt pham vi quyen khae nhau ddi vdi tac pham. Tuy nhien, vdi dieu kien nao thi se dugc thira nhan la tac gia ciia tac pham? Trong trudng hgp nao thi dugc xae dinh la ddng tac gia? Cac van de nay hien cdn nhieu y kien khae nhau nen chiing tdi thdng qua bai viet nay phan tich, xae dinh khai niem tac gia, ddng tac gia, neu cac y kien khae nhau ve ddng tac gia va dua ra quan diem rieng cua minh ve ddng tac gia vdi mong mudn dem lai each nhin thdng nhat ve ddng tac gia.1. Khai niem ve tac gia
Qua trinh tao ra tac pham van hgc, nghe thuat, cac cdng trinh khoa hgc, kT thuat la qua trinh hoat dgng sang tao ciia ca nhan.
Bdi vay, tac gia cua cac tac pham van hgc.
nghe thuat, cac cdng trinh khoa hgc. kT thuat (gpi chung la tac pham) chi cd the la nhirng con ngudi cy the khi hg da bang lao dgng sang tao ciia minh de tryc tiep tao ra tac pham. Chinh vi the, Dieu 736 BLDS nam 2005 da dinh nghTa ve tac gia nhu sau:
"I- Ngicdi sdng tgo tdc phdm vdn hgc, nghe thudt, khoa hoc (sau ddy goi chung Id ldc phdm) Id tdc gia ciia tdc phdm do.
Trong Irudng hgp cd hai hodc nhieu ngudi cimg sdng tgo ra Idc phdm thi nhirng ngudi do Id cdc ddng tdc gia.
2. Ngudi sdng Igo ra ldc phdm phdi sinh
TS. PHAM VAN TUYET *
lic ldc phdm cua ngudi khde, bao gdm tdc phdm dugc dich tic ngdn ngit ndy sang ngdn ngie khde, tdc phdm phdng ldc. cai bien, chuyen the. bien soan. chu gidi, tuyen chgn Id tdc gia cua tdc phdm phdi sinh do".
Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 8 Nghj dinh ciia Chinh phu sd 100/2006/ND-CP ngay 21/9/2006 quy dinh chi tiet va hudng dan thi hanh mdt sd dieu eiia Bd luat dan su, Luat sd hiru tri tue ve quyen tac gia va quyen lien quan thi tac gia la ngudi tryc tiep sang tao ra mdt phan hoac toan bd tac pham van hgc, nghe thuat va khoa hgc bao gdm: Ca nhan Viet Nam cd tac pham dugc bao hd quyen tac gia;
ca nhan nudc ngoai cd tac pham dugc sang tao va the hien dudi hinh thirc vat chat nhat djnh tai Viet Nam; ca nhan nudc ngoai cd tac pham dugc cdng bd lan dau tien tai Viet Nam; ca nhan nudc ngoai cd tac pham duge bao hg tai Viet Nam theo dieu udc qudc te ve quyen tac gia ma Viet Nam la thanh vien ciia dieu udc qudc te dd.
Nhin chung, chii the mudn dugc cdng nhan la tac gia can phai dap img dugc ba yeu cau sau day:
- Phai la ngudi tryc tiep thyc hien cac hoat ddng sang tao de tao ra tac pham. Hoat dgng sang tao ciia tac gia la ket qua eiia qua trinh lao dgng tri tue de tao ra cac tae phim
Ngan hang cong thuang Viet Nam
mdt each sang tao, hay ndi each khae, cac tac pham phai la ket qua cua hoat dgng sang tao dugc the hien tren mgt hinh thai vat chat hoac dugc the hien thdng qua hinh thire nhat dinh, cd tinh dgc lap tuang ddi, mang tfnh mdi ve ngi dung, y tudng hoac mang tfnh mdi ve su the hien tac pham. Tat ca cac hoat dgng chi nham de hd trg nhu cung cap kinh phi, vat chat, phuang tien, tu lieu, gdp y kien khdng dugc coi la boat dgng sang tao nen td chirc, ca nhan cd nhiing hoat dgng nay khdng dugc cdng nhan la tac gia.
- Phai ed dii cac thdng tin xae thyc de ed the xae dinh dugc danh tinh cua tac gia.
Ngudi tao ra tac pham phai ghi ten that hoac biit danh ciia minh tren tac pham dugc cdng bd. Trudc het, quyen dimg ten tac gia ddi vdi tac pham la mgt trong cac quyen nhan than ciia tac gia da dugc quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dilu 738 BLDS va khoan 2 Dilu 19 Luat sd hiru tri tue. Vdi quyen nay, ngudi sang tao ra tac pham cd the lya chgn ve viec cd dimg ten hay khdng ddi vdi tac pham da tao ra theo y mudn cua minh. Tuy nhien, mudn dugc thira nhan la tac gia ciia tac pham nhat djnh thi ngudi tao ra tac pham phai ca biet hoa tae pham bang each ghi ten hoac biit danh ciia minh vao tac pham de xae djnh tac pham dd la do minh sang tao ra.
- Chi duge thira nhan la tae gia neu tae pham dugc tao ra la ket qua eiia lao ddng sang tao trong cac ITnh vyc van hgc, nghe thuat, khoa hgc va quyen ciia hg dugc bao ve theo luat ban quyen neu sang tao dd the hien dudi dang tac pham. Ket qua ciia lao dgng sang tao trong ITnh vyc van hgc duge ggi chung la tac pham van hgc bao gdm: van
xudi, tho vdi nhilu thi loai khae nhau nhu truyen ngin, tiiu thuyit, kf su, tuyln tap, tuyln chgn v.v.. Ket qua cua lao dgng sang tao mang tfnh nghe thuat dugc ggi chung la tac phim nghe thuat, bao gdm cac ITnh vyc khae nhau: hgi hoa, dieu khae, nhiip anh, dien anh, san khau, nhae... Ket qua ciia lao dgng sang tao trong ITnh vuc khoa hgc dugc ggi chung la tac pham khoa hgc, bao gom cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu dugc the hien thdng qua nhilu hinh thiic khae nhau nhu bai viet, bai phat bieu, sach, do hoa v.v..
Theo do, cd the dinh nghia ve tac gia nhu sau: Tac gia la ngudi true tiep lao dgi^
sang tao trong ITnh vuc van hgc, nghe thu|it, khoa hgc de tao ra toan bg hoac mgt phan tac pham thudc mgt trong cac ITnh vuc dd.
2. Khai niem dong tac gia
Ddng tac gia dugc hieu la nhieu ca nhan ciing lao dgng sang tao de tao ra tac pham van hge, nghe thuat, khoa hgc. Tuy nhien, each hieu ve ddng tac gia hien nay van chua cd sy thdng nhat. Chiing toi xin neu hai each hieu ve ddng tae gia nhu sau:
a. Cdch hieu thu nhdt
Cac ca nhan bang lao dgng sang tao de cimg tao ra tac pham thi hg la ddng tac gia cua tae pham dd dii su sang tao cua moi ngudi thudc mgt ITnh vyc khae nhau.
Theo each hieu nay thi tit ca cac tac pham do nhieu ngudi cung tao ra diu la tac pham chung va pham vi quyln ciia moi ddng tac gia dugc xae dinh nhu sau:
- Neu tac pham dugc hinh thanh do nhilu ngudi cung sang tao trong ciing mot ITnh vyc ma tac phim do khong phan biet dugc phan nao do ngudi nao sang tao nen
44 TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 1/2009
thi cac ddng tac gia cd quyen ngang nhau ddi vdi tac pham. Trudng hgp nay la ddng tac gia khdng djnh phan. Chang han nhu hai ngudi viet chung mgt cuon tiiu thuyit; Bill Gates va Paul Allen la ddng tac gia ciia phan mem DOS.
- Neu tac pham dugc hinh thanh do nhieu ngudi ciing sang tao trong ciing mgt ITnh vyc ma do ket cau nen tac pham dd ed the phan biet dugc phan sang tao ciia mdi ngudi thi mdi ddng tac gia chi dugc hudng quyen ddi vdi phan tac pham do minh sang tao nen. Trudng hgp nay la ddng tac gia cd dinh phan theo chieu ngang tac pham.
Chang han nhieu ngudi ciing bien soan mdt cudn giao trinh.
- Neu tac pham do nhieu ngudi cimg sang tao nhung sy sang tao ciia hg khae nhau ve ITnh vyc sang tao thi mdi ddng tac gia chi dugc hudng quyen ddi vdi ITnh vyc do minh sang tao ra. Trudng hgp nay la ddng tac gia CO djnh phan theo chieu dgc tac pham. Hay ndi each khae, dd la "nhitng ngudi ciing sdng tdc ra mdt tdc phdm thdng nhdt md phdn sdng tdc ciia mdi ngudi cd the tdeh ra de sic dung rieng. Vi tri eita cdc ddng Idc gid liic ndy se gidng nhu vi tri ciia nhiing sd hitu chung theo phdn. Thi du nhu bdi hdt 'Que huang" cd hai ddng tdc gid: tdc gid bdi tha cua Dd Trung Qudn vd tdc gid bdi nhgc cua Gidp Vdn Thgch".^^^ Hoac khi mgt bg phim (tac pham dien anh) duge hoan thanh thi tat ca nhiing ngudi lao ddng sang tao de tao nen bo phim dd diu la ddng tac gia nhung quyen ciia mdi ngudi dugc xae djnh theo ITnh vyc sang tao ciia hg: ngudi viet kjch ban, dao dien, quay phim, dyng phim, am thanh, anh
sang, khdi lira, thiet ke mT thuat,...
b. Cdch hieu thic hai
Cac ca nhan ciing lao ddng sang tao de ciing tao ra tac pham chi dugc coi la ddng tac gia neu sy sang tao ciia hg la ciing mdt ITnh vyc.
Theo each hieu nay thi cac tac pham do nhieu ngudi ciing sang tao ra can phai phan biet thanh:
- Tac pham chung: La tac pham do nhieu ngudi cimg hgp tac trong cimg ITnh vyc sang tao de tao ra tac pham. Can phai xae djnh rang tac pham chung hoan toan khae vdi sach, truyen in chung vi ban than quyen sach hoac quyen truyen khdng phai la tac pham ma chi la hinh thirc vat chat ma trong do tac pham dugc an djnh (vat mang tin cUa tac pham). Mat khae, can phai thay rang sy hgp tac giira cac ca nhan trong viec tao ra tac pham cd nhieu trudng hgp vdi tinh chat khae nhau, trong dd, chi dugc coi la tac pham chung de xae djnh hg la cac ddng tac gia khi sy hgp tac dd la cimg nhau gdp sire sang tao ve ciing ITnh vyc de tao ra tac pham. Chang han, hai ngudi cimg hgp tac sang tao de hoan thanh cudn tieu thuyet thi cudn tieu thuyet dd la tac pham ehung ciia hg va hg la ddng tac gia.
- Tac pham tap the: La tac pham do nhieu ngudi ciing lao ddng sang tao de tao nen tac pham dd nhung sy sang tao ciia hg khdng ciing ITnh vyc.
Theo each hieu nay thi neu can cir dan thuan vao sd lugng ngudi tao ra tae pham thi tac pham chi cd hai loai la tac pham rieng va tac pham chung. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi tac pham do nhieu ngudi ciing tao ra thi cin
phai dya vao ITnh vuc sang tao cua hg de xae djnh chinh xae tae pham do la tac pham ehung hay tac pham tap the. Nhu da ndi, ehi la tac pham chung khi sy sang tao trong hgp tac la ciing loai, vi the ed nhirng tae pham dugc tao ra do sy hgp tac trong sang tao cua nhieu ngudi nhung van khdng phai la tac pham chung vi sy sang tao cua moi ngudi thuge mgt ITnh vyc khae nhau. Chang han, de hoan thanh bd phim phai ed sy sang tao ciia rat nhieu ngudi trong rat nhilu ITnh vyc khae nhau nhu ngudi viet kich ban, dao dien, quay phim, dyng phim, am thanh, anh sang, khdi lira, thiet ke mT thuat... nhung khdng the eoi bd phim la tac pham chung. Tit ca nhiing ngudi dd khdng dugc coi la dong tac gia ciia bg phim.
Mac dil vay, bd phim la tac phim dien anh, la san pham lao ddng sang tao cua tit ca nhirng ngudi ndi tren nen hg phai duge thira nhan la tac gia. Tuy nhien, tu each tae gia eua nhiing ngudi nay ddi vdi bg phim hoan toan khae vdi tu each tac gia ciia nhilu ngudi ddi vdi cudn tieu thuyit do hg eiing sang tao ra. Va vi vay, quyen lgi ciia hg trong hai trudng hgp dd ciing se hoan toan khae nhau. Chang han, quyln cua cac ddng tac gia ddi vdi cudn tieu thuyit cd thi bing nhau, nhu nhau nhung quyln cua dao diin, quyen ciia ngudi quay phim, ngudi viit kich ban, ngudi viet nhae nin... khdng thi nhu nhau dugc.
Chiing tdi ddng y vdi each hiiu thii hai va thay rang neu hieu ddng tae gia theo each hieu thii nhit thi se cd rit nhilu bit cap sau day:
- Neu cho rang tac gia cua phin nhae vdi
tac gia cua phan ldi la dong tac gia ciia bai hat thi vo hinh chung deu phai xae dinh rang tat ca cac tac gia phai sinh (tac gia dich, phdng tac, cai bien, chuyen the...) deu la ddng tac gia ciia tac pham nguyen goc va nhu vay chang can phai phan biet tac gia nguyen gdc vdi tac gia phai sinh lam gi.
- Chiing ta deu biet rang mgi tac pham am nhae deu cd ba thanh phan chfnh (ngoai ldi, vi cd tac pham nhae khong ldi) la giai dieu, hda am va nhip dieu, cac yeu td nay deu dugc bao hg trong ban nhae. Vi vay, neu theo each hieu thur nhat se If giai nhu the nao ve ddng tac gia trong trudng hgp ciing bai tha "Thuyen va bien" cua nha tha Xuan Quynh duge hai nhae sT la Phan Huynh Dilu va Hiru Xuan phd nhaic thanh hai bai hat "Thuyen va bien" vdi giai dieu, hoa am, nhip dieu hoan toan khae nhau nhung chung ca tir?
- Gia sir cd ngudi chuyen tac phim van hgc "Truyen Kilu" cua Nguyin Du thanh vo cai luang "Truyen Kilu" thi phai coi nguoi dd vdi Nguyen Du la ddng tac gia?
- Gia sii cd ngudi dat ldi cho tac phim nhae khdng ldi cua Mozat thi phai coi ho cimg vdi Mozat la dong tac gia cua bai hat do?
- Neu cho ring tit ca nhiing ngugi sang tao de mgt bg phim dugc hoan thanh diu la ddng tae gia eua bg phim do, nghia la hg deu cd quyen bao ve su toan ven ciia bg phim.
Va vi vay, tac gia nhae nin cua bg phim cung cd quyln khong cho dao dien eit xen va sita ehira bg phim dd. Day la dilu bit cap lam anh hudng den cong viec cua ngudi dao
46 TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 1/2009
dien. ngudi dung phim. Trong thyc tl, nhae nen cua bd phim cd the do dao diin chgn va su dung mgt hoac nhieu tac pham am nhae da ed. Vi vay, nhiing nhae sT cd tac pham am nhae dugc su dyng lam nhae nen cho bd phim ehi don thuan la tac gia ciia tac pham nhae dd ma khdng the trd thanh ddng tac gia cua bd phim dugc. Trong thyc te, da cd nhieu ca khuc vdn dugc nhae sT sang tac cho nhae nen ciia bd phim da trd thanh ca khuc dgc lap sau khi bd phim dugc trinh chieu va nhae sT do la tac gia ddc lap ciia ca khuc.
Chang ban nhu Hdng Dang vdi ca khuc
"Hoa sua" - vdn la nhae nen trong bg phim
"Ngudi Ha Ndi", nhae sT Bao Phuc vdi ca khuc "Nhirng neo dudng phii sa" la nhae nen ciia bd phim ciing ten... Dac biet hon, khi trao giai thudng eho tac gia thi mdi tac gia cd cac giai thudng ddc lap theo ITnh vyc sang tac ciia minh. Chang han, Hdng Sen dugc giai thudng Bdng sen vang ve dao dien vdi bd phim "Canh ddng hoang", nhae sT Dang Hiiu Phudc dugc giai thudng cho phin nhae trong phim "Thdi xa vang" tai lien hoan phim qudc te Thugng Hai nam 2005. Hoac cac giai thudng khae dugc trao cho nhung ngudi ciing sang tao trong viec hoan thanh tac pham dien anh nhu: Giai nam dien vien xuit sic nhat, nir dien vien xuat sac nhat v.v..
Chinh vi li do tren, chiing tdi tan ddng vdi each hiiu thir hai khi xae djnh bd phim la mgt tac phim tap thi ma trong dd moi ngudi chi la tae gia ddi vdi phan sang tao theo ITnh vyc sang tao rieng cua minh. Theo sy xae djnh nay chimg ta de dang thay rang quyen
ciia mdi tac gia trong bd phim chi lien quan va gidi ban theo ITnh vyc ma hg da sang tao.
Ching han, quyen bao ve sy toan ven cua tac phim doi vdi nhae nen cua bg phim chi lien quan den phan nhae va theo dd tac gia ban nhae chi cd quyen cho hoac khdng cho ngudi khae cat xen, sua ehira phan nhae ma hoan toan khdng cd quyen ddi vdi phan khae ciia bg phim. Hg cung chi cd quyen dat ten cho ban nhae nen do (neu mudn) ma khdng cd quyen dat ten cho bd phim.
Chung tdi cho rang khi phap luat quy djnh ddng tac gia la nhung ngudi "cung sdng tgo ra tdc phdm " (khoan 1 Dieu 736 BLDS) thi phai hieu tac pham dugc tao ra phai la san pham eiia boat ddng sang tao trong ciing ITnh vyc: hoac am nhae, hoac van hgc... Vi vay. khi mdt ngudi dya vao tac pham da cd cua ngudi khae de sang tao ra tac pham theo ITnh vyc sang tao khae thi hg la tac gia ciia hai tac pham khae nhau ma khdng the coi la ddng tac gia dugc. Chang ban, Dd Trung Quan la tac gia ciia tac pham van hgc, (bai tha "Que huong"), Giap Van Thach la tac gia ciia tac pham am nhae (bai hat "Que huong"), trong dd bai tho la tac pham gdc, bai hat la tac pham phai sinh.
Tdm lai, tir viee li giai cac luan diem trong cac each hieu khae nhau ve ddng tac gia, ehiing tdi di den ket luan: Ddng tae gia la hai hay nhieu ca nhan cimg lao dgng sang tao ve ciing ITnh vyc de tryc tiep tao nen tac pham./.
(l).Xem: Le Net: "Quyen sa hiru tri tue", Nxb. Dai hpc quoc gia TPHCiVl.
