THirC HIEN HQfP D 6 N G KHI HOAN CANH THAY DOI c a BAN
Ngo Thu Trang*
Nguyen The Birc Tam**
Tom tit: Bdi viit tim hiiu vdn di thuc hiin hgp dong khi hodn cdnh thay doi ca bdn dudi goc do Lugt so sdnh. tie do. dua ra mot sd binh luan vi Diiu 420 Bg lugt Dan su nam 2015.
Abstract: This paper analyses contract implementation in hardship from the comparison perspective. On that basis, it provides comments on Article 420 of the Civil Code of 2015.
Dat van de
Nguyen tac pacta sunt servanda (nguyen tac vd tinh chat rang bupc cua hpp ddng) la mdt trong nhung nguyen tac co ban ciia luat hpp ddng. Tuy nhien, trong mdt sd trudng hpp, viec ap dung cung nhac nguyen tac nay cd the din den su bat hop ly hoac bat cdng cho mdt ben trong hpp ddng. Do dd, viec can bang giua nguyen tac pacta sunt servanda va nguyen tac rebus sic stantibus (nguyen tac cho phep dilu chinh hop ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi) la vin dd can dupe quan tam. Hiu hit cac he thdng phap luat tren the gidi deu ghi nhan trudng hpp khi hoan canh thay ddi din miic lam cho ben cd nghTa vu khdng thd thye hien nghTa vu cua minh, hay cdn gpi la "bit kha khang" {force majeure), la mpt trong nhimg can cu de mien trach nhiem cho ben khdng thuc hien nghia vu'. Ben canh do, cdn cd trudng hpp khi hoan canh thay ddi, tuy chua din muc khi In mot ben khdng thd thuc hien
]_Vu Phap luat dan sir - kinh t€. Bo Tu phap,
"Hoc vien cao hoc, Dai hoc Paris n, Cong hoa Phap.
Egidijus Baranauskas and Paulius Zapolskis (2009), The Effect of Change in Circumstances on the Performance of Contract, Jurisprudence Vol 118, No. 4, p. 198.
nghTa vy, nhung lam cho chi phi thuc hien nghTa vu tang len qua miic, gay ra bat cdng ddi vdi ben cd nghia vu. Trudng hpp nay thudng dupe gpi la "hoan canh thay ddi co ban". Tuy nhien, trong cac hg thdng phap luat hidn nay cdn tdn tai nhieu quan diem '• khac biet ddi vdi viec thuc hien hpp ddng
khi hoan canh thay ddi ca ban nay.
Thuc tidn tai phan tai Viet Nam ciing timg ghi nhan nhieu trudng hpp lien quan, ma vu an dudi day la mdt vi dy. Nam 2010, Cdng ty M (try sd tai Dik LSk) ky hpp ddng vdi Cdng ty T (tru sd tai Tp. Hd Chi Minh) de thiet ke mdt he thdng che bien ca phe cho Cdng ty M. Tdng gia hi hpp ddng la hon bdn ty ddng, thdi han Cdng ty T phai ban giao he thdng che bien la hai nam, ke tir khi ky hop ddng. Mdt nam sau, Cdng ty T tam ngung cdng viec, yeu cau Cdng ty M ky them phu luc hpp ddng theo hudng tang gia len do hoan canh thay ddi. Theo Cdng ty T, tai thdi diem hai ben ky hpp ddng, nhieu bd phan, thiet bi de che tao he thdng che bien ca phe khdng phai nhap ngoai do cac cdng ty trong nude cd the san xuat dupe. Tuy nhien, sau khi cd quy djnh mdi cua Nha nude thi mdt sd linh kien khdng cd hang
TH^CHI$NHOP BONG...
trong nude, khidn Cdng ty T phai nhap khau tii nude ngoai, va gia thanh tang gap ba lan. Neu khdng tang gia hap ddng thi Cdng ty T se bi Id nang, va khdng the tiep tuc kinh doanh. Cong ty M khdng ddng y, cho rang Cdng ty T da "cd tinh vien ly do de don phuang cham dut hpp ddng" nen khdi kipn, yeu cau Cong ty T phai t i i p tuc thye hien cdng vide theo dung thdi han da cam ket, ndu khdng se phai chiu phat vi pham hop ddng.
Tai phien xet xir sa tham, Cdng ty T d l nghi Tda an cho phep hai ben dupe dieu chinh hop ddng vdi mdt gia thanh hop ly hon. Tuy nhien, Tda an da khdng ch4p nhan va tuyen budc Cdng ty T phai tiip tuc thuc hien hop ddng theo diing thdi gian va muc gia trong hop ddng, neu khdng se chiu phat vi pham hpp ddng. Theo Tda an, dii hoan canh thuc te thay ddi khidn gia thanh san xuat tang cao, nhimg phap luat khdng cho phep dieu chinh lai trong tinh hudng nay, nen Cdng ty T phai tdn trpng hpp ddng da ky. Cdng ty T khang cao. Tai phien xet xu phuc tham sau do, Tda an nhan dan Tp. Hd Chi Minh ciing tuyen giii nguyen ban an so tham^.
Cd the thay, su thieu vang cac quy dinh dieu chinh trudng hop khi hoan canh thay ddi den muc gay thiet hai ro ret cho mdt ben neu tiep tuc thye hien hpp ddng nhu thda thuan ban dau da lam cho ca co quan tai phan va cac ben gap nhieu liing tung trong qua trinh giai quyet tranh chap. Chinh vi vay, Bd luat Dan su nam 2015 vdi nhieu quy djnh mdi mang tinh dot pha, da quy
^ Thanh Tiing (2015), "Hoan canh thay d6i, dupe dieu chinh hop d6ng", Bao Phap luat Tp. H6 Chi Minh, tham khao true tuyen tai: http://plo.vn/phap- luat/hoan-canh-thay-doi-duoc-dieu-chinh-hop-dong- 543671.html, truy c^lp ngay 25/11/2016.
dinh ve thuc hien hpp ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi ca ban tai Dieu 420.
1. T h u c hien h o p ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi c a b a n theo p h a p luat mot so qu6c gia tren thd gidi va Bo Nguyen tac U N I D R O I T nam 2010 v l h o p dong thirong mai qudc te
1.1. Thuc hien hgp ddng khi hodn canh thay ddi ca bdn theo phdp lugt Phap
Trudc day, Bd luat Dan sy Phap nam 1804 chi ghi nhan nguyen tac pacta sunt servanda tai Dieu 1134, ma khdng cd quy dinh chung vd vide thuc hien hpp ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi. Vi vay, cac Tda an tu phap iprdre judiciaire) ludn tuan thii triet de nguydn tac pacta sunt servanda, theo do, mdt ben chi dupe mien trach nhiem trong trudng hpp bat kha khang (force majeure).
Sy tuan thu nay dupe dinh hinh tu quan diem phap ly ciia Tda Pha an {Cour de Cassation) trong an Id Canal de Craponne.
Theo dd, nam 1567, cac ben giao ket hpp ddng dich vu dan nude tir con kenh Crappone vao khu vudn lan can. Sau ba thd ky, gia dich vu dan trd nen bat hop ly, tham chi khdng dii de bii dap chi phi van hanh con kenh. Nam 1873, Tda Phiic tham {Cour d'Appel) Aix cho phep ben cung cap dich vu (chu ciia con kenh) dupe tang gia dich vu dd phii hpp vdi hoan canh mdi. Tuy nhien, nam 1876, Tda Pha an huy bd ban an tren vi cho rang: "Dieu 1134 ciia Bd luat Dan sy Phap la mdt quy dinh chung va tuyet ddi, do dd, cac Tda an du cho rang quyet dinh cua minh la hpp ly ciing khdng dupe su dung yeu td thdi gian va hoan canh de lam can cir thay ddi hpp ddng do cac ben xac lap"^
Cach hieu va ap dung nguyen tac pacta sunt servanda nhu tren trd thanh quan diem
Courde Cassation, Civ., 6 mars 1876.
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NHA NU'dC VA PHAP LUAT SO 1/2017
thdng fri gin nhu tuyet ddi ttong thye tien tai phan tai Phap sudt nhidu the ky.
Tuy nhien, rieng trong ITnh vuc hpp ddng hanh chinh, cac Tda an hanh chinh {ordre administratif) lai cd each tiep can linh boat han. Didu nay xu§t phat tir quan didm phap ly cua Tham chinh Vien (Conseil d'Etat) trong an le Gaz de Bordeaux. Nam 1904, thanh phd Bordeaux va mdt cdng ty tu nhan giao kit hop ddng, theo dd, cdng ty nay cung c4p phin Idn diSn va khi ddt cho thanh phd trong vong 30 nam. Sau khi The chiln thu nhSt nd ra, gia than da tang tir 35 franc len 117 franc moi tdn, nen cdng ty tu nhan yeu cSu tang gia dich vu de phu hpp vdi hoan canh mdi. Tham chinh Vien da chap nhan yeu cau nay va giai thich: do chiln tranh, gia than da da tang dot bien va gia dich vu khdng cdn phii hpp vdi hoan canh. Do do, thanh phd Bordeaux phai "bdi thudng" cho cdng ty tu nhan''. Cac Tda an hanh chinh da ap dung an le Gaz de Bordeaux trong nhieu vu viec tuong tu sau nay. Dieu nay xuat phat tir ly do cac hpp ddng hanh chinh thudng lien quan den Ipi ich cdng cdng va ndu viec thuc hien cac hpp ddng bi tam dimg do hoan canh thay ddi se gay ra hau qua xau cho dan cu.
Nam 2016, Bd luat Dan su Phap trai qua mdt dot sira ddi quan trpng lien quan den luat nghTa vu {droit des obligations).
Viec thuc hien hpp ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi da dupe ghi nhan tai Dilu 1195 Bd luat Dan su Phap^. Theo dd, nlu sau khi giao kit hpp ddng, hoan canh thay ddi ca ban den
* Conseil d'Etat, 30 mars 1916.
* Di^u 1195 Bp luat Dan su Phap, tham khao true tuyen tai, https://www legifrance.gov.fr/affichCode Artic]e.do?cidTcxte=LEGITEXT000006070721&id Article=LEGIART1000006436705, truy cap lin cu6i ngay 25/11/2016.
muc lam cho chi phi thye hien nghia vu dd tang len, ma ben bi bat Ipi khdng thd ganh chiu rui ro vl sy kien nay, hp cd quyen y6u c4u tiln hanh dam phan lai hop ddng. Trong qua trinh dam phan lai hop ddng, bdn bi bit Ipi vdn phai thuc hien nghTa vy. Ndu cac ben khdng thda thuan dupe, cac bSn cd quydn huy bd hpp ddng, hoac cung yeu cau Tda an sira ddi hop ddng. Ndu sau rapt thdi ban hpp ly ma hai bdn khdng thda thuan dupe, Tda an, theo yeu cau ciia mdt ben, c6 quydn sua ddi hop ddng hoac cham dut hpp ddng vao ngay va theo cac dieu kien do Tda an quyet dinh.
1.2. Thuc hien hap dong khi hoan cdnh thay doi cabdn theo phdp lugt Anh
Phap luat Anh, cho den the ky XDC van thua nhan quan didm hpp ddng cd gia tri rang bupc tuyet ddi. Vi du, trong an le Paradine v. Jane vao the ky XVII, Tda an cho rang, "trong trudng hpp ma luat phap dat ra nghTa vu va mpt ben khdng thd thye hien nghTa vu do, ciing nhu khdng the co bien phap khac phuc thi luat phap se mien trach nhiem cho ben dd... Tuy nhien, trong trudng hpp hpp ddng dat ra mdt nghTa vu thi dil xay ra su cd gi, mdt ben van phai thuc hien nghTa vu dd, bdi vi day la nghia vu hp tu quy dinh trong hop ddng" . Quan diem nay chi thay ddi vao nam 1863, khi cac Tda an Anh phat trien hpc thuyet ve su tieu giai ciia hpp ddng {frustration of contract) trong an le Taylor v Caldwell. Ban dSu, hpc thuydt nay cho rang, hpp ddng chi hi tieu giai {frustrated) khi ddi tupng cua hpp ddng khdng cdn niia. Tuy nhien, sau dd pham vi ap dung ciia hpc thuydt dupe md rpng sang muc dich cua hpp ddng khdng cdn niia {frustration of purpose). Trong an le Krell v.
^ Paradine v. Jane [1647] EWHC KB J5.
THJ/C HIEN HOP DONG..
Henry, bi don thue phdng cua nguyen dan de chiing kien le dang quang ciia Vua Edward VII. Tuy nhien, nha vua bi benh bit ngd va le dang quang bi ddi lai vai ngay. Bi don tu chdi tra tien thue phdng va dupe Tda an chap nhan, bdi vi "Id dang quang la muc dich cua hpp ddng va viec le dang quang khdng dien ra giai phdng cac ben khdi viec thuc hien hpp ddng"'
Mac dil, hpc thuyet ve su tieu giai cua hpp ddng td ra linh hoat hon khai niem bat kha khang, nhung cac Tda an Anh hiem khi chap nhan su thay ddi ca ban cua hoan canh nhu la can cii de ap dung hpc thuyet nay.
Hon niia, ngay ca khi hpc thuyet nay dupe ap dung, Tda an Anh ciing khdng cd quyen sira ddi hpp ddng giira cac ben ma chi cd quyen tuyen bd cham dut hop ddng^.
1.3. Thuc hiin hap dong khi hodn cdnh thay doi ca bdn theo phdp lugt Due
Trudc khi The chien thir nhat nd ra, phap iuat Due cung co quan diem khat khe ve kha nang sira ddi hpp ddng do hoan canh thay ddi. Theo do, phap luat Due chi ghi nhan hpc thuyet ve \\&c khdng the thirc hien nghTa vu {unmoglichkeit) . Tuy nhien, tinh hinh kinh te sau The chien thii nhat. dac biet la sy sieu lam phat. khien cho nhieu hpp dong trd nen vd ly. Vao thdi diem nay, Bp luat Dan sir Due nam 1896 khong cho phep Toa an dupe sira ddi hpp ddng do hoan canh thay ddi. Vi vay, cac Toa an Dire da giai quyet mdt so tranh chap dya tren hpc thuyet
\'e viec khdng the thuc hien nghTa vu nhimg
Krell v. Henry [1903] 2 KB 740.
Egidijus Baranauskas and Paulius Zapolskis (2009). The Effeci of Change in Circumstances on the Performance of Contraci. Jurisprudence. Vol.
118. No 4 . p 203
' Dieu 215 Bo lual Dan su Due. tham khao Irirc luvSn tai. hups; 'www.gcsetze-im-internet de.bgb.
275.himl. iruy cap lan cuoi ngay 25/11/2016
lai vap phai sy phan ddi. Sau do, Giao su Oertmann phat trien hpc thuyet mdi ve can ctj cua hop ddng {geschdftsgrundlage) . Theo hpc thuyet nay, mong dpi ciia mpt ben trong vide thuc hien hpp ddng phai tning khdp vdi mong dpi ciia ben kia hoac ben kia phai dupe thdng bao ro rang ve mong dpi nay. Neu sau khi hpp ddng dupe giao ket ma hoan canh thay ddi ca ban thi can cii cua hpp ddng klidng con nua, va Tda an cd quyen giai phdng cac ben khdi nghia vu thye hien hop ddng hoac sua ddi hop ddng nham lai lap sy can bang. Hpc thuyet nay ctia Giao su Oertmann nhanh chdng dupe cac Tda an Due ddn nhan va ap dung trong thdi gian d a i " .
Nam 2002, Bp luat Dan sy Dire cd sira ddi quan trpng va viec thuc hien hpp ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi da dupe ghi nhan tai Dieu 313. Khoan 1 Dieu 313 quy dinh rang, neu sau khi hpp ddng dupe giao ket ma hoan canh thay ddi co ban den miic cac ben se khdng giao ket hop ddng hoac se giao ket hpp ddng khac di neu hp tien lieu dupe su thay ddi nay. thi hpp ddng cd the dupe sua ddi, trong chimg muc xet theo hoan canh lien quan; va khoan 3 Dieu 313 quy dinh, neu viec sii'a ddi hpp ddng khdng the thuc hien dupe hoac khdng hpp ly cho mpt ben thi ben hi bat lai co quyen cham dijt hpp dong'"-
1.4. Thuc hiin hap ddng khi hodn cdnh thay doi co' bdn theo Bg Nguyen tdc UNIDROIT nam 2010 vi hgp ddng thuffng mai quoc te
' Paul Oertmann (19211. Die Geschaftsgrundlage - Ein neuer Rechtsbegnff Leipzig und Erlangen ' | B G H M D R 1953^282.
Dieu 313 Bo luat Dan sir Dut:, tham khao true tuyen tai: hllps //www geseize-im-internct dc/bgb/
3l3.html truy cap lan cuoi ngay 25(1 1/2016.
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Vide thuc hien hpp ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi ca ban - "hardship" dupe quy dinh tai cac dilu 6.2.1 - 6.2.3 Bp Nguyen t4c UNIDROIT nam 2010 vd hpp ddng thuang mai qudc td. Didu 6.2.1 Bd Nguyen tac UlslIDROIT nam 2010 thidt ISp nguyen tic chung ve viec ap dung hardship: "Cac bdn cd trach nhiem thuc hien nghia vu cua minh, ngay ca khi chi phi thye hidn nghia vu do tang len, vdi dieu kidn tuan thii cac quy dinh dudi day vd hardship"'^. Nhu vay, quy dinh dSu tien vd hardship nhdn manh tSm quan trpng cua nguydn tac pacta sunt servanda va khdng cho phep cac ben dupe mac nhien tam dimg hoac cham dut thye hien nghia vu mdi khi hoan canh thay ddi.
Dilu 6.2.2 Bd Nguyen tic UNIDROIT nam 2010 dua ra dinh nghTa ve hardship, dd la cac su kidn lam thay ddi ca ban sy can bang giiia cac nghia vy hpp dong, hoac do chi phi thuc hien nghTa vu tang len, hoac do gia tri cua nghTa vu ddi trir giam xudng, va:
d. Cac sy kien n^y xay ra hoac ben bi thiet hai chi biet den sau khi giao kit hop ddng;
b. Ben hi bat Ipi da khdng thd tinh mot each hpp ly den cac sy kien dd khi giao kit hpp ddng;
c. Cac sy kien nay nam ngoai sy kidm soat ciia bdn hi bit loi; va
d. Ben bi bat Ipi khdng ganh chiu riii ro ve cac sy kien nay'^.
Dilu 6.2.3 Bp Nguyen tic UNIDROIT nam 2010 quy dinh vd he qua cua trudng hpp hardship. Cach xii ly trudng hpp hardship trai qua hai giai doan. Giai doan
thii nhat chu trpng vao thda thuSn giira cac ben, theo dd, ben bj bat lori cd quyen yeu cau tien hanh dam phan lai hpp ddng. Yen chx nay phai dupe dua ra khdng cham tri va phai cd can cur. Khi cac bdn dam phan lai hop d^ng, hp phai nd luc dat dupe thda thuan va phai tuan thii nguydn tac thien chi.
Giai do^n hai, neu cac ben khdng thda thuSn dupe trong mpt thdi han hpp ly thi mdi ben cd quydn yeu cau Tda an giai quyet. NSu xac dinh cd hoan canh hardship va th4y hpp ly, Tda an cd the:
a. Cham dirt hap ddng vao ngay va theo cac dieu kien do Tda an quyet dinh; hoac
b. Sua ddi hop ddng nham thiet lap lai sy can bang giiia cac nghTa vu hop ddng'^.
Theo Dieu 6.2.3 Bp Nguyen tac UNIDROIT nam 2010, Tda an cd quyin chpn mpt trong hai bien phap: chim diit hpp ddng hoac sira ddi hpp ddng. Van de dat ra la, Tda an nen uu tidn bien phap nao. Mpt trong nhiing nguydn tac ndn tang dd xSy dyng Bd Nguydn tic UNIDROIT nam 2010 la nguyen tic bao tdn hieu luc cua hop ddng {favor contractus), do dd, Tda an khi ^p dung Bd Nguyen tic UNIDROIT nam 2010 ndn uu tien bi€n phap sira ddi hop d6ng nham duy tri mdi quan hd hop ddng giua cac bdn'*. Ngoai ra, Tda an cd quydn cham dut hcqp ddng vao ngay va theo cac dieu kidn do Tda an quyit dinh. Didu nay giiip Tda an duac quyen tiiy nghi Idn han trong nhieu van de, vi du nhu phan chia chi phi va xac dinh mire bdi diudng.
" UNIDROIT (2010), UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts, p 212 '* UNIDROIT (2010), UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts, p. 213.
'^ UNIDROIT (2010), UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts, p. 218.
" Michael Joachim Bonell (2005), An International Restatement of Contract Law: The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, Third Edition, Transnational Publishers, pp. 117 - 124.
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THlTC HIEN HOP DONG..
2. Thijrc hien hop dong khi hoan canh thay doi cff ban theo phap lu^t Viet Nam
2.7. Thirc hien hep dong khi hodn canh thay ddi ca ban trir&c khi cd Bd lugt Ddn su nam 2015
Bd luat Dan sy nam 2005 khdng cd quy dinh cu the ve vide thye hien hop ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi ca ban. Trong mdt sd van ban luat chuyen nganh, da tdn tai hdng dang cua viec thuc hien hpp dong khi hoan canh thay ddi ca ban nhung ndi dung cua cac quy dinh nay khdng hoan toan gidng nhau ve ban chat phap ly. Vi du, Luat Kinh doanh bao hidm nam 2000 (sua ddi, bd sxmg nam 2010) quy dinh vd vide thay ddi phi bao hiem do c a sd tinh phi bao hiem thay ddi nhu sau:
"Dieu 20. Thay ddi mijc dp rui ro dupe bao hiem
1. Khi cd sy thay ddi nhiing ydu td lam CO sd de tinh phi bao hiem, dan den giam cac riii ro dupe bao hiem thi ben mua bao hiem cd quyen yeu cau doanh nghiep bao hiem giam phi bao hiem cho thdi gian cdn lai cua hop ddng bao hiem. Trong trudng hpp doanh nghiep bao hiem khdng chap nhan giam phi bao hiem thi ben mua bao hiem cd quyen dan phuang dinh chi thuc hien hpp ddng bao hiem, nhung phai thdng bao ngay bang van ban cho doanh nghiep bao hiem.
2. Khi cd sy thay ddi nhiing yeu td lam ca sd de tinh phi bao hiem, dan den tang cac nii ro dupe bao hiem thi doanh nghiep bao hiem cd quyen tinh lai phi bao hiem cho thdi gian cdn lai cua hpp ddng bao hiem.
Trong trudng hpp ben mua bao hiem khdng chip nhan tang phi bao hiem thi doanh nghiep bao hiem cd quydn dan phuong dinh chi thuc hien hpp ddng bao hiem, nhung
phai thdng bao ngay bang van ban cho ben mua bao hiem".
Cd thd ndi, quy dinh tren la minh chung rd rang cho viec thay ddi cac ydu td lam ca sd tinh phi bao hiem dan den vide mdt ben hi thidt hai trong quan he bao hiem, va ben hi thiet hai cd quydn yeu cau thda thuan theo chieu hudng cd Ipi de giam thieu thiet hai cho chinh minh. O quy dinh nay, nha lam luat da cho phep bdn bi thidt hai do hoan canh thay ddi co ban cd quydn: (i) Ydu can thda thuan lai vdi ben kia ve dieu khoan gay bat Ipi cho minh, cu the la ve phi bao hiem; (ii) Ndu khdng thda thuan dupe cd quyen dan phuang dinh chi thuc hien hop ddng, nhung cd nghTa vu phai thdng bao ngay cho ben kia. Tuy cd bong dang ciia Dieu 420 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015, nhung day chi la quy dinh ve hai hinh thiic cham dirt hpp ddng: (1) Dinh chi thye hien hpp ddng theo phap luat thuang mai (khoan 5 Dieu 292, Dilu 310, Dilu 311 Luat Thuang mai nam 2005), va (2) ChSm dirt hpp ddng theo phap luat dan sy (Dieu 422 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015). Do vay, Dieu 20 Luat Kinh doanh bao hiem nam 2000 (stia ddi, bd sung nam 2010) cho phep ben bi thiet hai chii ddng don phuong dinh chi thye hien hpp ddng, trong khi do, neu dp dung trudng hpp hoan canh thay ddi ca ban theo Dilu 420 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015, ben bi thiet hai chi dupe cham dut hpp ddng theo thda thuan giua cac ben hoac theo quyet dinh cua Tda an, chir khdng dupe dem phuang cham dut hpp ddng.
2.2. Thuc hien hap dong khi hodn cdnh thay doi ca bdn trong Bg lugt Dan su nam 2015
Dieu 420 Bd luat Dan su nam 2015 quy dinh ve viec thye hien hpp ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi ca ban. Day la quy dinh cd y nghia quan trpng va tien bd, phii hpp vdi
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thdng Id qudc td cung nhu nguyen tac thien chi, trung thye trong viec xac lap, thuc hidn, ch^m diit quyen va nghTa vy dan sy. Ben canhdd, Di6u 420 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 ciing dat ra mdt sd van de phap ly cSn nghien ciiu nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, theo didm c khoan 1 Didu 420 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015, mdt trong nam dieu kien cua hoan canh thay ddi co ban la
"hoan canh thay ddi Idn den miic ndu nhu cac ben biet trudc thi hop ddng da ididng dupe giao ket hoac dupe giao ket nhung vdi ndi dung hoan toan khac". Quy dinh nay can dupe hudng dan cy the, bdi day chi la dieu kidn trung tam de xac djnh sy thay ddi CO ban cua hoan canh. Tiep can tii goc dp so sanh, binh luan chinh thiic cua Bp Nguyen tic UNIDROIT nam 1994 cho ring: "Ndu viec thye hien nghia vu cd the quy ddi ra tien, chi phi thye hien nghia vu hoac gia hi cua nghTa vy thay ddi hi 50% trd len cd thi dupe xem la thay ddi co ban"'^. Tuy nhien, nhan dinh tren khdng dupe cac hpc gia ung hd, bdi vi hp cho ring con sd 50% dupe dua ra la qua thap va cd ph^n tiiy tien'^ Thye tien tai phan tai nhieu qudc gia ciing thi hien rang, su thay ddi hoan canh phai rit Idn mdi dupe xem la hoan canh thay ddi co ban. Vi du, Tda an Due thudng yeu chi phan chi phi tang them phai bing hoac hon 150% chi phi ban dau mdi dupe coi la hoan canh thay ddi ca ban'^, trong khi Tda an Nga thudng yeu clu mire tang tir 100% trd len so vdi chi phi ban dSu^**.
" UNIDROIT (1994), UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts, p. 147
" UNIDROIT (2003), Study L - D o c . 85 p 15 '" B G H Z 90, 227; B G H Z 9 7 , 171, BGHZ 111 214 BGHZ 119,220,
-" Alexei G. Doudko (2000), Hardship in Contract:
The Approach of the UNIDROIT Principles and Legal Developments in Russia, Uniform Law Review, Vol. 5, Issue 3, p. 496.
Thu hai, khoan 3 Dieu 420 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 quy dinh, tnrong hpp cac bdn khdng thS thda thuan ve vide sira ddi hpp ddng trong mdt thdi han hpp ly, thi mpt trong cac ben cd the yeu cau Tda an siia ddi hoac cham dut hop dong. Tuy nhien,
"Tda an chi dupe quyet dinh vide sira ddi hop ddng trong trudng hpp vide chim dut hpp ddng se gay thiet hai Idn ban so vdi cac chi. phi de thuc hien hop ddng nlu dupe siia ddi". Cac khai niem "thidt hai" va
"cac chi phi de thuc hidn hop ddng" trong dieuTuJit nay can dupe lam rd. Cu thi, thiet hai ma viec cham diit hpp ddng gay ra cho ben nao se dupe sii dung dd so sanh vdi cac chi phi de thye hien hpp ddng? Tham chi la cd tinh den chi phi, Ipi ich ciia ngudi thii ba hay khdng?
Ngoai ra, each giai quyet cua Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 cd le chua phu hpp vdi nguydn tac bao tdn hieu lye cua hop ddng {favor contractus). Bdi, Tda an cin uu tien vide duy tri hieu iyc ciia hop ddng blng each sira ddi hop ddng va chi khi nao viec sira ddi hpp ddng khdng thd thye hien dupe hoac bat hpp ly cho ben cdn lai thi Tda an mdi chSm dut hpp ddng. Tiip can tu gde dp so sanh, mac dii Dilu 6.2.3 Bd Nguyen tic UNIDROIT nam 2010 cung ghi nhan hai bien phap la cham dut hpp ddng va sua ddi hpp ddng ma khdng neu rd thu tu uu tien, tuy nhien, cac hpc gia khi binh luan Bd Nguyen tic UNIDROIT nam 2010 dIu cho rang trong chimg myc hpp ly, bien phap sira ddi hpp ddng can dupe uu tien ban.
Thir ba, khoan 4 Dieu 420 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 quy dinh, trong qua trinh dam phan sira ddi, chIm diit hpp ddng hay khi Tda an giai quyet vu viec, cac ben van phai tiep tuc thuc hien nghTa vu ciia minh theo hpp ddng, trir trudng hpp cd thda thuan
TH{fC HI$NHOP DONG..
khac. Nhu vSy, "thda thuan khac" la can cii duy nhat dd mdt trong cac ben cd thd hoam thye hidn nghia vu. V i n dd dat ra la, trong qua trinh Tda an giai quyit vu v'lhc, bdn cd Ipi ich bi anh hudng cd quyen ydu cau Tda an ap dung cac bien phap khin c i p tam thdi hay khdng? Vdi quy dinh hien nay, neu khdng thda thuan duac, bdn cdn lai cd the cd tinh tri hoan giai quySt vu viec tai Tda an nham thu dupe nhidu loi ich ban va tiep tyc thye hien hpp ddng gay thiet hai cho ben kia. Quy dinh nay chua bao ve kip thdi cho ben yeu the trong thdi gian chd Tda an dua ra quyet dinh cudi cimg.
Thir tu, Dieu 420 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 chi de cap den vai hd cita Tda an ma khdng quy dinh vai trd ciia trpng tai thuang mai. Theo Dieu 6 Luat Trpng tai thuang mai nam 2010, trong trudng hpp cac ben tranh chap da cd thoa thuSn trpng tai, ma mpt ben khdi kien tai Toa an thi Toa an phai tii chdi thy ly, tru trudng hop thoa thuan trpng tai vd hieu hoac thoa thuan trpng tai khdng the thuc hien dupe. Nhu vay, trong hoat ddng thuang mai, ndu cac ben cd thda thuan trpng tai thi trpng tai cd tham quyen giai quyet viec thuc hien hpp ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi co ban hay khdng? Tiep can tii gde dp so sanh, mac dii cac dieu 6.2.1 - 6.2.3 Bd Nguyen tic UNIDROIT nam 2010 chi nhic d i n thuat ngii "Tda an", tuy nhien, Dieu 1.11 quy dinh "Tda an" bao gdm ca
"Hdi ddng trpng tai"^'. Cach hieu nay can dupe ap dung ddi vdi Dieu 420 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015.
Thi€ nam, he qua phap ly ciia viec sira ddi hop ddng can dupe hudng din cu the hon nhim xac dinh cac nghia vu va trach
nhiem trudc, trong, va sau khi sira ddi hop ddng do hoan canh thay ddi ca ban. Cd quan diem cho rang, vide siia ddi hop ddng phai dam bao cac yen cau sau: (i) Cac dilu khoan mdi cd hieu Iyc thay the cho cac didu khoan da bi sua ddi; (ii) Viec sira ddi hpp ddng tuan theo hinh thiic ciia hap ddng neu hinh thiic la bat budc, va vide sira ddi hpp ddng cd thd nam trong phan phy luc cua hpp ddng; (iii) Viec sua ddi khdng dupe gay thiet hai cho ngudi thii ba, trudng hop ngudi thir ba cd Ipi ich lien quan tii hop ddng thi viec sira ddi phai dupe ngudi thu ba ddng y; (iv) Vide sua ddi hpp ddng phai tuan thii cac quy dinh ve didu kien cd hieu Iyc cua hop ddng; (v) Khdng lam thay doi viec chpn luat ap dung de giai quyet tranh chap ciing nhu thdi hieu khdi kien
Ket lu^n
Dieu 420 Bd luat Dan sy nam 2015 la mdt quy dinh mdi the hien sy tien bp trong tu duy lap phap va tham khao kinh nghiem qudc td ciia cac nha lam luat Viet Nam, dap ung nhu cau thye tien va dam bao quyen Ipi ciia ben yeu the trong thuc hien hop ddng.
Tuy nhien, day la quy dinh mdi va kha phiic tap. De trien khai thi hanh tren thuc tien, can cd sy nghien cuu va nhin nhan nghiem tuc tir phia nha lam luat, nha nghien ciiu, dac biet la cac tham phan trong viec giai quyet cac vu viec lien quan. Hdi ddng tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao nen xem xet ban hanh nghj quyet hudng dan cac Tda an ap dung thdng nhat Dieu 420 Bd luat Dan su nam 2015, dac biet la ddi vdi cac van de da dupe trinh bay trong bai viet nay.
^' UNIDROIT (2010), UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts, pp. 30 - 32.
- PGS TS, Do Van Dai (chu bien) (2016), Giao trinh phap luat ve hop dong va boi thuong thiet hai ngoai hop dong, TruoTig Dai hoc Luat Tp. H6 Chi Minh, Nxb. HSng Due, tr 273 - 274.
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