TI Hl/U: NGUON GOC, TIN NGlTCiNG VA N H I M G BIEU HIEN TRONG VAN HOA - XA HOI VIET NAM'"
D I N H HONG H A I "
Tom tdt: Tin ngddng Ti hdu dddc du nhdp 1 _itl! Trung Hoa vdo Viet Nam vd thdc sU biing nd trong gun doan nddc ta thdc hiin cdc chinh sdch md cia (1986). Hien Iddng ndy dd gop phdn lam eho 'thi trddng hnh vaf i Vm Nam trd nen sol dong, tao ed hoi buon bdn -sieu lai nhuan" cho mot bo phdn thay phong tkuy rdm' vd nhOng ngudl "c6 mil" chudc ldl, trUdc sd thieu guan tdm cita cac cd quan ehdcnang vd sd thieu hieu biet c f c ngtM ddn Bdi viei ndy tiip trung tim hiiu ci tin ngddng Ti huu nguon goe vd boi cdnh du nhdp „d„ viet nam, ddng thdi phdn tieh, ddnh gid sd dnh hudng eua no doi vOi van hoa vd xd hoi Viit Nam.
Tit khoa: Tin ngUdng, Ti huu, Trung Hoa, Viet Nam.
Abstract: Pixiu worshipping came to Vietnam from China and flourished during the opening period (1986). This phenomenon has helped make the "mythical creature market" more dynamic and create superprofit for a group of phony fengshui masters, given the lack of supervision from local cuthorities and the lack of knowledge ofthe people. This article focused on pixiu worshipping, its origin and development in Vietnam, as well as its influences on Vietnamese culture and society.
Keywords: Worshipping; pixiu; China; Vietnam.
Ngdy nhan bdi: 14/9/2014; Ngdy duyet dang bdi: 10/01 /2015.
Trong bdi canh trdm hoa dua nd cua cac loai hinh tdn giao tin ngudng trong xa hgi Viet Nam hien nay, cd mgt loai tin ngUdng mdi dang nd ro den mQc vQdt ra ngoai tdm hieu biet cua eon ngudi, tham chi, no vUdt tam kigm soat ciia cac cd quan chQc nang ngn dang bi nhieu ngudi true ldi bat chinh, dd la Men tUdng "san linh vat cau may".
Theo dd, "nMeu ngudi dang dd xd di san nhQng loai hang "ddc" dQdc cho la cd kha nang trQ ta, diet quy, dem lai may mdn, tien tai nhQ: nhau mgo, long dudi voi, nanh cgp, vud't cgp, nanh heo rQng... vdi gia cao nga't ngQdng"'^'. Su tMeu hieu biet ve y nghia eua eac lmh vat da mang de'n nhiing he My "tien ma't tat mang" vdi nhQng eau chuyen khd tin. Mdt trong nhQng cau chuyen dien hinh la mdt trong nhQng ngan hang ldn nha't Viet Nam Ngdn hdng Ddu tu vd phdt trien Viet Nam (BIDV) da ban hanh cong van (232/CDNHDT&PT ngay
stf 1-2015
21.9.2009) yeu cau can bd cong nhSn vign gop tien mua linh vat Thiem thQ (Cdc ba ehan) tri gia hang tram cay vang"'. Vi sao
1^' TS. Vien Nghien cim Van h6a • Vi?n HSn ISm KHXH Viet Nam. Email: [email protected].
"' Nghien cdu nay dadc tki trd bSi Quy phat trien khoa hoc va cong nghe quoc gia (NAFOSTED) trong de tai ma so'VUIl.3-2012,01
'^' Son Binh (2010),"Sdra linh uat cdu may" trong, http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/newsl/pagea/20100301/
san-hnh-vat-cau-may.aspx.
'^^ Theo tinh toan cua Ban Thitcfng vu Cong do&n BIDV.
"De mua dUOc vat Hnh thieng nky, moi can bo CNVC-LD can tham gia dong gop Idnh phf, vdi mttc 250.000 dong/ngu&i. V6i tong so' CB-NV khoang 13.000 ngudi se gop dUdc Udc chitng 3,2 ti dong, tUOng duang 147 cay vang. Ban ThUclng vu Cong doan BIDV de nghi cac dong chi chu tich CDCS bao cao ca'p uy, ban giam doc ddn vi de CO su ho tro va phd bien d6'n dokn vien - lao dong trong ddn vi noi dung viec lara c6 y nghia nky, tiep'nhSn sy tham gia. dong gop cua do&n vien - Iao dpng tai CDCS vh gui ve Cong doan BIDV tnfdc ngliy 5.10 2009, de Ban Thudng vu Cong doan BIDV tien hinh pho'i hop cimg chuyen mon mua lmh vat va lap dat dung dip khanh thanh toa thap BIDV " Theo Le Nga (2009), "Chuyen la a Ngan hang BWV: Huy dong tiin tl mua "Unh tidC trong' httpy/www.thanhnien,com. vn/news l/pagea'200941/2009 1010231851 aspx
NHiN LVC KHOA Hpc XiHOl 0
Ti HUXJ: NGUON GOC, TIN N G U O N G VA NHUl^IG BIEU HIEN...
mdt ddn vi kinh doanh ldn cd tam anh hudng qud'e gia lai cd nhQng "mem tin"
pM ly dg'n mQc nhQ vay? Cd bao nhieu doanh ngMep nha nUdc va t u nhan Men da mua va trUng bay nhQng linh vat tien ty nay? Nguon tien de mua eac linh vat dat dd dd de'n tQ dau? Ddng tien thu dQdc (cd the tdi hang nghm ty dong) tQ viec ban cac linh vat nay di dau? Co lgt ludi thue quan hay khdng?... Dd la nhQng cau hdi can dUdc tra ldi.
Su tMeu quan tam eua cac cd quan ehQc nang, cgng vdi sQ thieu hieu bie't cua mgt bd phan quan chQc va ngQdi dan da khie'n cho "thi trQdng linh vat" cue ky beo bd nay"' rcii vao tay nhijiig thay "phong thQy" rdm va nhQng ngudi "cd moi" ranh ma hot bac ty. De' han che' ngudi dan eung nhQ cac doanh nghiep do tien eho mgt thQ n^m ngoai tam Meu big't va t^m kiem soat nhu vay, ngoai su vao euge eua eae co quan quan ly (nhu cac ehe' tai vdi sU tQ
"la" gan day'^') thi viec nang tam nhan thQc cua cac quan chQe va ngudi dan (dd'i vdi nhQng gi dUdc ggi la "linh vat") la vd cung can thig't. Viec nhan thQc dung gia tri cua mgt san pham cu the giup cho ngudi dan tu dg' khang vdi nhQng trd "bip"
trong mot thi trQdng hon loan va ma't kiem soat nhQ thi trQdng mua ban "hnh vat phong thuy" Men nay. Khi dd, ngudi dan va cac doanh nghiep se tU bao ve mmh va doanh ngMep cua minh trong thUdng trudng bang chi'nh nang lUc kinh doanh cua minh ma khong can den mot hnh vat cau may nao ca.
Vay, hnh vat la gi? Theo tim hilu cua Chung tdi, tQ lmh vat nguyen nghia tie'ng Anh la holy animal hay secret animal.
Theo cac bg tQ dig'n thdng dung tren th^
gidi thi hnh vat la con vat dugc sQ dung Q N H A N L ^ KKOA HQC XAHOI
trong cac tin ngQdng thd ddng vat (animal worsMp) the hign sU ton kfnh con vat, thUdng thdng qua sQ ket ndi cua nd vdi mdt vi than dac biet. Thuat ngQ nay khdng ehi ton tai trong van hda A Ddng ma cung dUdc s^ dung trong cac tdn giao phuong Tay, theo dd, cac vi than dUdc the Men dudi hinh dang ddng vat nhQng hoan toan khong phai la sU thd phung ehinh con vat do. Thay vao dd, sQc manh tMeng heng cua vi th^n duoe the Men trong mdt con vat tMeh hdp nhU la mgt hda than cua chinh vi than nay. NhU vay, thuat ngQ hnh vat la danh tQ dung ehi con vat dUdc thieng hda trong tdn giao tin ngUdng ma hoan toan khdng phai la cac do vat (object). Do dd, nhiSng gi dQdc ggi la linh vat nhQ "nhau mdo, ldng dudi voi, nanh cgp, vud't cgp, n a n h heo rQng..." ke trgn hoan toan la mgt sU nh^m Ikn cua "thay phong thuy" hoac mgt sU danh trao khai niem cua nhiing ke "cd m6i." Trong ngMen cQu nay, chung toi tap trung tim hieu mdt linh vat big'u tQdng cd lign quan mat tMet den cac linh vat cau may dd la Ti hQu ben canh mdt so "linh vat phong thuy" khac.
1. N g u o n go'c, t e n gpi v a tin ngQofng Tihifti
Ti hUu la mdt linh vat ngoai nhap c6 nguon go'c tQ van hda Trung Hoa dQdc SLI dung it nhieu d cac gia tgc giau cd trQdc day va dang trd nen pho bie'n d Viet Nam trong thdi gian gan day. Theo mot vai truyg'n thuyg't trong van hda Trung Hoa
'"' D. Anh, T. Linh (2014), "Link vdt dd vang tr^n yim nha dai gia." trong; http://vietnamnBt.vn/vn/kinh-te/
179037/linh-vat-da-vang-tran-yem-nha-dai-gia.html
"' van ban 2e62/BVHTTDL-MTNATL canh bao vi aU xam lang cua cac y^u iS van h6a ngoai lai khdng p h i hdp vdi thuin phong my tuc Viet Nam cua Cue mJ thuat, Trien lam v i Nhiep anh - Bo V&n h6a, Th^ thao va Du hch.
S61-2015
DINH HONG HAI thi Tl huu la mot trong chin con cua rong;
nhung trong mot so truyen thuyet khac lai khang thay c6 ten Ti huu. Dieu nay cho thay su thieu tho'ng nhat trong viec xac dinh nguon goc cua Ti hUu (ciing nhU nhieu linh vat khac) qua truyen thuyet vi chiing la nhiing san ph^m ciia huyen thoai nen thong tin rat khac nhau, tham chi co the trai nguoc nhau, 46 la chUa ke den tinh hu cau cua linh vat nay. Ciing giong nhu Eong hay Ky lan trong van hoa Trung Hoa, Ti huu la mot hnh vat hu ca'u nen bieu hien cila no ciing mang tinh "bat nha't".
Tuy nhien, co mot dac diem hoan toan khac biet cila Ti huu so v6i ta't ca cac linh vat khac trong van hoa Trung Hoa la Ti huu khong co hau mon. Day chinh la mot dac diem phan loai quan trong de chiing ta CO the phan biet Ti hUu vffi cac linh vat dong dang nhu Ky lan, Nghe, Su ti,...
Ve ten goi Ti hUu, theo Hdn • Viet tit ttien trich dan thi t i ( g - phien km: pi) la mot loai manh thu, giong nhu ho, long mau trSng tro. Con hifu (Kd - phien am:
a:i#) la mot gio'ng manh thii theo truyen thuye't. Danh tif Ti hifu MSt theo Hdn Viet Tie Bien cua Thieu Chilu, la con Ga'u tring (Bach hiing), mpt gio'ng thii rat manh cho nen ddi xUa goi cac diing si la Ti huu. Theo mot so truyen thuyet thi Ti huu con duoc gpi la Hudu trdi (Thien lpc) nen dudc coi nhu loai h n h vat chu ve thu gia cua cai, tai loc. Trong van hoa Trung Hoa dupc chia lam hai loai: Ti hUu mpt sitng gpi la Thien lpc, va Ti hUu hai silng goi la Tich ta. Thien lpc chii ve tai lpc con Tich ta chu ve dudi ta trU ma. Tuy nhien, khi du nhap vao Viet Nam thi van de phan loai duc-cai ciing bi bo qua (tUdng tu nhu Ky va Lan) va nguoi Viet cho tdi nay chi diing mpt ten gpi chung la Ti hUu.
Sl 1-2015
Theo quan niem cua ngUdi Trung Hoa xua, thUc an cila Ty hUu la vang, bac, chau bau va do con vat nay khong co hau mon nen no ciing dupc xem nhu mpt loai
"Than giii cila".
Tin ngudng Ti huu dupc du nhap vao van hoa Viet Nam it nhieu trong xa hpi phong kien va chi thuc sU biing nd trong giai doan phat trien kinh te a Viet Nam tir sau "M6 cua" (1986). Tren thuc te, viec sil dung cac linh vat hoac cac vat ph^m trang tri khac de tao tac, trUng bay la mpt net van hoa kha phd bie'n va da ton tai lau dc!i trong cac nen van hoa phUdng Dong nhU Trung Hoa, Nhat Ban, Viet Nam,... Di nhien, viec trUng bay nhiing vat ph^m ddt tien thuong chi co 6 tang ldp giau co. Khi nhu cau "sip dat" nay ngay cang cao thi van de sdp xep cho co tinh hg thong va hdp ly la vo cung can thie't. Til day, sU bai tri theo "phong thuy" dupc coi nhU mpt chuan miic, mpt tin ngUQng rieng cua tang ldp giau CO mdi ndi. Bieu tupng Ti hUu da trd thanh mpt Iinh v^t phong thuy quan trpng cua dang tin ngu3ng nay. Tuy nhien, dang tin ngudng nay hien dang co nguy cd "bie'n thai" thanh rapt "benh dich"
tran lan tUdng tU nhu "su til" da bupc cd quan quan ly la Bg van hoa the thao ad ilu lich phai ra cong vSn chan chinh tinh trang nay"^'.
2. Mot so t r u y e n thuye't ve Ti hiiu t r o n g v a n h o a T r u n g Hoa'^'
Tudng truyen, thoi vua Minh Thai Td khi lap nghiep gap luc ngan khd can kiet, vua rat lo ldng. Trong giac md vang, vua '" Cong van so 2662;BVHT-rDL-MTNATL cia Cue My thuat. Tnen lam va Nhiep anh - Bo Van h6a, The thao va Du hch
*^ Xem them. 'Truyen thuyet ve Ty HUu . Con vat hnh th.enB,- Do TS Pham van Long sUu tSm, trone http //khanhhoathuynga wordpress.com
NHAN LUC KHOA Hgc XAHOI Q
Tl HUtl: NGUON GOC, TIN N G U O N G V A NHCTNG BIEU H I | N . . .
tha'y CO con vat dau lan minh to, chan to lai CO silng tren dau, xuat hien ci khu viic phia trudc cung dien nuo't nhanh nhiing thoi vang rong sang choi mang vao trong cung vua. Con linh vat ay co mat gio'ng con lan due nhUng lai co ran, minh to, mong to nhu mong bo, duoi dai, c6 chum long duoi ram. Con vat nay khong an thUc an binh thudng ma chi an vang, bac, dac biet no khong co hau mon, do vay vang bac no an vao khong bi thoat di dau, cho du no cang bung. Theo thay phong thiiy tinh toan, khu viic xua't hien con vat ay la cung tai va dat ay la da't hnh. Nhu vay, gid'c md da iing vdi viec trdi da't muo'n giiip nha vua lap nghiep 16n. Vua Minh Thai Td cho xay mot cdng thanh to tren true Bdc Nam, duong ddn vao Tu Cam thanh, ngay tai cung tai, cho tac tudng con linh vat tren bdng ngpc phi thuy, dat tren lau cao ciia khu 'Tai mon". Sau khi co linh vat, ngan khd nha Minh ngay cang day, nha Minh ngay cang md rpng dia gidi va trci thanh trieu dai giau cd. Khi nha Man Thanh len ngoi vua, hp vdn r a t tin vao su mau nhiem c i a con vat hnh kia va dat ten cho no la con Ky hUu hay cOng gpi la Ty huu. Nha Thanh cho tac nhieu tupng con Ty huu dSt tai cung vua va hoang hau.
Cac cung cong chiia, hoang til deu khong dupc dat con Ty hUu Cac quan cang khong dupc dung cho nha minh, boi quan khong dupc giau hpn vua, Thdi ay, ai dung thU gi giong vua dung la pham thudng.
Nhung vdi su linh nghiem cua con vat nay khie'n cac quan lai len lut tac tupng con Ty huu dat trong phong kin, ngay cung tai nha minh de "ddn tien vao nha". Mudn tac tupng phai gpi thp dieu khde, tU do, thp dieu khac Cling tu tac cho minh mpt con de trong budng kin, cau tai. CU the, cac ddi [ g NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI
sau, con, chau thd khde ngpc ciing biet sU Unh nghiem 6'y ma tac tupng TJ hUu d l trong nha, cdu may. Tai sao Ty hUu tac bdng cac loai da quy tu nhien thi mdi Hnh?
NgUdi Trung Qudc quan niem rdng chii Vudng CO mot dau cha'm (.) thanh chii Ngpc, nghia la ai dung ngoc la ngudi vUdng gia, giau sang. Do vay phai tac bang ngpc quy thi mffi linh nghiem ma ngpc tii nhien thi m6i quy.
Chuyen Ty hiiu vdi Hoa Thdn: Thieu thffi n h a Hoa Than ra't ngh^o, den noi khong cd dil 10 lupng bac nop cho quan de xin nhan lai chUc quan nho cua cha truyen lai. Nhd ong LiSm (sau nay la cha vd) cho 10 lang bac ma Hoa Than co cd hpi budc vao quan trudng. Thffi vua Can Long, Hda Than la nhan vat "dudi mpt ngUffi tren trieu trieu ngudi". Ngan khd nha vua ngay cang vdi ma n h a Hda Than ngay cang giau vdi cau noi ndi tie'ng "Nhiing gi nha vua cd thi Hoa Than cd, cdn nhiing gi Hoa Than co thi vua chua chdc da c6". Den khi Hda Than hi giet, quan quan da ta hda khi tha'y tai san Hoa Than bi tich thu nhieu ga'p 10 lan ngan khd nha vua dang CO. Hoa Than cd 2 vat tra'n trach dudc ca't gia'u trong hdn gia sdn trudc nha do la con Ty huu va chii Phuc do chinh vua Khang Hy vie't tang ba npi, nhan ngay miing thupng thp. Khi dap vo hdn gia son, cac quan mdi phat Men trong mii da a'y co con Ty huu, ma con Ty hUu cila Hda Than to hdn Ty hUu cua vua. Ngpc de tac con Ty huu ciia Hoa Than la ngpc phi thuy xanh ly mat rUdi, trong khi vua chi dam tac bdng bach ngpc. Bung va mong con Ty huu cua Hda Than to hdn bung, mong con Ty huu cUa vua va nhU the khien Hoa Than nhieu vang bac hdn vua. Sau khi tich thu con Ty hUu, nha vua khdng the
s i 1-2015
DINH HONG HAI tich thu chii "Phiic" kia dupc bdi chii Phiic
da dupc gdn chet vad da hdng ngpc; ne'u dap da ra la'y chii thi da se vd, nhU the thi phiic tan. Ma chii thi do vua Khang Hy viet nen khong ai dam pham thudng. The la danh de "Phuc" lai cho nha Hoa Than, CO le vi the nen dU pham nhieu tpi tay dinh nhung Hoa Than chi chet mpt nunh, thay vi phai hi tru di tam tpc.
Chuyen Ty htlu vdi nhd Thanh: Trudc khi quan dpi n h a Thanh nhap quan ai tien chi&i giang sdn Dai Minh (hdi dd cdn la Man Chau . tpc Nfl Chan ddng Dai Kim) da nghiSn ciJu ra't ki ve van hoa, phong thuy, bie't rdng nha Dai Minh long mach de VUdng cdn thinh ldm, neu khong pha dupc phong thuy cua Bdc Kinh thi khong the nao chie'm chpn Trung Nguyen dupc, m i cd chiem dupc cung khpng the gifl dupc Vi Trung Nguyen rdng ldn, Man Chau se nhanh chdng hi nudt chiing va hi ddng hda. Trong truyen thuye't, Luu Ba On da tiing de lai ldi dan cho nha Minh rdng mud'n Dai Minh trudng tdn thi phai giii gin dat con Tj huu tren lau thanh Dilc Thdng Mdn, mat ngoanh ve phi'a Van Ly trucing thanh de trBn ap dan Hung No, dan NQ Chan. Chiing nao mat Ty hUu cdn ngoanh ve phuong ay thi Dai Minh cdn.
Man Chau bie't dupc truyen thuye't ay, biet dupc SUng Chinh ra't tin tudng vao con "Ty huu nay, nen nghi ra 1 ke, cho 1 dai sU ve phong thiiy cua minh, lap ke chiem dupc long tin tudng ciia Sung Chinh, sau do mdi xui SUng Chinh xoay lai con Ty hUu hudng ve npi do. Van khi nha Minh da het, Silng Chinh da nghe ldi xui khien, va giac gia ndi len khdp ndi, ddu tien la Sa'm Vudng Ly Tu Thanh (mpt anh hung ao vai), va sau do la su cd Ngo Tam Que md ai Son Hai Quan, d&n quan Thanh nhap S01-2015
quan ai. Nha Minh tuyet diet, Siing Chinh phai til tay chem Trudng Binh cong chiia rdi treo cd tu vdn.
3. P h a n Ioai Ti hrfu b Viet N a m Ngoai each phan loai Ti hUu dpn gian giiia due va cai trong van hda Trung Hoa thi vdi nhflng gi dang diln ra b Viet Nam, chiing ta can co nhflng each phan Ioai khac de co the nhan thflc ro hdn thilc cha't cua Ti huu trong ddi sd'ng van hda tin ngudng Cling nhu trong dffi sdng kinh te xa hpi cila ngudi Viet. Tfl dd cd nhflng nhan thilc diing ddn ve cac linh vat phdng thuy ndi chung va Ti hflu ndi rieng. Trong nghien ciiu nay, chiing tdi se dUa ra mdt sd each thflc phan loai bieu tupng Ti huu trong giai dpan hien nay, chil ye'u dua tren cdng nang va cha't lieu.
3.1. Phdn loai theo muc dich sti dung Bd luu niem. Day la mpt trong nhiing muc dich sfl diing phd' bie'n nha't cda ngudi dung. Ngudi mua chi mua mdt vai vat pham nhd di luu niem vffi sd tien khdng ldn. Ldai san pham nay giiip ngfldi ban le d cac khu du lich, cac lang n g h i phat trien va ddng gdp chung vao su phat trien cua mdt xa hdi. Cac qudc gia phat trien v l du lich nhu Trung Qudc, Thai Lan, An Dp,...
ra't manh ve ddng san pham nay, tham chi Trung Qud'e khpng chi ban trong nUdc ma cdn xua't khau di n h i l u ndi trgn the gidi, trdng dd cd Viet Nam.
Bo trang tri Vdi muc dich lam vat pham trang tri trong gia dinh, trong van phdng,... ngudi ti6u diing sil dung loai san pha'm nay nhu nhiing dd vat de trang tri.
Vdi tinh cha't nhu vay, ngudi mua thUdng chpn cac san pham dep va khdng qua ddt tien. San pha'm nay ciing giup chd cac lang nghe" da^ my nghe phat trien, dac biet la phat tridn v l tay nghe tan tac. Day chinh N H A N LUC KHOA HOCXA HOI m
Ti HlTU: NGUON GOC, TIN N G I / O N G VA NHUKG BIEU HIEN...
la IcJi the cua cac san pham my nghe Vi&t Nam so v6i cac nU6c khac.
Dd phong thuy. Stf dung Ti hiiu nhif mot loai vat pham phong thiiy la mot dang tin ngifSng du nhap vao Viet Nam txif Trung Quo'c. Tuy nhien, Ti hifu noi rieng hay cac linh vat noi chung gan vdi tin ngddng thd dong vat hdn la thuat phong thuy. Nhif chting ta da biet, thuat phong thuy (IHTK) la mot triidng phai nghien ciiu sU anh hifdng cua hifdng gio, hifdng khi, mach nifdc de'n ddi song cua con ngifdi b^t nguon tCf Trung Hoa. Thuat nay chu ye'u de cap den cac yeu to' tii nhien nhif dia the, hinh thai nui song,... (cho den nay chifa tim thay tai lieu go'c nao ve phong thuy de clkp den cac con vat). 06 the day la mot each "danh trao" tii ngiJ hoac khai niem cua mot so' doanh nhan Trung Quo'c de ban hang cua ho vdi gia cao hdn, tham chi cao gap hang trSm, hang nghin lan gia tri thiic. NhQng yeu to difdc goi la "tam Unh" hay phong thuy d day hoan toan md ho vk khong co cSn cii khoa hoc.
3.2. Phdn loai theo "ddng cap"
ngudi ditng
Ngoai each phan loai theo muc dich sii dung da de cap d tren, chiing ta cung c6 the phan loai cac vat ph^m phong thuy va Ti hau theo "dang cap" ciia ngifdi diing trong xa hoi tir do binh dan, do "thiia", do
"doc," do "ciic doc" de'n do "sieu dpc." Tren thi^c te, cai goi la "d^ng cap" d day khong the hien tri tue, trmh do nhan thiic hay tang ldp xa hpi (nhif si-n6ng-c6ng-thifdng- binh) ma chi the hien miic dp "chiu chdi"
cua mot so ngifdi chdi Ti hifu ma thoi. MSc dii vay, ngifdi chdi co "ding cap" cao doi khi van nl6c ve nhiing mon hang "sieu doc" vdi gia "sieu dat" nhifng la hang gia vdi ky nghe lam gia "sieu pham" cua El] NHANLVK; KHOA Hgc XAHdl
Trung Quoc. Chung toi goi ky thuftt lam gia cua ngifdi Trung Quoc la "sieu pham"
vi nhi^u san pham trong s6' do khdng chi Ilia difdc mat thifdng ciia cac chuyen gia ma tham chi cdn "qua mat" diidc ca cac loai may moc toi tan nhif may chup cSt ldp theo khong gian ba chieu (3D) hien nay'^*.
3.3, Phan loai theo chat lieu shCdung Mpt each phan loai thdng dung nfla co t h i ap dung doi vdi Ti hifu la each phan loai theo cha't lieu s^ dung. Mac dii Ti hifu CO the difdc che tac tCf nhieu loai cha't Heu khac nhau nhifng co ba cha't lieu phd' bien nha't de tao tac linh vat nay la da, kim loai va ngoc.
Dd, da la mpt trong nhiing cha't h§u phd bien nha't trong tao tac cac san ph^m nghe thuat tao hinh tvi xifa dg'n nay. Tii nhOng ki§t tac kie'n t n i c da khong l6 nhU Kim tii thap d Ai Cap, Stonehenge d Anh de'n cac pho tifdng da tren den dai h An Dp, Angkor,... Vdi Ti hifu, da thifdng difdc dung de tac nhiing vSt ph^m cd to dat ngoai trdi. Nhiing loai da my nghe dep hdn thifdng de tac cac vat ph^m dat trong nha, trong khi da diic (la mot hdn hdp bdt da nghien trdn vdi phu gia) la loai nguyen lieu re tien nhifng lai dS "liia" nhflng ngifdi khong bie't. Nhin be ngoai da diic min mang va difdc tao van mau dep hdn da tii nhien nhifng mem va tii phan huy trong moi trifdng muoi, a-xit,...
Kim loai, mac du Ti hifu it difdc chg" tac bang kim loai (so vdi da va ngpc) nhifng Cling cd kha nhieu ngifdi "chdi" Ti hifu chon loai cha't lieu nay. Co le day la each
"chdi" cua nhflng ngifdi kh6n ngoan trong
'*' Ban doc co the xem them mot so chudng trinh gifii thieu ve h&ng gia "aiSu phfim" cua Trung Quoc bftng each go tiif khoa (googling) "faking China" cua mot so nh4 bao va hoc gia phUOng Tfiy nghien ciiu ve vfin dS niy.
stfi-zais
mpt thi trudng hdn loan va ma't kiem soat nhu hien nay. Ngudi sil dung cd the diing vang, bac hay ddng tuy thudc vao tui tien cua minh de thoa man nhu cau sil dung.
Ldi the cua kim loai la chiing khdng bi mat gia va khd lam gia. Tuy nhien, ciing cdn luu y la mdt ldai kim loai td'ng hpp dupc gpi la "my ky" trdng kha bdt mdt nhung vd cimg dpc hai (vi thUdng dupc nhudm Cadimi) d at n h a p van Viet Nam tu Trung Quo'c trung nhiing nam qua. Loai san pham nay khong chi cd Ti hUu va Mnh vat ma cdn cd nhieu vdng dee cd, dec tay, nhan, kep tdc,... gia cue re va ban tran lan til chd que den cila hang tren phd'. Nhiing vat nay khdng nhiing khdng mang den bat cil mdt may mdn n i o cho gia chil ma cdn mang de'n tai hpa bdi nguy cd n h i i m ddc kim loai nang, tham chi gay bgnh ung thu<»'!
iV^pc f ^ ) , theo quan niem cua ngudi Trung Hoa, ndi de'n ngpc la ndi de'n sU quy gia vd song va vat gi quy gia cung dupc gpi la quy nhu ngoc. NhUng ngpc la gi? Theo chuyen trang Ruby Liu: Yen thi ngpc "da xuS't hien hang n g i n nSm nay tai Viet Nam trong ngdn ngii thudng nhat va ca trong van chUdng thi phti. Tuy nhien vao nhiing nam dau cila thftp ky 1980 ve sau thi tren thi trudng Viet Nam "ngpc" dupc gpi phd bien la "Da qui"' (precious stone) hoac "Da ban q u f (semi-precious stone).
Liic dau tU "ngpc" de chi ta't ca cac loai vat lidu cfing rdn gap tha'y trong tu nhidn cd m i u sdc dep de bdt mdt dupc con ngudi dem ve lam dd trang sUc, trang tri chp minh va cdng ddng. Vi thd, "ngpc" bao gdm cac loai khoang vat (mineral), tinh thd da (crystal), nham thach (rock) hay cac vat heu tu nhien khac (natural material) cd ngudn gdc vo cp hay hiiu cd trong thien nhien. Ngay nay, do tie'n bd cila khoa hpc S01-2015
DINH HONG HAI ky thuat thi ngpc cdn cd ngudn gdc nhan tap do con ngudi lam ra hoac ngpc cd ngudn goc tU vii tru." Nhu vay, cd the tha'y danh tii ngoc trong nghia Han - Viet chi la mdt lpai dti ma thdi! Tuy nhien, yen td'de phan biet giiia ngpc va da la sU khac biet ve ve dep va dp ciing cila chung.
Trudc khi nen van minh phUPng tay du nhap vao Trung Hoa va Viet Nam, viec phan loai ngpc chu ye'u diia vao kinh nghiem cila cac chuyen gia ma hdu nhu khdng cd thie't bi khoa hpc Men dai nao hd trp. Cach lam nay da khie'n cho ngoc dupc huyen thoai hda thanh nhiing bau vat cd the tu phat sang, cd kha nang chila benh, trudng sinh bat lad, trii ta, tham chi, cd the' dilng de dieu khien thien nhien va con ngudi,... Nhiing cau chuyen hay truyen thuye't nay da dupc ngudi Trung Hua "thdi"
len thanh nhiing huyen thoai ve ngpc.
Dac biet, gan day ngudi ta ludn nhdc de'n "ngpc phi thuy" vdi nhflng cdng dung
"sieu nhien" cila nd vdi gia dat khiing khiep. Su ddt dd dd la do loai ngpc nay thUdng ndm d trung tam cua cac khdi ngpc ldn, tfic loi ngoc va cd the tich ra't nhd.
"Nhiing mdn dd bdng phi thiiy rdt bd, thudng dupc lam dd trang silc nhU hat xdan, mat nhdn... chil chua tilng dudc tha'y nhflng khdi phi thuy ldn"«°'. Vay ngudn gd'c ciia vd sd con Ti hUu ngpc phi thuy d Viet Nam vdi kich thudc ldn til dSu ra? Dieu nay phai dupc phan loai theo khoa hpc, va viec phan lpai nay da dupc cac nha khoa hpc phudng tay sil dung ttr
'•' Xem them: "NO Irang Trung Q u * doc hai tai nuS't"
tmng httpiAoaehatdetnhuom.nel.llin-tucfcu-tr.nB-trunB- quoc-doc-hai.tai-xuat/
™' Hoing Phuong (2012). "Su Ihuc va ngoc phi thuy - trong littp://g.ad,nh.n«,v„;xa-hoi/.u.?h„cve.ngo;
Ph..thuy.201202i008n42739htm
NHiN LUC KHOA HOC XAH^I m
Ti HlIU: NGUON GOC, TIN NGLTONG VA NHtjNG BIEU HIEN...
lau, dd la thang phan ldai da quy Mdhs'"*.
Tuy nhien, d Viet Nam, nhiing ngudi chdi Ti hUu dudng nhU da "quen" ma't ceng cu quan trpng nay va dudng nhu he cung
"quen" rang viec tham dinh da quy phai do cac chuyen gia dia chat - khoang san tham dinh chU khong phai do "thdy phdng thiiy" hay cd mdi(!). Thiet nghi, viec phan loai thed khoa hpc va tham dinh bdi chuyen gia can dupc lam cang sdm cang td't de lap lai trat t u cho thi trudng sdi ddng nay.
4. Ti hliu t r o n g x a hoi Viet N a m dildng d a i
Ne'u thil gd t u khda 'tian Ti hUu" tren trang google.com.vn chung ta se thu dupc gan 600.000 ke't qua. Ne'u go "Ti huu" thi se thu dupc tren 1.000.000 ke't qua. Hau he't deu la cac trang ban Ti hUu qua mang. Mdi trang ban hang nay cd hang tram san pham mdu (chua ke de'n hang trcng khd va hang dat). NhU vay, sd lupng cac vat pham cd hen quan de'n Ti huu dupc ban qua mang cd the len tdi hang trieu san pha'm.
Rd rang, dang cd mdt ddng tiln ra't ldn dd vao loai "vat pham phong thuy" nay (ma linh vat Thiem thil cila Ngan hang BIDV chi la mpt vi du) ma gia tri ciia nd l?i chua dupc tham dinh. Theo canh bao cua cac nha chuyen mdn thi "Cac loai da nhan tao cd gia cue ky re. Ne'u ban dat mua mat day chuyen thi 90% gia tri d cdng ngudi che tao ra mdu dd, cdng thp bac, thp inox lam khoen va tao kieu va lupng kim loai lam nen vien da. Mot vien da nhan tao dep lung hnh du mau sdc chi cd gia tu 20 nghin den 100 nghin ddng""».
Trong khi mdi mat da "that" cd gia hang chuc de'n hang tram tneu. Cd nghia la ne'u
"Ida" dfldc mdt san pham "gia" thi ngudi ban cd the lai ga'p hang tram tham chi dd'n hang nghin lan.
Vdi mpt va'n de ldn nhu vay nhung vide th^m dinh cac leai Ti hUu bdng "ngpc" nay hien nay d Viet Nam chUa he cd mdt cd quan chuyen trach nao cua Td'ng cue Thue hoac Bd Cdng an diing r a quan ly. Vi vay, ngudi mua, thay phong thuy, cd mdi,... cfl lam viec trilc tie'p vdi nhau. Vdi mdt ddng san pham cd gia tri cad va lupng giao dich ldn nhu vay ma khdng dupc kie'm spat, cac cp quan quan ly thue Viet Nam dudng nhu da tha't thu mdt khoan ldn. Ngoai vi du cila BIDV chung ta cdn cd the tha'y rat nhieu tru sd cila cac doanh nghiep, nhidu tu gia cua cac quan chflc va nhflng ngudi giau cd deu trUng bay it nhieu cac loai vat pham phong thiiy.
Nhu v4y, cd the' tha'y sd tien ma cac cd quan, ddanh nghiep va ca nhan bo ra de mua linh vat nay la mpt con sd kho'ng lp.
Vay xua't xfl cac san pha'm nay de'n tfl dau? Theo tim hieu cila chung tdi, tuyet dai da sd deu de'n tfl Trung Quo'c! Vdi hang trieu san pham, vdi khdi lUdng h i n g
"ta'n" ngpc xua't sang Viet Nam hang ngay, hang tudn - khdng hie'u md ngpc nao d Trung Qudc cd the cung cS'p mpt sd lupng ngpc quy ldn de'n vay? Hay nd cung gidng nhu cao hd Trung Qud'e tflng xua't kha'u hang chuc ta'n moi nam, va de cd dupc san lupng "moi nam" dd thi phai tieu diet toan bd sd lupng ca the hd tren the gidi khdng dii!
Q ] NHANLVC KHOA HOCXA HOI
"" Thang do do ciing vk ciing ia do gia tri cua da quy do nha Ithoang vat hpc ngudi Dilc Friedrich Mohs dda ra vao nSm 1812 Hidn nay cac chuyen gia vc dia chit, Ithoang san cf Viet Nam deu sti dung thang do niy.
"-' Hoang PhUdng (2012). "Su thuc ve ngpc phi thiiy."
trong http.//giadinh.net.vn/xa-hoi/su-thuc-ve-ngoc- phi. thuy-20120210081742739.htm
11(1-2015
Vi sad mpt thii chpi lanh manh, mdt tin ngudng phd bie'n lai ep t h i bidn thanh mdt
"benh dich" va tieu ton mpt IflPng tien khdng Id trdng xa hpi Viet Nam nhu vay?
v a n de nay ed hen quan de'n met giai ddan het sflc dac thfl cila xa hdi Viet Nam sau giai doan "md cfla"; dac biet, trong xa hdi Men nay khi ma tinh thiic diing, su true ldi va each lam an may-rm (gidng nhu nghd cd bac) dang ddn trd t h a n h mpt hien tupng "binh thudng." Mpt khi tinh thuc dung, muc dich true lpi va tu tfldng cdu may trd nen mpt dac tinh mang tinh "phd quat" cua xa hdi thi ngudi ta khdng chi ap dung ddi vdi con ngudi ma cdn vdi ca than hnh. Su "cdu tai, cau Idc, cdu may" thai qua va mfl quang hi6n nay chinh 14 met bpnh dich cua xa hdi, mdt sfl bieu hidn cua mdt xa hdi suy ddi ve dae dflc va tha'p kdm ve tri thflc.
Neu tin vac nhflng thdng tin "Ty hUu dupc xem nhu cnn vM chieu tai tie'n ban cat tudng cd 26 loai tao dang, bay bay bdn mUdi chin hda than, midng ldn mdng td, khdng cd h4u mdn, chi an khdng la, tupng trung hut tien tai khdp ndi, tidn chi cd van khdng cd ra, ddng thdi cd the trdn trach tich ta, giiip chu nhan gifl chdc tien trong tay""" thi chdc chdn rdng chung ta da bi liia. Vi rd rang nhflng gi ma hnh vat nay mang lai deu can cfl vao cac huyen thoai, truyen thuye't. Dd la nhflng "can chuyen huyen hoac, ky la, hoan toan do tudng tudng" va "cd tinh cha't huyen huac, hoang dudng" nhu dinh nghia trong Tfl die'n tieng Viet'^^'. Nhflng ngfldi true lpi tfl sfl thie'u hieu bie't cila nhieu ngudi dan da thu dupc nhiing khdan tien khdng Id tfl viec ban nhflng thfl "hoang dudng" nay hdn la gia tri thiic cua vat pham. Cdn
DINH HONG HAI nhiing ngfldi mua Iinh vat phdng thuy nay ciing da cd khdi ke tang gia bai san va (iinh vdng lad ly.
5. H e luy x a h o i t i l n h i J n g "linh v ^ t e a u m a y "
Khac vdi thu chdi tao nha dn'i vdi bonsai (tad dang-the cay canh), hay non bg (tad dang da canh),... viec sfl dung Ti hUu phong thuy hien nay khdng chi la mdt thu chdi, mdt sd thich ca n h a n ma cdn la mpt hien tupng xa hdi cdn dupc nghien cflu khao sat tren cac khia canh van hda, tin ngudng cung nhu kinh td, xa hdi. d mflc dp thdng thudng, viec sil dung Ti hUu khdng gay anh hudng Idn d d i xa hdi vi day la mdt t h u chdi, mdt sd thich ca nhSn cua ngudi choi. Nhung khi vat phdm nay dupc cdng them ye'u to tin ngudng thi nd trd t h a n h mdt hnh vM (theo quan niem cua ngudi sil dung). Va khi Ti hflu dudc cac thdy phong thuy "rdm" va nhflng ngiidi cd mdi thdi Ien thanh nhflng "sieu pham" cd gia "sidu khiing" thi vd hlnh trung Ti hflu da bieh t h i n h mdt loai "hang ndng" trong xa hdi. Vin de n i y cdn dupc cac chuyen gia ve da qu^ thdm dinh vk cac cd quan quan ly kiem soat"".
Vdi nhflng hnh vat cdu may thudc loai
"sieu dpc" bdng ngpc phi thuy tri gia tiln ty thee quang cao da neu d tren thi viec
lu! ^'''^' "^™y^" thuyet ve T? Huu" Bdd IS ^°^^ ^^^' 'I'*'*, tr.454 vk 1018.
»» Thuc ra vioc niy hoin to4n khk thi vdi oac nhk chuyen mSn Th«m chi, c4 nhan lac gii nghiin cilu niy da t u t h t a i d(„h mJt .an phin, d u * goi 14 ngoc vm miu . i c lung h„h vi .ang bdng hing cfch n h d ^
™i , ¥ . ? V^ "'" ' " ""* =*• Kft qua li ,a„
ngoc dupc due bang hot d l Ro ring mat viil „ , „ ruby t „ gii 200 tri|u dSng. mot vito di n.S„lu!w n g W o n g vi mSt vien d i due 20 nghin dini cd thi
v i s . * '"" "'""' •"""" '«'*° "" '*»"'»„
Sii 1-201!
NHiN LVC KHOA Hpc XiHOl Q
Ti HUU: NGUON GOC. TIN NGUONG VA N H O N G B E E U HIEN...
tham dinh chat Meu la mdt cdng viec khdng the khdng lam. Van de nay khdng chi la de tham dinh gia tri thtlc su cila mdn hang (giup Nha nUdc thu thue) ma cdn la de tranh sU lfla dao tren dien rdng (ne'u cd) ciia nhiing ngudi lpi dung nilm tin tin ngudng de' true lpi. Viec nay khdng qua khd vdi cp quan an ninh, hp chi cdn ldn theo dia chi cila hang ngan trang ban hang qua mang de dilu tra. Dac biet, vdi nhflng vat pham ddt tien, cd quan an ninh se phdi hpp vdi cac chuyen gia dia chat - khpang san de kiem tra chat lupng san pham. Khi da kiem soat dupc cac van de neu tren, cac cp quan chuyen mdn se tham muu cho cd quan nha nudc cd trach nhiem quan ly chat lupng hang, ddng tien, thu thue,... ngudi dan se khdng bi lde bip va Nha nudc se cd them mdt ngudn thu ldn.
Trong khi nan "chay mau cd' vat" dang nhflc nhdl ma vdn chua cd each nao "cam mau," nan phd hcai di tich vdn dang diln ra thudng xuyen ma chUa cd che tai xil phat thi viec tieu td'n mdt sd tiln ldn cho mpt loai san pham phi tham dinh nhu Ti huu va cac hnh vat phong thuy hien nay la mpt su pha hoai ddi vdi n l n kinh te ctia Viet Nam""'. Vi thil sd tien nhieu ty ddng de mua linh vat cau may nhu Cdc ba chan, Ti huu phong thiiy,... ndi tren dupc dflng vao muc dich kinh doanh. khuye'n khich ca nhan va doanh nghiep trong nudc phat trie'n thi Viet Nam khdng de'n ndi phai nhap sieu tdi gdn 30 ty USD n4m 2013"" - va nhap tdi ca... chiec tam xia rang! Vdi
"van nan su t i ngoai lai" chung ta dudng nhu chi bi xdm lang oan hia™ nhung chua den mUc bi "tieu diet" v l kinh te.
Nhung vdi nhflng gi ma cac linh vat phong thuy nhu Ti huu, dac biet la Ti huu ngpc E 9 NHiN Lgc KHOA HOC XAHOI
phi thuy, da mang de'n cho Viet Nam thi nhiing linh vat nay cd sflc "huy diet" Idn hdn nhieu. Chiing khdng chi tac ddng ve mat van hda va tri thflc ma cdn gdp phdn tan pha nen kinh te ndi dia cua Vidt Nam.
Cung vdi viec la'y di nhflng sd tien ldn cua cac ca nhan va deanh nghiep, Ti hUu cung cac Unh vat cdu may, linh vat phong thuy,... da gian tie'p huy diet niem tin cua ngUPi dan dd'i vdi nhflng cd quan dang ndm trong tay tiem lUc kinh te' cua da't nudc. Nhu vay, cung vdi nguy cO xam lang van hda da diln r a va eudc xam lang kinh te da dupc dinh hinh bdi "nhap sidu" thi nhflng linh vat ngoai lai hien nay da Id nguyen hinh la nhflng chu ngt/a gd thimh Ta-roa (Troie) dang "tra'n yem" nhieu cd quan va ddanh nghiep dau nae v l kinh te cua Viet Nam. Cai ma chung mang dd'n Viet Nam la niem tin vao sU may rdi trong kinh doanh va lam ma't n i l m tin vao ngan hang, doanh nghiep,... Cdn cai ma chiing mang di la nhflng khoan tien ldn. He luy nay gdp phdn thiic ddy nen kinh td cila Viet Nam trupt xud'ng bd vile cila chile
"bay thu nhap trung binh" va d i n nln kinh te Viet Nam di den chd le thudc. Ed rang, ne'u nhin dudi gdc dp ciia mdt vM trang tri thi Ti hUu hoan toan vd hai nhung ndu nhin dudi gde dp xa hdi, va dac biet la kinh te, thi Ti hUu la mdt "sat thu"
dang gdm. "Sat thu" nay tham thuy hon, dpc ac hdn n h i l u so vdi nhflng cen sU tfl
"^ Theo thong tin chfnh thilc cua cac co quan truyen thong n h i nudc thi hipn nay so np cong ciia Viit Nam da lin tdi 83 ty USD.
' " Huong Loan (2013), Nhip sieu til TYung Qu& tang manh, tixjng http;//vnec»nomy.vn;thi.truong(nhap-deu- tu-trung-quoc-tang-manh-2013102811.1430890 htm
" " Dmh HSng Hai (2014), Xim Idfig oin hoa, tmng http://www thanhnien.com vn/page./20140818/xani.
lang.yan.hoa.aspx
da ma t r u y l n thdng da de cap trong thdi gian vfla qua.
Cd the' ndi, Ti hUu la mdt trdng nhflng linh vpt cdu may, hnh vat phong thdy dupc sii dung nhieu trong xa hdi Viet Nam hien nay nhung nhflng hieu bie't cua chung ta v l linh vat nay (dung hon la nhflng bflc tupng con vat nay) cdn qua sp sai. Xet ve gdc dp van hda, Ti hUu la mdt linh vat mang tinh hu cau, ra ddi tfl cac truyln thuye't vdi vd sd huyen thoai gdn vdi than thanh hay hnh vat cd chflc nang gifl cila. Xet ve gdc dp nghe thuat tao hinh thi Ti huu la mdt linh vat dupc tao dang dep, cd nhieu net dac trung. Cd IS vi nhflng net dac trung nay ma trong van hda Trung Hoa cung nhu trong van hda truyln thd'ng, Ti hUu dupc sfl dung nhu mdt vat pha'm trang tri sang trpng, bieu hidn cho su quyln quy, cao sang cua nhiing ngudi giau cd.
Tuy nhidn, neu nhin dudi gdc dp cila mdt hien tupng xa hdi va kinh te thi linh vat trang tri n4y lai dang dupc sfl dung de' true lpi tfl chinh sfl thie'u hie'u bie't cua chung ta. Viec tim hie'u ve ngudn gee cung nhflng huyIn thdai ve Ti hflu giflp chung ta^ hieu sau them ve met linh vat hu ca'u ndi tie'ng tdn tai trong van hda Trung Hoa va van hda Viet Nam. Ben canh dd, chung ta cung can hie'u them ve ban cha't va su thilc ciia nhflng huyIn thoai nay de' tranh nhflng sai lam dang tie'c. Hien tflpng "san hnh vat cau may" nhu Ti hUu hay cac linh vat phong thiiy hien nay la mdt hien tupng xa hpi cho thay su "me mudi" cua mdt bp phan ngudi dan va quan chflc ndm trong tay nhieu tien cila nhung lai thie'u nhiing kien thUc van hda tdi thie'u ve ddi tupng dupc hp sfl dung. Ben canh sil tu nhan thflc cua ngudi dung ddi vdi cac lmh
DINH HONG HAI vat nay thi sU dinh hudng, tham dinh, giam sat,... tfl cac co quan quan ly la he't sflc cdn thie't. Dieu nay khdng chi giup cho ngudi dan tranh "ma't t i l n dan" ma cdn cd the giup cho cac doanh nghiep ndi rieng va ca n l n kinh te' ndi chung tranh dupc "tran dd bat quai" ma nhflng chu ngi/a gd thanh Ta-roa dudi vd bpe hnh vat phong thuy dang "tran yem" d nhieu ddanh nghiep, nhieu cd quan, van phdng.
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO 1. D. Anh, T. Linh (2014), "Unh uat dd uang tran yan nha did ga," trong: httpilVietnamnetivn/
vnAinh-te/179037/linh-vat-da-vang-tran- yem-nha-dai-gia.htmL
2. Dmh Hdng Hai (2012), NhOng biiu tuang dac trung trong van hoa truydn thong Viet Nam - tap 1, Nxb. Tri Thflc.
3. Dinh Hdng Hai (2014), "Tinh bieu tupng trpng nghe thu4t". Tap chi Afy thuat ling dting sd 1, thang 6.
4. Dinh Hdng Hai (2014), "Bieu tupng Thanh Gidng: Tfl huyIn thoai den lich sfl thanh van" trong: Nhilu tac gia, II hgi co truyin: truyin thong va bien doi, Nxb. Dai hpc qudc gia Tp. HCM, tr.106-124.
5. Hoang Phe, Cb. (1998), Tit diin tieng Viet. Nxb. Da Ndng va Trung tam Tfl dien hpc xua't ban.
6. Hoang Phuong (2012), "Su thflc ve ngpc phi thuy," trong http://giadinh.net.
vn/xa-hoi/su-thuc-ve-ngoc-phi-thuy- 20120210081742739.htm.
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