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NHANVAT-SlTKieNLANH TU NGUYEN Al QUOC V6l PHONG TRAO X6 VIET NGHE - TINH
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• PGS, TS T R A N M I N H TRirdNG Vien Ho Clti Minii va cac lantj tucHa Ddng.
Hqc viin Ciiinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Torn tdt: Cao trdo cdch mgngXo viet Nghe - Tinh (1930-1931) Idphongtrdo cdch mang ddu tien ciia qudn chung cdng - nong, ddt dtidi sii lanh dgo cua Bdng Cgng sdn Viet Nam.
Mac dii chi ton tgi trongthdigian ngdn, nhiingXo viit Nghi - Tinh dd khang dinh siic mmh cua qudn chiing cong - nong chiing to tinh thdn oanh Hit vd ndng liic cdch mgng cda nhan ddn lao dgng Viet Nam, gop phdn ren luyen liic liidng cho cugc Cdch mgng Thdng Tdm thdng ldi sau ndy. 90 ndm dd trdi qua, nhiing gid tri, f nghia to ldn cua Xd viit Nghi-Tinh vdn mdi diidc ghi nhd nhii mgt ddu moc quan trgng trong tiin trinh cdch mgng Viet Nam.
• Tii khoa: Cao trdo cdch mgngXo viit Nghi - Tinh (1930-1931), lanh tu Nguyin Ai Quoc -Ho Chi Minh.
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a nhieu nguoi neu cau hoi: Tai sao cao ttao each mang dau tien do Dang lanh dao lai nd ra 6 Nghe - Tinh (thugc Trung Ky), la dia ban hoat dong cua td chuc Tan Viet each mangDang, ma khong nd ra truoc tien oNamKythayoSai Gon) -noi ma sau khi thanh lap (dau nam 1930), Dang Cong san Viet Nam dat CO quan Trung irong? Du r^g, den cudi nam 1929, Tan Viet each mang Dang da chuyen thanh mot td chtic cong san [Ddng Duong Cdng san Lien doan}, la mot trong ba td chirc tien than cua Dang Cdng sin Viet Nam. De hieu rd vai ttd lanh dao va tu tuong each mang cua lanh tu Nguyen Ai Qudc co anh huong nhu the nao den Cao ttao each mang Xo viet Ngh? - Tinh, cannghien cuu sir ehuydn hda dudng ldi, co c3u td chtic va phuong phap each mang cua td ehue Tan Viet each mang Dang (tire Ddng Duong Cdng san Lien doan).
Nhin lai lieh sir each mang thdi ky tii 1925 - 1930, khi lanh m Nguyen Ai Qude thanh IJp H0i VietNam each mang Thanh nien (1925) 6 Quang Chau (Trang Qudc); td ehiic cac lop dao t?o, huSn luyen cin bd each mang, cOng la thdi gian thanh lap Hdi Phijc Viet (14-7-1925). Hgi Phiic Wjtsau ddi thanh HungNam, den than eua Tan Vietddi m^gDang, do mgt sd si phu, tti thue yeu nudc"' dung ra thanh IJp 6 Vmh (Nghe An)"'. Nhin vJo Chuong trinh hoat ddng cua Hpi do Tran Mgng Bach (die Tran Dmh Thanh) soan thao, dugc
LY LUAN CHlNH TRj • So 10/2020
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thdng qua tai hdi nghi gdm 10 digm, ttong dd cd nhiing diem rdt ma hd. VI dy ndi ve nhiem vu, mye dich ciia Hdi, Chuang trinh da vigt:
"1. Dang Hung Nam ed nhi?m vy lo toan cho ngn ddc lap cdi Ddng Duong bdng viec chudn hi mdt cupc cdch msuig dn hda.
2. Mdt khi gidnh dugc dpc lap, Ddng Duang se thdnh lap chinh phii theo nguyen tdc ciia chinh thg cdng hda vd chi theo ehil nghia cdng sdn khi nao ehd nghia nay dupe thirc thi tai cae eudng qudc.
3. Dd dat muc dich dy, trudc hgt Dang Hung Nam phai lo toan vide chan hung dao due, tti ndng vakinh tg ciia Ddng Duong"'^'.
Vdi ndi dung nhu vay, khi ddnh gid vg td ehiie nay, Sd Mat tham Ddng Duong, tryc tigp la Quygn Cyc trudng Cyc Chinh tri vd Liem phdng Louis Marty ed ve coi thudng. Ong ta cho rdng, thdng qua viec dua ra tdn chi muc dieh, chiing td: "Nhiing nhd cdeh mgnh ay chdng bidt ti gi ve tinh hmh Ddng Duong. Hp ciing khdng thdo ndi mdt chuang trinh hoat ddng thich nghi vdi tinh thg"'*'. Tdt nhien, vien Chdnh mat tham Ddng Duong chdng bao gid cd thd nhdn xet mdt cdeh khaeh quan vd thien cam vg mdt td chiic each mang Vidt Nam. Song, phai thira nhdn rdng, ve nhan thiic edch mang va trinh dp chinh tri, cdc ygu nhdn ciia Phuc Viet liic bdy gid edn du tti, non ndt. Nhung ngudi lanh dao Hdi rd rdng Id chua bidt ldm thg nao dg gianh dupe dde lap cho nudc nhd. Bdi tidn hanh eude edeh mang giai phdng ddn tpc khdi dch dp biic eiia thuc dan, ma lai dua ra nhiem vy trudc hdt Id "chdn hung dao diic, tti nang vd kinh tg", thi khd cd the thanh cdng dupe. Chinh ban than nhiing ngudi lanh dao Hdi cung nhan thiic dirge su be tdc ay, cho nen Ban lanh dao da eu ddng chi Le Duy Digm sang Trung Qudc de bdt lien lac vdi Hdi Viet Nam cich mang Thanh nidn.
Dau nam 1926, ddng chi Le Duy Digm ddn Quang Chau (Trung Qude), bdt Uen lac dugc vdi ddng ehi Hd Tiing Mdu (ngudi Qu^nh Luu, Nghd An) vd dupe ket nap vao Hdi Viet Nam cich mang Thanh nien. Sau dd ddng chi tham gia ehuang trinh huan luyen do lanh tii Nguygn Ai Qude tryc tidp giang day.
Miia he ndm 1926, sau khi hpe xong ehuang trinh ciia khda huan luyen can bd, ddng ehi Lg Duy Digm ttd vg nude gap Ban Idnh dao Hdi HungNam, ttao eho hp chuong trmh, digu le vd tai lieu huan luyen eiia Hgi VietNam each mang Thanh nien, ddng thdi ndu y kign eiia Thanh nien (tiic Hdi Viet Nam cdeh mang Thanh nien) dg nghi hpp nhdt HungNam vdi Thanh nien va cii cdn bd sang Qudng Chdu dao tao. Tuy khdng ddng y hoan toan vdi cdc y kien ciia Thanh nien, nhung Ban Idnh dao Himg Nam ciing thira nhdn sir tien bd ban hdn cua Thanh nien. Vi vdy, nhiing ngirdi lanh dao HungNam da td chiie Hdi nghi, ra quygt dinh: dp dung md hinh td chiic cua Thanh nien, thanh lap ra cdc ky bd Bdc Ky, Trung Ky va Nam Ky. Ban lanh dao Hdi ddng y cii dodn cdn bd do ddng chi Tran Phu ddn ddu sang Trung Qudc'^', tidp tyc bdn bac vdi td chiic Thanh nien duldp hudn luyen can bp, ddng thdi ban ve van dg hop rihat. Dg cd danh nghia chinh thiic khi dam phan vdi Hgi VietNam cich mang Thanh nien, Hgi Hung Nam ddi ten thdnh Viet Nam each mangDang.
Thang 7-1926, sau khi den Quang Chdu, dy ldp huan luyen do lanh ty Nguygn Ai Qudc giang day, ddng chi Tran Phii dd nhanh chdng tiep thu duoc ly luan co ban ciia chii nghia Mac - Lenin vd dudng ldi edch mang vd san. Cudi nam 1926, ddng chi Le Duy Diem va ddng chi Tran Phii ttd vg nudc. Tai thdnh phd Vinh, ddng chi Trdn Phu da gap Tran Dmh Thanh dg ban viec hpp nhat td ehiic HungNam vdi Hdi VietNam cich mang
LVLUAN CHfNH TRI-So 10/2020
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NHANVAr-Sl/KlgNThanh nien vd lap ke hoach giii thdm nhieu thanh nien tiep tuc sang du hudn luyen. Hai ngudi da dat dupe su thdng nhat tren nguyen tdc vdi Ban lanh dao Hdi HungNam vd khan truong xiic tien ke hoach hpp nhat. Tuy nhien kg hoach hpp nhat khdng thdnh.
Mac du khdng dat dupe mye dieh hgp nhat hai td chiie edch mang (do cdn nhieu bat ddng), nhung cd thg ndi can bd cua Hdi HungNam da can ban dupe "Thanh nien hda" vg Iy ludn each mang, theo dudng ldi edch mang vd san; vi co cau td chiic, phuang phap van ddng cdeh mang... Chmh vi dig, qua trmh phdt trign tiep theo cda Viet Nam cich mang Ding (sau ddi thanh Tan Viet cich mangDingi, ldy theo diing hinh mdu cua Thanh men du cd mang ten khdc.
Cy the, vg tdn ehi myc dich, Viet Nam cich mangDingiayf theo diing tdn ehi, myc dich ciia Thanh nien do ddng chi Le Duy Diem va ddng chi Tran Phii dua tii Tnmg Qude vg, neu rd:
"Lien hgp cdc ddng chi ttong va ngoai nudc, a ttong thi dan ddt cdng ndng bhih quan chiing, ngoai thi lien lac vdi cac dan tdc bi dp biic, de ddnh dd dg qudc chu nghia, ddng kign thiet mdt xd hdi bmh ddng, bac di; cu hanh chinh tri each mang de danh dd chinh phii vd quan chii, dung len chinh phil cdng hda xa hdi; cii hdnh xd hdi each mang dd xda bd cae gjai cap; kmh te each mang de duy tri quygn sinh hoat ciia mpi ngudi"'^'. Ngodi ra, cdc Wnh thiic td chiic tir Tdng bd, dgn cae Ky bd, Tinh hd,... den tigu td, deu dp dung gidng nhu edch td chiic cua Thanh nien.
Cd dig ndi. Tan Vi$t each mang Dang da chuyen hda tii mOt td chiic yeu nudc tiidnh mdt td chiic cdng sdn. Dd la kgt qua ciia qua tiinh van dpng each mang, sir truygn bd va tiep nhdn chu nghia Mac-Lgnin vao phong trao yeu nudc d Viet Nam. Cudi ndm 1929, Tan Viet each mangDing ddi tiianh Ddng Duang cdng sin Lien doin, mdt
ttong ba td chiic tidn thdn ciia Ddng Cpng san Viet Nam. Tuy rdng, Idnh m Nguyen Ai Qudc khdng true tiep thdnh lap va lanh dao Tan Vi$t.
nhung nhigu can bO da dugc Ngudi true tigp giang day, ttd vg Trung Ky boat ddng, nir tiianh nhung ngudi lanh dao cdch mang tai ba nhir Tran Phii, Hd Huy Tap, Nguygn Thi Mmh Khai, Phan Ddng Luu... Hon nua, todn bd nhiing quan digm Iy ludn cdch mang ciia ehii nghla Mac - Lenin do Nguyln Ai Qudc soan thao, da dugc hpc tap, nghien ciiu va van dyng ttong thuc tign phong ttao each mang d Trung Ky. Cd thg ndi, tu tudng, dudng ldi each mang do lanh hi Nguygn Ai Qudc khdi xudng va truygn bd dd duoc chuygn tai ve day tu rat sdm. Do dd, da khoi day ngpn liia each mang ttong nhdn dan, ddng vien, thuc giyc hp tham gia cdeh mang, Idt dd dch thdng tri cua thuc dan, phong kign. Digu dd Iy gidi tai sao khu vuc midn Trung, ttong dd cdc tinh Nghe An - Ha Tinh dd sdm ttd thdnh trung tam cdeh mang ttong nhung ndm dau thap nign ba muoi ciia thg k^ XX.
Khi phong ttdo each mang ttong nudc (1930 -1931), dinh cao la Xd vigt Nghe - Tinh nd ra, lanh ty Nguygn Ai Qudc dang d nudc ngodi (Tnmg Qudc). Ngirdi khdng chi dao phong trdo nhung Ngudi ludn theo ddi sdt dign bign eiia phong trao, ndm rd cdc cudc dau tranh cua timg dia phuang cua Nghd An - Ha Tmh. Khi ndi ve cac cudc bieu tinh eiia ndng dan Nam Dan, Thanh Chuang, lanh ty Nguygn Ai Qudc da migu td cy thg ndi dung dau tranh: "Trong liic bigu tinh, 3 nghin ndng dan Nam Dan dd vdy chat van phdng vien quan huyen, phd nha til va giai thodt tii nhdn. 6 Thanh Chuang, 20 nghm ngudi da tham gia vao cudc bieu tmh cua ndng ddn"'"'. Ddc biet, khi chinh quyen thuc dan, phong kidn chuan bi luc luang dg dan dp, khiing bd phong trao cdch mang, Nguygn Ai
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Qudc dd viet bdi: "Phong ttao each mang a Ddng Duong", ttong dd, Ngudi cdnh bdo:
"Chinh quygn Phdp oDdng Duong dang chudn hi rdo ridt mdt chign dich khiing bd ndng dan Ngh§ An ndi chung va ndng ddn Thanh Chuong ndi rieng"'^'. Ngudi keu gpi ede Iuc lugng edeh m ^ g va tign bO tten thd gidi iing hd phong ttdo ddu ttanh ciia nhan ddn Vidt Nam: "Hdi nhiing ngudi cdng nhdn va ndng dan toan thg gidl!
Nhiing ngirdi anh em! Hdy giup dd edng nhdn vd ndng dan Ddng Duang, nhiing ngudi dang dau ttanh chong chu nghia de qude Phdp!"'^'.
Sau khi cdc cudc bieu tinh, ddu ttanh cda nhan dan Nghe -Iliih bi thuc dan Phdp dan dp ddm mau, lanh tu Nguydn Ai Qudc da td cdo tdi dc da man cua chinh quygn thuc dan: "Dg quoc Phdp khiing bd phong ttdo ndng dan du dpi chua tung thay. Nhu d Nghd An chi ttong mdt cupc bigu tinh d phii Himg Nguyen, mdy bay thd bom gigt chdt 171 ndng dan. 6 Thanh Chuang (mdt huyen khdc d Nghe An), 103 ngirdi hi bdn chgt ttong mdt lue. Rigng tinh Nghe An dd ed 393 ngudi hi gidt ttong 7 cupc bieu tinh, nhigu ldng dd bi tiiet ha va ddt tiiii"'^'".
Trudc tinh hinh khiing bd tidng ciia dich ddi vdi nhdn dan Nghe - Ttnh, Nguygn Ai Qudc gui thu cho dai dien Ban Chdp hanh Qudc te Cong san (6 Thupng Hai), neu rd: "Khiing bd ttdng dang hodnh hanh dii dpi. Nhigu ba con ndng ddn bi hy smh, nhigu chi bd hi phd vd, da sd cdc ddng chi chiing ta hi bdt vd gdp khd khan nghiem ttpng""". Ngudi de nghi Qudc te Cgng san vd cae td ehiie true thuOc, cdc Dang anh em, giai edp cdng nhan the gidi quan tam han nira tdi phong ttao cdch mang Viet Nam, giiip dd ve tinh than va v^t chat, lam hau thudn viing ehde cho cupc ddu ttanh ciia nhan ddn Ddng Duong ndi chung va nhdn dan Nghg Tinh ndi ridng.
Nguygn Ai Qude viet: "Nhiem vy cap thiet cua
giai cap vd san thd gidi - ddc biet la giai cap vd san Phap - Id ehia ban tay hiJU nghi anh em va giup dd tdi Ddng Duong, de ehiing td tinh doan kdt thue su va tich cue cua hg, Ddng Duong bi dp biie va each mang can dieu dy!""^'. Cu the, Ngudi ygu cau Qudc tg Cdng san: "Nay can thidt phai giiip ede ddng chi tu nude ngodi; ttude hgt chiing ta phai: Ra Idi hieu trieu keu ggi vd sdn qude tg vd qudn ehiing Ddng Duong. Higu tii^u dd cd thg cd vu qudn chung va Iam cho hg dn dinh lai""^'; va: "Chiing tdi khan thidt yeu cau cdc ddng chi ldm nhiing viec cd thg dupe dg gjup dd cac nan nhan cua cupc dan dp ddm mdu. Dg nghi cho bidt ngay chiing tdi phdi Idm ^ va cdc ddng chi cd thg ldm gi giup hp thdng qua td chiic Qudc te ciru tg do""*'.
Nhdm cd vu, dpng vien nhdn dan Nghe Tinh giii viing tmh than each mang, tidp tuc dau ttanh, khdng sg hdi trudc hanh ddng khiing bd da man vd cae thu doan dy dd ciia dich, Nguygn Ai Qudc da vigt bdi Nghe Tmh Dd, ca nggi truygn thdng anh dung, kien cudng ciia nhan dan Nghe Tinh: "Bom dan, siing may, ddt nha, ddn binh,...
tuygn truyen cua ehinh phii, bdo ehi... ddu bdt luc khdng dap tdt ndi phong ttdo each mang cua Nghe - Tlnh""^'. Ddi vdi phong ttao cdch mang ttong nudc, lanh ty Nguygn Ai Qudc yeu cdu Trung uang Dang phat ddng ddu ttanh rdng khdp ttong ca nudc, ung hg phong trao ddu tranh ciia nhdn ddn Nghe Tinh va "chia liia" vdi Nghe Imh. Theo y kidn ciia Ngirdi, Trung uong Dang dd ra Thdng do giii den eae dia phuong ttong ca nudc, keu gpi thp thuyen, dan cay, binh hnh Hen hiep dau ttanh bao ve cdng ndng Nghe An vdi khau hieu "Khdng dugc ddng tdi cdng ndng Nghe An""^'. Thuc hien ldi keu gpi cua Ddng, mdt lan sdng dau ttanh iing hd Xd viet Nghe - Tinh bung len a khdp ba mign Bdc - Trung - Nam, Idm cho dieh phai liing tiing ddi
LfLUAN CHfNH TR|-So 10/2020
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NHANVAT-SI;KI£Nphd, qua do phan nao da "chia Iiia" vdi nhdn ddn NgheTMi.
Cimg vdi viec Ign dn, td eao tdi dc cua thue dan Phdp khung bo ttdng hdt siic da man ddi vdi nhan dan Nghe Tinh; keu gpi iing hd Xd vidt Nghe - TTnh... lanh ty Nguyln Ai Qudc dd gui thu cho Ban Chdp hanh Tnmg uong Dang, gdp y ve nhimg nhung sai lam ttong cdng tdc chi dao, dae biet Id ban chg ciia Xii uy Trung Ky khi dua ra nhirng khau hieu mang tinh "ta khuynh", giao dieu ve xac dinh ddi tugng cdeh mang'^^'. Ngudi ygu cau cdc cap iiy Dang edn tdng cudng edng tdc xdy dung Dang; phdt trien Iuc lugng cdch mang, nhat la phat trien eae td chiic doan thg quan chiing nhu Cdng hdi Dd, Ndng hdi Dd...
MJc dii chl tdn tai ttong thdi gian ngdn, do sir ddn dp khdc hf t ciia chinh quyen thuc dan va nhieu nguyen nhan khdeh quan, ehii quan khdc, nhung Cao trao each mangXd vidt Nghe - Tinh da khdng dinh siic manh ciia quan ehiing edng - ndng; ciia lien mmh edng - ndng dudi su lanh dao eiia Dang. Vg van de nay, Hd Chi Mmh da khdng dinh: "Ngay tir khi mdi ra ddi, Dang dd td chiic vd Idnh d^o mdt phong ttdo quan ehung Idn manh xua nay chua tCmg cd d nudc ta - phong trio Xd viit Nghe - Tmh nam J930""»'.
Tuih thdn hy sinh anh diing, y chi qudt cudng ciia nhdn dan ta ttong Cao ttao cdch mang Xd viet Nghe - Tinh dd de Iai nhiing bai hpe thdnh cdng vd chua thanh edng vd cimg quy bdu eho Dang ta. Ddnh gid vg y nghia va anh hudng cila Cao ttao edch mangXdvidt Nghe - Ttnh (1930- 1931), ttong 11 ky niem 30 ndm thdnh lap Dang, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da vigt: "Tuy de qudc Phdp da dap tdt phong ttao dd ttong mdt bign mdu, nhung Xdviet Nghe - Ttnh da chiing td tinh tiian oanh Udt va nang luc cdeh mang cua nhan dan lao ddng Viet Nam. Phong trao my that bai
nhung nd rdn luydn lue lupng eho cuOc Cach mang Thdng Tdm tiidng Ipi sau nay""" "1
(1) Nhung hdi vign sang lap Hoi Phyc Viet la nhiing vdn than, si phu, tri tiiiic d cac tinh Nghg An, Hd Tinh, Thanh Hda... gom c6: Ngd Diic Ke, Le Vdn Huan, Tran Dinh Thanh (die Trdn Mdng B^ch), Ngg Diic Dign (em mgt nha each mang Ngd Diic Kg), Dang Thai Thu (con cy Ddng Thiic Hiia), Nguygn SI Sdch, Tdng That Cy, Le Duy Diem, Trdn Phu, Trdn Van Tdng, Tdn Quang Phigt, Ddng Thai Thuygn (con ttai cu Ddng Thai Than), Ha Huy Tap...
(2) Hdi Phuc Viet tiianh I^p 14-7-1925; dgn ndm 1926, ddi ten tiianh HungNam; dau ndm 1927, Hdi Hung Nam ddi tgn thanh Vi$t Nam cich m9ng Dang, dgn thdng 7-1928, ddi thdnh Tan \^$tcidi mang Ding (gpi tdt la Tan Viet); thdng 12-1929, ddi thanh Dong Duong cdng sin Li§n doin.
(3), (4) Lui Macty (Louis Marty): Tan Vi$t Cach m^gDing, tt.l46,142 (Tai Ueu dich ciia Nguygn Ngpe Cu; Phdng tu Ueu Vien Hd Chi Minh vd cdc Idnh tu cua Ddng, ky hieu: NC/19
(5) Do ddng chl Le Duy Digm dan dudng.
(6) Tran Huu Chuong: Mpf soy Men vi Tan Vi$t each mang Dang va Dong Duong cgng san Li6n doan (Tdi lieu Ban Nghifin ciiu Lich sii Ddng Trung uong, tr.2. Luu tai \^en Hd Chi Minh vd cdc lanh tu cua Dang).
(7), (8). (9). (10), (11), (12), (13), (14), (15) H6 Chl Minh: Toan tap, t 3 , Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha N0i, 2011, tt.55, 57, 57,63. 84,69, 84,59,81.
(16) DCSVN: Van Men Dang Toan tip, t.2, Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 2002, U-.59.
(17) Trong Cao trao Xd vigt Nghe - Tinh, dua ra khdu hieu: "Tri, Phu, Dia, Hdo, dao tan gdc, trdc tan rl".
(18), (19) Hd Chi Mink Toan tap. t l 2 , Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia, Hd Npi. 2011. tt.407,407-408.
LYLUANCHINH TRI-So 10/2020
