BANH GIA TIXH HIXH PHLIT SIKH GAY ILAI, BEEN PHAP PHONG TRlT MOT SO LOAI SAU ILAI CHINH
TREN RAU HO HOA THAP TlT THEO HU'ONG \TETGAP
• • •
TAI LONG BEEN, ILA NOI, 2009
Nguyin Van Thuan ', Ha Quang Hung ^ '. Chi cue Bdo ve thdc vdt Hd Npi
\ Khoa Nong hpc, DH Nong nghiep Hd NQI
ABSTRACT
Studies Were conducted at Giang Bien (Long Bien district, H a Noi capital) from Pebruary 2009 to May 2009 in order to investigate on t h e species of insect pest, natural enemies on vegetable growing by VietGAP.Studying results shown that 22 species of insect pest have been detected in t h e period 2/2009-5/2009 in Giang Bien, Long Bien, H a Noi, Of Which 7 species are key pest a n d 15 species are secondary pest. 27 n a t u r a l enemies of key insect pests.
The population dynamics of plutella xylostella, pieris r a p a e , spodoptera litura, were relatived with developing stages of vegetables growing by VietGAP.
The use IPM program had fewer adverse effects on n a t u r a l enemies, particular- ly the parasitoids
I. Md DAU
Trong nhUng n a m gan day, n e n k i n h te cua nUde t a ndi chung. Ha Ndi ndi rieng dang t r e n da t a n g trudng va p h a t t r i e n , ddi sdng n h a n d a n n g a y cang dUdc nang cao. Nhu cau ve rau xanh dam bao chat lugng ve sinh a n t o a n thgc p h a m trong cac bUa a n h a n g ngay ciing t a n g len rd ret, da trd n e n c a n t h i e t vdi n h i e u ngUdi tieu dung thu dd. - ;
De dap irng nhu cau cua ngudi tieu dijng, nhieu dia phuong cd sdr ngoai thanh H a Ndi da dua vao s a n xuat nhieu gid'ng rau qua mdi cd n a n g suat, c h a t lUdng cao va khdng ngCrng t a n g vu, t a n g dien tich cung n h u dau tU t h a m c a n h nhkm tang n a n g suat eac loai rau.
Viec ap dung quy t r i n h thgc h a n h n d n g n g h i e p td't cho rau qua tuoi an toan tai Viet Nam (VietGAP) la xu hudng t a t yeu, phd h g p t r o n g giai doan h i e n nay. Tuy n h i e n cung n h u phuong thufc s a n xuat t r u y e n thdng, eac vu rau dUOe t r d n g gdi nhau lien tge trong n a m de t a n g he sd' quay vdng dat da tao dieu k i e n t h u a n lgi cho sau b e n h p h a t sinh ngay cang gia t a n g , viec p h d n g trir sau b e n h cua n d n g d a n gap rat nhieu khd k h a n , dac biet t r e n rau ho hoa t h a p tg.
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N h a m n a n g cao hieu qua phdng t r d cac ddi tuong sau hai, t d n g budc n h a n ra dien rong trong thgc t i i n s a n xuat, chung tdi thgc h i e n de t a i tai phudng Giang Bien, Long Bien, Ha Ndi tCr t h a n g 2/2009 den t h a n g 5/2009.
II. PHadNG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
1. D i e u tra t h a n h p h a n s a u h a i r a u HHTT s a n x u a t t h e o hiidng GAP Dieu t r a t h a n h p h a n , mdc do phd' bien sau h a i rau ho hoa t h a p t g duoc tien h a n h theo phuong p h a p dieu t r a t g do, ngau n h i e n va giam dinh chinh xac t h a n h p h a n cac loai sau hai.
2. D i e u tra tinh h i n h d i e n b i e n m a t dg, ty If hai cua m g t so' loai s a u chinh t r e n rau ho hoa thap tu" tai t h e o phiidng p h a p cua n g a n h quy dinh
Dieu t r a dinh ky 7 ngay /lan. Mdi yeu td dieu t r a 10 diem n g i u n h i e n t r e n dudng cheo cua khu vgc dieu tra.
3. Thi n g h i f m m f t so b i f n p h a p p h d n g c h o n g s a u hai r a u trong s a n x u a t rau theo VietGAP Giang B i e n - Long B i e n
- Cdng thdc I: Phun thudc hoa hoc: Lga chon cac loai thudc hoa hoe dac hieu de xd ly.
- Cdng thufc II: Phdng trir tdng hgp theo VietGAP: Tuy theo mdc do sau hai va giai doan sinh trUdng eua cay t r d n g de lga chon cac bien phap xuf ly thich hgp trong sd' eac bien phap: thu cdng, bSy pheromone gidi tinh, sd dung thudc BVTV cd ngudn gdc sinh hoc.
Moi cdng thdc thi nghiem bd' tri 1 lan khdng nhac lai. Dien tich cac cdng thdc nhu sau:
- Cdng thdc I: 1.800m' (5 sao Bac Bd).
- Cdng thufc II: 720m' (2 sao Bac Bd).
Gida cdng thdc I va cdng thdc II each nhau khoang 100 m e t de dam bao du khdng gian each ly cho viec sd dung bay trong phdng t r d sau h a i .
III. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN
1. T h a n h p h a n va mu'c d f p h o b i e n c u a s a u h a i chinh t r e n r a u ho hoa thap ti^ theo hufdrng VietGAP
Qua k e t qua dieu t r a va p h a n loai chdng tdi da thu t h a p dugc trong vg rau Ddng - Xuan tai diem nghien cdu cd 22 loai sau hai thudc 7 bo va 14 ho k h a c nhau. Ket qua dieu t r a t h a n h p h a n va mdc do pho bien eua sau h a i chinh t r e n rau ho hoa thap tg dugc t r i n h bay tai B a n g 1.
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Bang 1 . Thanh phan va mu'c dp pho bien cua cac loai sau hai tren rau HHTT san xuS'ttheo GAP tai Giang Bien - Long Bien - Ha Noi
n
Ten loaiTen Viet Nam Bd Coleopiera
1 2 3 4
Bo nhay den Bo nhay soc thing Bo nhay spc cong Ban mieu khoang vang
Ten khoa hoc
Colaphellus bowringi Baly Phyllotreta rectilinaeta Chen Phyllotreta striolala Fabr Mylabris phalerate Pallas
Ho
Chrysomelidae Chrysomelidae Chrysomelidae Meloidae
Miic do pho bien
+ 1
+ ~2\
+++
+ Bo DIptera
5 Doi dye la Liriomyza sativae Blanchard Agromyzidae ++
Bg Hemiptera 6
7 8
Bo xit van
Bp xit xanh vai vang Bo xit gai nau
Eurydema pulchra West Neraza torquata Fabr.
Cletus trigonus Thunberg
Pentatomidae Pentatomidae Pentatomidae
+ + + Bp Homopiera
9 10 11
Rep xam R?p dao Bo phan
Brevicoryne brassicae L.
Myzus persicae Sulz.
Bemisia tabaci Kuway
Aphididae Aphididae Aleurodidae
+++
+ + Bo Hymenoptera
12 Ong la cai Athalia rosea japanensis Rh. Tenthredinidae +
Bp Lepidoptera 13
14 15 16 17 18 19
Sau rom nau Sau xam Sau do xanh Sau khoang Sau xanh da lang Sau xanh budm trang Sau to
Amsacta lactinea Cramer Agrotis ypsilon Rott.
Anomis flava Fabr Spodoptera litura Fabr.
Spodoptera exigua Hubner Pieris rapae Linnaeus Plutella xylostella Linneaus
Arctiidae Noctuidae Noctuidae Noctuidae Noctuidae Pieridae yponomeutidae
+ + ++
+++
+ +++
+++
Bg Orthoptera 20
21 22
Cao cao nho De dOi Chau chau
Atractomorpha chiensis Boi.
Gryllotalpa orientalis Burm Oxya chinensis Thunberg
Acrididae Gryllotalpidae Acrididae
+ + + Ghi chu: +++.' rat phd bien (tan suat bit gap > 50%)
++: pho bien (tan suat bat gap 25 - 50%) +: it pho bien (tan suat bat gap 5 - 25%)
2. D i e n b i e n m a t d f ciia m f t so doi tu'tfng s a u h a i c h i n h t r e n r a u HHTT vu D o n g - Xuan n a m 2008 - 2009
^ T h a n h p h a n cac loai sau h a i t r e n rau ho hoa t h a p t g r a t phong phu', tuy nhien t a n xuat xuat h i e n cung n h u sg gay h a i cua cac loai la r a t k h a c nhau. Ket qua dieu tra tai vung s a n xuat rau an t o a n theo h u d n g GAP - Giang Bien - Long Bien cho t h a y t r e n rau ho hoa t h a p t g t h u d n g xuyen xuat h i e n mot sd ddi t u g n g sau hai chinh, gay a n h hudng d a n g ke tdi n a n g suat cay rau nhU: sau to, sau khoang, sau xanh budm t r i n g , bo n h a y , soc cong, r e p mudi...
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2.1 Diin bien mat do gdy hai ctia sau ta (Plutella xylostella) tren cai bdp, sup Id
Bang 2. Diin bien mat do cua sau tof tren cai ba'p, sup lo tai Giang Bien - Long Bien.
vu Dong Xuan nam 2008-2009
Ch] tieu TGOT
7 NST 14 NST 21 NST 28 NST 35 NST 42 NST 49 NST 56 NST 63 NST 70 NST 77 NST
Sau ttf (con/m^) Trung binh
0 2,0 3,6 4,4 4,8 5,1 5,4 6,2 7,1 8,4 10,1
Cao 0 2,2 4,3 6,5 7,0 8,5 8,7 9,2 12,0 15,5 18,3 Ghi chu: TGOT: thdi gian dieu tra; NST: ngay sau trong
Qua ket qua dieu tra chung tdi sau to xuat hien tren ddng rupng la nhan thay sg phat sinh mat do sau to thap, sg gay hai tren ddng ruong tren xuat hien khi cay cai b i p , sup lo sau trong 14, 21 ngay vdi m a t do thap va tang dan qua eac ky dieu tra, sg thay ddi la khdng rd ret. Ket qua dieu t r a cho ddng nghia vdi sg tang dan sau to td thang 11 nam trUde va dat dinh cao m a t do vao thang 2 nam sau (cay bude vao giai doan cudn bap). Tuy nhien mat do sau to xuat hien tren ddng ruong la thap, sg gay hai tren ddng ruong t r e n rau la khdng dang ke. Nguyen n h a n la do t r a n mUa lam ngap toan bd dien tich rau dau t h a n g 11 lam ngudn tich luy sau to tren ddng ruong giam.
2.2. Diin bien mat do gdy hai cda sdu xanh biicfm trdng (Pieris rapae) tren cdi bdp, Slip Icf
Bing 3. Diin bien mat flg ciia sau xanh bu'iJm tra'ng tren cai bip, sijp lof tai Giang Bien - Long Bien, vu Dong Xuan nam 2008-2009
Ch] tieu TGDT
7 NST 14 NST 21 NST 28 NST 35 NST 42 NST 49 NST 56 NST 63 NST 70 NST 77 NST
Sau xanh biTiSm trSng (con/m^) Trung binh
0 0 0.2 0,4 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.3 1,5
Cao 0 0 0,3 0,5 0.8 1,0 1.7 2,1 2,1 2.3 2,5 Ghi chu: TGDT: thdi gian dieu tra; NST: ngay sau trong
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Qua k e t qua dieu t r a chdng tdi n h a n t h a y sg p h a t sinh m a t dp sau xanh birdm t r i n g xuat h i e n khi cay cai b i p , sup lo sau t r d n g 14, 21 ngay vdi m a t dp thap va t a n g d a n qua cac ky dieu tra, sg t h a y ddi la k h d n g rd ret. Ket qua dieu tra cho ddng nghia vdi sg t a n g dan cua sau xanh budm t r i n g t d t h a n g 11 n a m trudc va d a t dinh cao m a t dp vao t h a n g 2 n a m sau (cay budc vao giai doan cudn bip). Tuy n h i e n m a t dp sau xanh budm t r i n g xuat h i e n t r e n ddng rupng la tha'p, sg gay hai t r e n ddng rupng t r e n rau la khdng d a n g ke. Nguyen n h a n la do t r a n mUa lam ngap toan bd dien tich rau dau t h a n g 11 l a m ngudn tich luy sau x a n h bUdm t r i n g giam.
2.3. Dien bien mat dg cua sdu khoang (Spodoptera litura) tren cdi bdp, sup to
Bang 4. Diin bien m§t dp cua sau khoang (Spodoptera litura) tren cai bap, sup lof tai Giang Bien, Long Bien, vu Dong - Xuan n^m 2008 - 2009
Ch] tIeu TGOT
7 NST 14 NST 21 NST 28 NST 35 NST 42 NST 49 NST 56 NST 63 NST 70 NST 77 NST
Sau khoang (con/m^) Trung binh
0 0 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,5 0,6 0,8 1,1 1,3 1,5
Cao 0 0 0,3 0,4 0,6 0,9 1,1 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,5 Ghi chU: TGDT: thdi gian dieu tra; NST: ngay sau trdng
Qua ket qua dieu t r a chung tdi n h a n t h a y xuat h i e n va p h a t sinh gay hai cua t r e n cay cai b i p sau trdng 14 va 21 ngay ddi vdi sau k h o a n g t a n g d a n qua cac ky dieu tra, sg t h a y ddi la khdng rd ret. Nguyen n h a n sg x u a t h i e n mudn eua ddi tUcfng n a y t r e n rau t h a p tg ndi chung va cai b i p ndi r i e n g la do t r a n mUa l a m ngap toan bd dien tich rau dau t h a n g 11 lam ngudn tich luy sau k h o a n g t r e n ddng rupng giam.
Tuy n h i e n khi xuat hien, sau khoang p h a t sinh vdi m a t dp t a n g d a n song gay hai khdng dang ke.
2.4. Dien bien mat do cua bo nhay soc cong tren cdi bdp, sdp lot
Bang 5. Diin bien mat do ciia bg nhay sgc cong (P. strioiata) tren cai bdp, sup lof tai Giang Bien, Long Bien, vu Dong - Xuan nSm 2008-2009
Chi tieu TGDT
7 NST 14 NST 21 NST 28 NST
Bg nhiy (cSy bi hai) Trung binh
0 2,0 3,6 4,4
Cao 0 4,2 7.3 10,5
Ca'p hai _ 1 1 1
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Chi tieu TGDT
35 NST 42 NST 49 NST 56 NST 63 NST 70 NST 77 NST
Trung binh 4,8 5,1 5,8 8,2 10,1 13,4 15,1
Bo nhay (cay bi hai) Cao 12,0 13,5 13,7 15,2 20,0 22,5 28,3
Ca'p hai 1 . 1 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 Ghi chu: TGDT: thdi gian dieu tra; NST: ngay sau trong
Qua k e t qua dieu t r a chung tdi n h a n t h a y xua't h i e n va p h a t sinh gay hai cua bp nhay spc cong t r e n cay cai b i p sau t r d n g 14 va 21 ngay t a n g d a n qua eac ky dieu tra, sg thay ddi la khdng rd ret. Nguyen n h a n sg xuat h i e n mudn cua hai ddi tugng nay t r e n rau t h a p tg ndi chung va cai b i p ndi rieng la do t r a n mUa lam ngap toan bp dien tich rau dau t h a n g 11 l a m ngudn tich luy bp n h a y spc cong t r e n ddng rupng giam . Tuy n h i e n khi xuat hien, ca ddi tUgng n a y p h a t sinh vdi m a t dp t a n g dan song gay h a i khdng dang ke.
3. K e t q u a t h i n g h i f m d o n g r u f n g so s a n h , d a n h gia h i f u q u a c u a c a c b i f n p h a p p h o n g trxi s a u b f n h k h a c n h a u
* Hieu qua k i n h te' cua cac cdng thdc:
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 NST NST NST NST NST NST NST NST NST NST NST
Ngdy sau trdng
—»—S.1u to (cun/iTi2) . « - SSu xanh buorn trlngi
(coa'm2)
Sau khojnij (coii/rn2) Bo nhay (cny tJi h^i)
Bang 6. So sanh nSng sua't va hieu qua kinh te' cf cac cong thiJc
Cong thii'c Bi$n phap hoa hgc Bi?n phap PTTH
Chi phi BVTV (fl/ha) 4.458.500 4.815.500
Nang suat kg/ha 48.860 50.520
Tong thu iJ/ha Trir chi phi BVTV d/ha 97.720.000
101.040.000
95.261.500 96.224.500
Nhu vay k h i d a n h gia hieu qua cua cac bien p h a p phdng t r d sau hai t r e n cay cai b i p tai diem n g h i e n cdu cho chdng tdi thay: viec ap dgng bien phap quan l y tong hop trong phdng t r d sau hai rau da the h i e n hieu qua ky thuat, kinh te, xa hdi va mdi trudng r a t tdt.
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IV. KET LUAN
1. Thanh phan sau hai tren rau HHTT vu Ddng xuan 2008 - 2009 tai Giang Bien - Long Bien rat phong phu. Qua ket qua dieu tra va thu thap mau da xac dinh dagc 22 loai sau hai thudc 7 bd va 14 hp khac nhau; xac dinh duge 27 loai thien dich thudc 5 bd va 14 hp.
2. Da nghien cdu diin bien phat sinh bie'n ddng mat dp eua sau hai tren rau HHTT tai vung san xuat rau theo hudng GAP. Ket qua cho tha'y diln bien cua cac ddi tugng sau hai kha phdc tap, tuy nhien mdc dp phat sinh gay hai d mdc do nhe.
Nguyen nhan do tran mUa gay ngap lut, chet toan bd dien tich rau tren dia ban, sau hai chet theo.
3. Ket qua thi nghiem ddng rupng chi rd: Bien phap phdng trd tdng hgp co hieu qua kinh te cao tuong duong cdng thdc hoa hpc, dam bao an toan cho san pham, bao ve thien dich va mdi trUdng sinh thai.
TAi LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bd mdn cdn trung (2004). Giao trinh edn trung hpc chuyen khoa. Nha xuat ban Ndng nghiep Ha Ndi.
2. Bd Ndng nghiep & PTNT (2006). Quyet dinh sd 4094QD/BNN-KHCN ngay 29/12/2006 ve "Quy dinh ve phuong phap dieu tra phat hien sinh vat hai rau hp thap tg".
3. Bd Ndng nghiep Va PTNT (2008), Danh muc thudc BVTV dugc phep sd dung, han che sd dung va cam sd dung d Viet Nam, Nha xuat ban Ndng nghiep, Ha Noi.
4. Chi cue BVTV Ha Ndi (2002). Bao cao ket qua de tai khoa hoc "Tim hieu quy luat phat sinh gay hai cua sau benh chinh tren rau xuan he, cac gid'ng dUa leo va xay dgng quy trinh phdng trd tdng hgp".
5. Dudng Hdng Dat (2007). Sau benh hai rau va bien phap phdng trd. Nha Xuat ban Ndng nghiep Ha Ndi.
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