THlfC HliN, CHJ(M DUTT HOP DONG LAO DONG THEO BO LUAT LAO DONG NAM 2012 Tdi QUYDINH DEN NHAN T H Q C V A T H I / C HIEN
T
liirc hien hgp dong lao dpng la sir ti6p noi CO tinh tat yeu khi hgp dong iao dpng dugc cac ben giao ket.'"' Qua trinh thirc hi?n hgp dong lao d6ng la sir hien thirc hoa quy6n va lgi ich hgp phap cua cac ben trong quan he lao dpng. CJ phuong di?n nao do, lgi ich ciia cac ben trong quan h? lao dong co nhieu diem dfii lap nhau. Song xet tong quat toan bp qua trinh lao dong, quyen lpi cua cac ben chi co dugc khi quan he lao dpng diSn ra on dinh, hai hoa, trSn co sir sir hieu bi^t, ton trpng lan nhau. Do do, trong qua trinh thuc hi^n hgp dong iao dpng, cac chii the can phai thyrc hien dung, day du cac cam ket dong thai tao dieu kien de ben kia thuc hien hgp d6ng tren ca sd cua nguyen tAc thien chi, ngay tinh. Trong Bp luat lao dpng nSm 2012 {BLLD nam 2012), thuc hien hgp dong lao dOng dugc quy dinh tai muc 2, tir Dieu 30 ddn Di^u 34. Day la ngi dung it dirge sua doi, bo sung nhat trong Chuang hgp dong lao dpng, xet vk goc dO noi dung dieu luat. Tuy nhien, co nhihig chinh sira sS dan den cac thay d6i can ban hanh vi phap li cua cac ben khi thuc hien hgp d6ng lao dpng so vai quy dinh ciia BLLD nam 1994 (sua d6i, b6 sung cac nam 2002, 2006, 2007).Cham dut hgp d6ng lao dpng la su kien phdp li CO tinh ph6 bi^n va khach quan
PGS.TS. NGUYiNHUU CHI*
ThS. BOI THI KIM NGAN **
trong quan he hgp dong lao dpng. Cham dut hgp dong lao dpng co the hgp phap hoac bat hgp phap song noi chung deu la su ket thuc quan he lao dpng. Trong mpt so trucmg hgp, cham diit hgp dong lao dpng anh huong den viec lam, thu nhap, cupc song ciia nguoi lao dpng tham chi gia dinh ciia hp; gay xao trpn lao dpng trong dan vi va co the gay thiet hai cho nguoi sii dung lao dpng. Trong cac sir kien phap li lien quan den hgp dong lao dpng thi cham dut hgp dong lao dpng dugc quan tam tir nhieu phia: Lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap va cac chti the true tiep trong quan he lao dpng. Thuc tien thuc hi$n, ap dung BLLD nam 1994 (siia doi, bo sung cac nam 2002, 2006, 2007) cho thiy day la npi dung con nhieu bat cap, mau thuan va chong cheo. BLLD nam 2012 quy djnh ve cham dut hgp dong lao dpng tai muc 3, tir Dieu 35 den Dieu 43, vai nhieu thay d6i ca ve cau tnic, hinh thiic cung nhu npi dung phap luat, voi tu tuong phap Ii la tang cucmg va doi moi quan Ii nha nuoc v^ lao dong dong thai ton trpng quy^n thuong lugng, tir dinh doat cua cac ben trong quan he lao dpng.
* Khoa phap luat kinh tk, Tru6ng Dai hpc LuSt H i Noi
* * Oiang vien chinh Khoa Iu$t dan sv Tni6ng Dai hgc Luat ThAnh ph6 H6 Chi Minh
TAP CHf LUAT HOC s 6 8/2013
Tren ca so quy djnh ciia BLLD nam 2012 ve thuc hiSn, chdm diit hgp d6ng lao dpng, thong qua phan tich, binh luan, danh gia CO doi chieu, so sanh vcri th^rc trang quy dinh, ap dung BLLD nam 1994 (siia d6i, b6 sung cac nam 2002, 2006, 2007), bai vilt nay nham gop phan lam ro nhiing dilm moi cung nhu nhiing thach thiic khi thuc thi BLLD nam 2012 ve thirc hien, cham diit hgp dong lao dpng.
1. Thirc hien hgrp dong lao dong Ve nguyen tac, hgp dong lao dpng dugc thuc hien tren co sa ngi dung hgp ddng da giao ket. Vi the, cac quy dinh liSn quan d8n thuc hien hgp dong lao dpng trong BLLD thuang chi chu y den nhung su kien co tinh bat thuang khi thuc hien hgp dong lao dpng.
BLLD nam 2012 cung khong phai la ngoai le song so sanh vai BLLD nam 1994 (sua d6i, b6 sung 2002, 2006, 2007) co mpt s6 npi dung sau day can chu y:
1.1. Ve thuc hien cong viic theo hap dong lao dgng
Dilu 30 BLLD nam 2012 quy djnh:
"Cong viec theo hap dong lao ddng phdi do ngudi lao ddng da giao kit hap ddng thuc hien. Bia diem ldm viec dugc thiec hien theo hop dong lao dgng hoac theo thod thugn khac giUa hai ben". Quy dinh n6i tren co hai van de can luu y: Thd nhdt, viec thirc hien hgp dong lao dpng mang tinh dich danh, tiic la do nguoi lao dfing true tiep thuc hien, khong dugc dich chuyen cho nguai khac.
Dieu nay hen quan dfin ban chat va muc dich cua quan he lao dpng do luat lao dpng dieu chinh, tir do chi phfii den nfii dung quyen va nghTa vu lao dpng cua hai ben trong quan he
lao dpng. Tuy nhien, khong phai bao gia viec ap dung phap lu$t de giai quyfit hau qua ciing de dang thfing nhat neu co nhimg sir kien phap li nay sinh, khi co sir dich ehuyfin quyin va nghTa vu lao dpng giira nhiing nguai lao dfing ma viec tuan thu yeu cau quan li la khfing ro rang.* Thu hai, ve dja diem lam viec, cac ben co trach nhiem thuc hien theo hgp dong lao dfing da giao ket. Day la van dl CO tinh nguyen tac de bao ve nguoi lao dpng. Tuy nhien, ciing phai thay rang viec chi thuc hien hgp dong lao dgng tai dia diem da kl ket tir khi bat dau den khi ket thiic nhieu khi khong phu hgp vai dien bien cua quan he lao dpng va tinh hinh san xuat, kinh doanh ciia doanh nghiep. Vi vay, su thay dfii dia diem lam viec la nhu cau khach quan cua hai ben trong qua trinh lao dpng, nhat la tir phia nguai sii dung lao dpng. Thuc tien thirc hien hgp dfing lao dpng a nhieu don vi sii d\mg lao dfing trong thoi gian qua cho thay viec thay dfii dia diem lam viec cua ngucri lao dpng la kha phfi bien. Cho du tranh chap ve van de nay it xay ra nhung khfing co nghTa la hanh vi cua nguoi su dung lao dfing (thuofng dugc sii dung bang thuat ngii nhu dieu dpng, thuyen chuyen...) la diing phap luat, qua do chung ta ciing phat hien sir bat hgp li ciia phdp luat lao dpng khi quy dinh ve npi dung nay.'^' Dap iing nhu cdu noi tren, BLLD nam 2012 da quy djnh cu the, ro rang hem ve van de nay so vai BLLD nam 1994 (sira dfii, bfi sung cac nam 2002,2006,2007), theo do dia diem lam vific cfi the khac voi dia diem da giao ket trong hgp dfing lao dOng. Thyrc chat day khfing phai la npi dung hodn todn mfii nhung ve nhan thiic, can luu
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 8/2013
NGHIEN ciru-TRAODOI
^ dja diem lam viec co thl dugc thay dfii theo sir thod thuan ciia hai ben, sir thay dfii ndy cfi the vd phdi dugc hiiu Id tnrdc hoac tai thdi difim xdy ra sir kien phap Ii cdn thay dfii, duoi cac hinh thiic phap li khac nhau nhu hgp dong lao dfing, phu luc hgp dfing lao dpng, thod uorc lao dfing tdp the...
1.2. Ngudi lao dgng ldm viic khong trgn thdi gian
Khodn 1 Dilu 34 BLLD ndm 2012 quy dinh: "Ngudi lao dgng ldm viec khong trgn thdi gian Id ngudi lao dgng cd thdi gian ldm viic ngdn hem so vdi thai gian Idm viec binh thudng theo ngdy hoac theo tudn dugc quy dmh trong phdp lugt ve lao dgng, thod udc lao dgng tap the doanh nghiep, thod udc lao dgng tap thi ngdnh hode quy dinh ciia ngudi sie dung lao dgng". Trong thuc te, do tinh chdt dac thu cua cfing viec nfin nhu cau sii dung lao dpng khfing trpn thdi gian khfing phdi la ca biet (cfing viec tap vu, Iao cfing, thu phi dich vu dien, nudc, dien thoai..., bdo duong may, lai xe...). Do phap luat lao dfing truoc day khfing quy dinh cu the ve vdn de ndy nen viec su dung lao dpng voi nhung dfii tugng nfii tren khd "liing tiing", phfi bien la cdc dan vi sii dung lao dpng ki hgp dfing dich vu vdi ngudi lao dpng nhung sii dung lao dfing nhu la dfii tugng lam hgp dfing lao dfing (thdi gid lam viec, tien luong, ylu tfi qudn li...), vi vay ddn din: 1) Ngudi lao dfing bi thiet thoi vfi quyfin lpi (khfing co bdo hilm xa hfii, bdo hifim y tfi, phiic lgi ciia doanh nghifip...); 2) Ngufii sii dung lao dfing khfing dp dung dugc cdc quy dinh ciia BLLD vai ngudi lao dpng khi sir dung hp lam viec, mSc du quan hfi iao dfing cua hg tuang tu
nhu hgp dfing lao dong. Sir ghi nhan ciia BLLD nam 2012 vl hgp dfing lao dfing lam viec khfing trpn thdi gian ciing voi nhiing yfiu cdu ve sir binh dang, khong phdn biet dfii xii voi dfii tugng lao dpng ndy da thuc su phiic ddp nhu cau nhifiu mat ciia thi trudng lao dfing ve tuyen dung vd sir dung lao dpng.
2. Cham dut hgrp dong lao dong 2.1. Cdc trudng hgp chdm diet hgp dong Iao dgng
Dilu 36 BLLD nam 2012 quy dinh cac trudng hgp chdm diit hgp dfing lao dfing.
Day la quy dinh vira mang tinh phdp dien hod, vua CO su bo sung quy djnh mai ve cham diit hgp dfing lao dfing. Theo do, tat cd cdc truoTig hgp cham diit hgp dong lao dfing dugc quy dinh trong mpt difiu ludt (Dieu 36) se tao dieu kien thuan tien cho mpi doi tugng quan tam tra ciiu vd tim hifiu.'^^'Tuy nhien, tir kinh nghiem thuc tifin quy dinh vd thuc hien phdp luat ve cham diit hgp dong lao dpng, vfi nhan thuc can luu y mpt so van de sau:
Thie nhdt, khodn 1 Difiu 36 quy dinh hgp dfing lao dpng chdm diit khi: "Hit hgn hap dong lao dgng, trie trudng hgp quy dinh lgi khodn 6 Diiu 192 cda Bg lugt ndy".
Khodn 6 Difiu 192 quy dinh: "Khi ngudi Iao dgng Id cdn bg cdng dodn khong chuyen trdch dang trong nhiem ki cong dodn md hit hgn hap ddng Iao dgng thi dugc gia hgn hop dong lao dgng da giao kit din hit nhi^m ki".
Day Id quy dinh mdi cua BLLD nam 2012 nhu la bien phap dam bdo cho cdn bfi cong dodn. Cho du ve mat phap li, quy dinh nay vi pham quyen dinh doat, thoa thuan ciia ngudi sir dung Iao d^ng trong quan he lao dpng.
Song do tinh chat chu the dgc biet cua dfii
TAP CHl LUAT HOC s 6 8/2013
! NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO OOI
tugng nay nen cha thiet phdi co quy dinh de bao ve hp. Ngoai ra, ddy khfing phdi Id vdn dl cd biet d Viet Nam md da dugc phap luat ctia mpt so quoc gia quy dinh.' Tuy nhien, quy dinh ndy can phai giai quyet trong sir hdi hod, phii hgp vdi cac quy dinh khde cua BLLD. Theo quy dinh tai Difiu 22 BLLD ndm 2012, hai ben chi dugc gia han mpt lan doi vdi hgp dong Iao dfing xac dinh thdi han, sau do neu ngudi lao dpng tiep tuc ldm vific thi phdi ki hgp dfing lao dpng khfing xdc dinh thdi h ^ . Theo do, ngudi lao dpng da lam viec 12 thang (hgp dong thir nhat), sau do ki tiep hgp dfing lao dpng vdi thdi han Id 24 thdng (hgp dfing thii hai). Sau khi lam hgp dong thii hai dugc 12 thdng, ngudi lao dpng dugc bau vdo ban chap hanh cfing dodn ca sd vai nhifim ki 2,5 nam (30 thang). Khi het han hgp dong lao dpng thii hai, theo quy dinh tai khodn 6 Dilu 192 BLLD nam 2012 thi ngudi su dung lao dpng phdi gia han hgp dfing lao dpng thdnh thdi han 42 thdng (24 thdng cfing voi 18 thdng) hoac la ki them hgp dfing lao dpng thir ba voi thdi han la 18 thang. Cd hai trudng hgp nay, neu theo quy dinh tai Dilu 22 BLLD ndm 2012 thi diu khfing diing phap luat vd co thfi bi coi la hgp dfing lao dpng khong xac dinh thoi han. Phdi chang rieng vdi can bp cfing dodn thi co thfi ki hgp dfing lao dpng co thdi han khac vai quy dinh tai Dilu 22 BLLD nam 2012?
Ngodi ra, khodn 1 Difiu 47 BLLD nam 2012: "It nhdt 15 ngdy truac ngdy hgrp dong lao dgng xdc dinh thdi hgn hit hgn, ngudi sic dung lao dgng phdi thong bdo bdng vdn bdn cho ngudi lao dgng biet thai diim chdm diet hgp ddng lao dgng". Nhu vay, thay cho nhan
thiic tir trude din nay la hgp dong lao dpng hit han dugc hiiu la duang nhifin chdm diit, cac ben khfing phdi thi^c hien cac thu tuc chdm diit thi viec quy dinh thdi han bao trude (15 ngay) cua ngudi sii dung lao dpng vai ngudi lao dpng khfing chi nham de cac bfin thl hien y chi ve viec cham diit hay tiep tuc quan he lao dfing (ki hgp dfing lao dfing mdi) ma con sdp xep thdi gian hgp li de thuc hien thii tuc thanh li hgp dong. Truong hpp ngudi su dung Iao dpng vi pham thdi han bao tnrdc nay, theo tdc gid se co hai each xii li nhu sau: 1) Vi pham thoi han bao truoc nhung van trong thdi gian co hifiu luc cua hpp dong lao dpng (yi du: Chi bao tnrdc 5 hoac 10 ngdy) thi hgp dfing lao dfing van cham diit (li do hfit han hgp dfing), trach nhifim ngudi sii dung lao dpng trong trudng hgp ndy la bi dp dung hinh thiic xir phat hanh chinh cho hdnh vi vi pham cua minh {vi du: Phat tien);
2) Vi pham thoi han bao trude nhung khi het han hgp dong lao dfing ngudi lao dpng van tiep tuc lam viee thl dp dung theo quy dinh tai khoan 2 Difiu 22 BLLD ndm 2012.
Thu hai, khodn 4 Dieu 36 BLLD nam 2012 quy dinh hgp dfing ehdm diit khi:
"Ngudi Iao dgng du dieu kiin vi thdi gian dong bdo hiim xa hgi vd tuoi hudng luang huu theo quy dinh lgi Diiu 187 cua Bg lugt ndy". Quy dinh nay nham bfi sung cho sir khilm khuyfit cua BLLD nam 1994 (siia dfii, bfi sung cac nam 2002, 2006, 2007).'^* Tuy nhien, ciing can luu y: 1) Day Id quy dinh the hien quyen vd nghia vu eua ca hai bfin. Tire la khi dii dieu kifin nghi huu thi ngudi lao dpng CO quyen dugc nghi vd yfiu eau ngudi sir dung lao dpng ban hanh quyet dinh ehdm dirt hpp
TAP C H ( L U A T HOC SO 8/2013
NGHIEN CLAJ - TRAO DOI I
dong lao dpng cho minh, dl ldm co sd thuc hi?n quyin bdo hiem xa h0i ve huu tri. Ngugc 1^, ngudi sir dung lao d0ng cung co quyen ra quylt dinh chdm diit hgp dfing lao dgng khi ngudi lao dfing dii dilu kien nghi huu vd ngudi lao dpng phdi chdp hanh quyfit dinh ndy; 2) Quyet dinh chdm dut hgp dfing lao dpng trong trudng hgp nay phai dam bdo hai difiu kien can va du: Dp tuoi vd thoi gian tham gia bao hiem xa hpi theo quy dinh cua phdp luat. Nhu vdy, neu mpt ngudi lao dpng chi du tuii doi {vi du: Nam 60 tufii) md chua dli dilu kien vfi thdi gian tham gia bao hifim xa hfii (20 nam trd len) thi khfing the chdm dut hgp dfing lao dfing theo khoan 4 Difiu 36 BLLD nam 2012. Tuy nhien, xet khia canh thuc tien ciia viec qudn li vd sir di^g lao dpng d Viet Nam hifin nay, quy dinh ndy dang va sS gdp phdi nhimg thdeh thiic tir thi^c tl.'^'
2.2. Quyin dan phuang chdm diet hgp ddng lao dgng cua ngudi Iao dgng
Quyen dan phucmg chdm diit hgp dfing lao dpng eua ngudi Iao dpng dugc quy dinh tai Dilu 37, Difiu 43 BLLD nSm 2012. Cac quy dinh vl vdn dfi ndy so voi BLLD ndm 1994 (sua dfii, bfi sung cdc ndm 2002, 2006, 2007) hdu nhu khfing eo sir thay dfii md ehi bo sung them truong hgp ngudi lao dfing co quyin dan phuang eham diit hgp dong lao d0ng Id khi bi quiy rfii ttnh due (difim c, khodn 1, Difiu 37).**' Ngodi ra, cdc noi dung khde vl thdi h ^ bdo tnrdc, trdch nhifim khi dan phuong cham diit hgp dfing lao dpng...
ndi chung khfing cd sy thay dfii so vdi cdc quy dinh tnrdc day. Theo tdc gid, cdn co su gidi thich vd cdch hiiu th6ng nhdt vdi timg tnrdng hgp don phuang chdm dut hgp dong
lao dpng cua ngudi lao dpng de trdnh nhihig bdt dfing, tranh chip.''* Tuy nhifin, BLLD ndm 2012 chua quy dinh ro con Du thdo vdn bdn hudng ddn ve hgp dfing lao dpng thi khfing CO npi dung nay, vi khfing thupe tham quyin theo Dilu 242 BLLD nam 2012.
2.3. Quyin dem phuang chdm diet hgp ddng lao dgng cua ngudi su dung Iao dgng
Quyin dem phuang eham diit hgp dong lao dpng eua ngudi sii dung lao dfing duge quy dinh trong nhieu dieu luat khde nhau vdi nhiing Ii do, cdn eir, thii tuc cham dut, giai quylt hdu qud phap li khac nhau. Cu thfi, BLLD ndm 2012 quy dinh:
2 3.1. Can cii dem phuong cham diit hgp dfing lao dpng
Khodn 10 Dilu 36 BLLD nam 2012 quy dinh cdn cii nguoi sir dung Iao dpng co quyen don phuong chdm diit hgp dfing lao dpng bao gfim: "Ngudi sir dung Iao dgng dem phuang chdm dut hap dong Iao dgng theo quy dinh tgi Dieu 38 cua Bg lugt ndy; ngudi su dung Iao dgng cho ngudi lao ddng thdi viec do thay ddi ca cdu, cong ngM hoge vi Ii do Mnh ti hoac do sdp nhgp, hgrp nhdt, chia tdch doanh nghidp, hgp tdc xS\ Tren ca sd quy dinh noi tren, eo mpt so vdn de sau ddy edn ehii y:
Thu nhdt. khodn 1 Dilu 38 BLLD nam 2012 quy dinh cdc tnrdng hgp ngudi sii dung Iao dpng CO quyen cham dut hgp dfing Iao dpng Id: Ngudi lao dpng thuong xuyen khong hoan thdnh cong viec theo hgp dfing lao dpng; ngudi lao dpng bi fim dau dd difiu tn trong thdi h ^ nhat dinh tuy theo thdi han hgp dong lao dpng ma khd ndng lao dpng chua thfi hfii phuc; do thien tai, hod hoan ho^c nhiing li do bat khd khdng khde theo
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 8/2013
NGHIEN ciru - TRAO OOI
quy dinh ciia phdp lugt ma nguoi sir dung lao dfing da tim mpi bien phdp khae phuc nhung van bupc phdi thu hep sdn xuat, gidm cho lam vi?e; ngudi lao dpng khfing cd mat tai ncri iam vific sau thoi han tam hoan hgp dfing lao dpng.''"' Nhin chung, cae can eii nay tuang tu nhu BLLD ndm 1994 (siia dfii, bfi sung cdc nam 2002, 2006, 2007), hiy nhien viee thyc hi?n se kho khdn, vi cd nhung can eii chi cfi sir dinh tinh md khfing dinh lugng.
Chang han voi li do ngudi lao dpng thudng xuyfin khfing hodn thdnh cong vific theo hgp dong Iao dpng thi nguoi sii dung lao dpng ed quyen don phucmg chdm diit hgp dfing lao dfing nhung tieu chi dfi xae dinh miic dfi thudng xuyen khfing hodn thanh cfing viee Id nhu the ndo? Neu khfing cd can cir ro rang thi se dan dfin sy lam dung tir phia ngudi sir dyng lao dfing hode dfi ddn din tranh chip trong quan he lao dpng,'"' trong khi ddy chinh Id li do pho bien ma ngudi sd dung lao dfing thudng dimg dfi dan phuang chdm diit hgp dfing lao dpng vdi ngudi lao dfing.
Thie hai, cham dirt hgp dfing lao dgng vi li do thay dfii ca cau, eong nghe hoae vi li do kinh tfi (cae khodn 1, 2 Dilu 44 BLLD nam 2012); hoac vi li do sdp nhap, hgp nhit, ehia tdch doanh nghifip, hgp tdc xa (quy dinh tai edc khoan 1, 2 Dilu 45 BLLD ndm 2012).
Dfii voi nhimg truong hgp trfin ein luu y:
Day la cde edn cii cham diit voi nhimg Ii do khde nhau, trong do chim dut vi li do kinh tl Id edn cii mdi dugc quy dinh''^' trong BLLD ndm 2012 mac dii quy dinh ndy da dugc phdp ludt lao dpng cua nhieu qufic gia tren thl gidi ghi nhan tir ldu. Tuy nhien, su rpng, hep ciia khai niem "chim diit hpp dong lao dpng vi li do kinh tfi" phy thupe vdo nhimg
quan niem khde nhau vfi vin de ndy. Vdi he thfing phdp luat thdnh van (civil law) thi viec thifiu huong din thong nhat trong truong hgp nay (von chua ed trong tien le d Vi?t Nam) thyc su Id thach thiic khfing nhd trong vi?c sir dung quy pham phdp ludt ndy trong thye te.
2.3.2. Tiinh ty, thu tye don phucmg cham diit hgp dong lao dpng
Tuy timg trudng hgp dan phuang chim diit hgp dong lao dfing ciia ngudi sii dung lao dfing ma vific quy dinh trinh tu, thii tuc CO sy khde nhau. Cy thfi:
Thie nhdt, khi don phuang ehim dut hgp dong lao dgng theo eae truong hgp thufic khoan 1 Difiu 38 BLLD nam 2012, ngudi sir dimg lao dpng chi phdi thyc hien nghTa vu bao trude Id 45 ngdy, 30 ngay hode 3 ngay ldm vi?e, tuy theo thoi han hgp dfing lao dpi^.
Nhu vdy, BLLD nam 2012 da bo thii tuc ngudi Sli dung lao dpng phdi trao dfii, nhit tri vdi ban chip hanh cong dodn khi don phuong cham diit hgp dfing lao dpng, difiu ndy dugc li gidi tir su tfin trpng quyfin qudn li ciia ngudi su dung lao dpng. Tuy nhifin, truong hgp don phuang cham diit hgp dong lao dfing vdi can bp cfing dodn khfing chuyen trdch thi ngudi sur dyng lao dfing vdn phdi thye hien thu tuc thod thudn voi ban chip hanh cfing doan (khodn 7 Difiu 192 BLLD ndm 2012).
7}iu hai, khi don phuang ehdm diit hpp dong lao dfing do thay dfii ca eiu, cfing nghe hoae vi li do kinh tl (Dilu 44 BLLD nam 2012) hode khi sap nhap, hgp nhdt, ehia, tach doanh nghifip (Dilu 45 BLLD nam 2012) thi ngudi sii dung lao dpng cd trdch nhiem phai lap phuang dn ve su dung iao dgng, vdi su tham gia ciia tfi chiic cong doan vd sau do thuc
TAP CHl LUAT HOC SO 8/2013
NGHIEN Cl/U-TRAOOOI
hi$n viee sap xep, gidi quyfit lao dpng theo nhu phuong an dd xay dyng (Difiu 46 BLLD 2012).
2.4. Gidi quyet hdu qud phdp li khi chdm diet hgp dong lao dgng
2.4.1. Trg c ^ thfii viec, trg eip mdt viee ldm Ddy Id nhiing che dp trg cip da dugc quy dinh trong BLLD ndm 1994 (sua dfii, bfi sung cde ndm 2002, 2006,2007). BLLD nam 2012 tiep tue quy dinh van de nay song xac dinh trong moi tuong thich voi cac quy dinh phdp luat khde lien quan, cu thfi:
Thic nhdt, khodn 1 Difiu 48 BLLD ndm 2012 quy dinh: ''Khi hop dong lao dgng chdm dut theo quy dinh tgi cdc khodn 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 vd 10 Diiu 36 cua Bg lugt ndy thi ngudi su dung lao dgng co trdch nhiem chi trd trg cdp thdi viic cho ngudi lao ddng dd Idm vi$c thudng xuyen tie du 12 thdng trd len, moi ndm ldm viic duac tra cdp mgt nda thdng tiin luang".
Thu hai, khoan 1 Dilu 49 BLLD quy dinh: "Ngudi sie dung Iao dgng trd tra cdp mdt viec Idm cho ngudi lao dgng da ldm viec thudng xuyen cho minh tie 12 thdng trd lin md bi mdt viec ldm theo quy dinh tai Bieu 44 vd Biiu 45 cua Bg lugt ndy, moi ndm ldm vi0c trd 01 thdng tiin luang nhung il nhdt phdi bdng 02 thdng tien luang".
Thoi gian ldm viee de tinh trg cdp thfii vi?e, trg cdp mat viec lam Id tfing thdi gian ngudi lao dpng da ldm viec thuc te cho ngudi Sli dung lao dfing trir di thdi gian ngudi lao dpng da tham gia bdo hifim that nghiep theo quy dinh ciia Ludt bao hiem xa h0i vd thoi gian lam vific dd duge ngudi sir dung lao dpng chi tra trg eip thfii viee (khodn 2 Dilu 48, khodn 2 Dilu 49 BLLD ndm 2012). Vl vdn dl nay, Luat bao hilm xa
hfii 2006 quy dinh: "Thdi gian ngudi lao dgng dong bdo hiem thdt nghiep theo quy dinh tgi Lugt ndy khong duac tinh de hudng tra cdp mdt viic Idm hoac tra cdp thoi viec theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt ve Iao dgng, phdp ludt vi cdn bg, cdng chuc" (khodn 6 Dieu 139). Vific dong bdo hiem that nghiep dugc dp dung tir ngay 01/01/2009 (khodn 1 Dieu 140 Ludt bao hifim xa hfii nam 2006).
Nhu vay, ve nguyfin tdc chl dp trg cap thfii viec, trg cap mat viec lam chi ap dung eho nhihig nguoi Iao dpng co tham gia quan he lao dpng tir trude ngay 01/01/2009.
2.4.2. NghTa vu khi don phuang chdm diit hgp dong lao dpng trai phap luat
Dilu 41 BLLD nam 2012 quy dinh:
"Ban phuang chdm dut hap dong Iao dgng trdi phdp lugt Id cdc trudng hap chdm dut hgp dong Iao dgng khong dung quy dinh tgi cdc dieu 37, 38 vd 39 cua Bg ludt ndy". Quy dinh tren cho thay vi pham can cii cham dirt hoac vi pham thii tuc cham diit (thdi han bao trude) dfiu ed the ddn din hdu qua Id dem phuang eham diit hgp dfing lao dpng trai phap ludt.''^' Tuy nhien, luat lai khfing quy dinh cac trudng hgp bi coi la dem phucmg ehdm diit hgp dfing Iao dpng trdi phap ludt thupc cac trudng hgp thay dfii co cdu, cfing nghe hoac vi li do kinh te (Difiu 44) hoac khi sap nhdp, hgp nhat, chia, tach doanh nghiep (Dieu 45). Do do, vific giai quyfit hau qud phap If khi vific cham diit hgp dong lao dpng theo Dieu 44, Difiu 45 Id trdi phap ludt dya trfin ea sd phap Ii nao eiing khfing duge quy dinh ro. Bdi vi, eac npi dung ve gidi quyet hau qua phdp li ciia viee eham diit hgp dfing lao dfing dugc trinh bay sau ddy chi trong pham vi Dilu 41 BLLD ndm 2012.
TAP CHi LUAT HOC S6 8/2013
NGHIEN Ciru - TRAO DOI
2.4.2.1. NghTa vu cua ngudi sii dung lao dpng khi don phucmg eham diit hgp dfing lao dpng trdi phap ludt (Dilu 42 BLLD nam 2012) Thif nhdt, nguoi sii dung lao dpng phai nhan nguoi lao dpng trd lai lam vifie theo hgp dfing lao dpng dd giao ket vd phdi trd tien lucmg, bdo hiem xa hpi, bdo hiem y tfi trong nhijng ngay nguoi lao dfing khong dugc ldm vific cgng vdi it nhat 02 thang tien luong theo hgp dfing lao dpng.
The hai, nfiu ngudi lao dfing khong mufin tiep tuc ldm viec thi ngodi khodn tien bfii thudng noi trfin nguoi sir dung lao dpng phdi tra trg cap thoi viec theo quy dinh tai Difiu 48 BLLD nam 2012.
Thu ba, neu ngudi sir dyng lao dfing khfing mufin nhan lai ngudi lao dpng va nguoi lao dpng dfing y thi ngodi khodn tiln bfii thudng va trg cap thfii vific theo quy dinh tai Dieu 48 ciia BLLD, hai bfin thod thuan khodn tifin bfii thudng them nhung it nhdt phai bang 02 thdng tien lucmg theo hgp dfing Iao dpng de chdm diit hgp dfing lao dpng.
Thu tu, neu khfing eon vi tri, cfing viec da giao ket trong hgp dong lao dpng ma nguoi lao dpng vdn muon lam viee thi ngodi khodn tifin boi thudng quy dinh tai khodn 1 Dieu 42 BLLD, hai ben thuang lugng dl sua dfii, bfi sung hgp dfing lao dfing.
Thu nam, neu vi pham quy dinh ve thdi han bdo tnrdc thi phdi bfii thuong cho ngudi lao dpng mpt khodn tifin tuong iing vdi tifin luong cua ngudi lao dfing trong nhirng ngay khfing bdo tnrdc.
2.4.2.2. NghTa vu eua nguoi lao dfing khi dan phuang cham diit hgp dfing lao dpng hai phap ludt (Dilu 43 BLLD nam 2012)
Thic nhdt, khfing dugc trg cip thoi viec va
phdi bli thudng cho nguoi su dyng Iao dfing nira thdng tifin luang theo hgp dong Iao dpng.
Thu hai, neu vi pham quy dinh ve thdi han bdo tnrdc thi phdi boi thudng cho ngudi sir dung lao dgng mpt khoan tifin tuong ung vdi tifin luong cua ngudi lao dpng trong nhihig ngdy khong bao trude.
Thie ba, phai hodn trd ehi phi ddo-tao cho nguoi sir dyng lao dpng theo quy dinh tai Difiu 62 BLLD nam 2012./.
(l).Xem: PGS.TS. Nguyen Hftu Chi, "Giao ket hpp d6ng lao dpng theo BLLD nam 2012 - Tir quy dinh dSn nhan thiic va th^rc hifn", Tgp chi ludt hqc, so 3/2013, tr. 3 - 9 .
(2). Vi du: Ngufri lao dgng tir dpng chuydn ca lam vi|c cho nhau nhurng kh6ng bao cho ngir6i quan li co thdm quyfin. Nfiu \ky ra tai nan trfin dudng di l^m vific c6 dirpc coi Iti tai n^n lao dpng v^ ngufiri sijr dyng Iao dong c6 phai chju cAc trich nhi^m phdp li vfi tat nan lao d^ng khdng?
(3). Phdp lu§t lao d§ng quy dinh khi thod thugn dja difim ldm vi^c hai ben phai ghi cy thfi dja chi (s6 nhd, dudng, pho, phuimg, qu^n...), nfiu cd nhidu dja dilm ldm v i | c thi ngodi dia difim chinh c6 thl ghi cac dja difim khic nhung phdi cu thfi (Nghi dinh ciia Chinh phli sd 44/2003/ND-CP ngdy 09/5/2003 quy djnh chi tiet va hudng din thi hdnh mpt sd difiu cua BLLD vfi h ^ ddng lao ddng (Nghi djnh s6 44/2003/ND-CP) va Thdng tu cua Bp lao ddng, thucmg binh vd xd hpi so 21/2003/TT-BLDTBXH ngdy 21/9/2003 hudng din thi hdnh mpi sd dieu ciia Nghi dinh ciia Chinh phil s6 44/2003/ND-CP). Tuy nhifin, cd nhOng ngdnh nghfi, cfing viec khong thfi xdc djnh dugc dja difim ldm vi?c tai thdi difim ki hpp ddng lao dpng, vi du: XSy d\mg, cdu, dudng, diiu khi, vien thfing... cd nghTa Id khfing the thoa thuan ve dia difim Idra vific theo nhu quy dinh ndi tren ciia phdp lugt.
(4) Theo quy dinh ciia BLLD ndm 1994 (siia dfii, bfi sung cdc ndm 2002, 2006, 2007), cdc trudng hpp cham diit hpp dfing lao dpng dugc quy djnh trong nhieu difiu luat khSc nhau: Diiu 17, Difiu 3 1 , Dieu 36, Dilu 37, Dieu 38, Dilu 39, D i l u 8 5 . . . gay khd khan ngay cho cd nhihig ngudi cd hifiu bifit vfi lugt lao dpng
TAP CHi LUAT HOC SO 8/2013
khi cdn tim hiiu vfi vdn de ndy.
(5). Luat lao d0ng Trung Qudc, Nam Phi...
(6). Trong cdc trudng hpp chdm diit hpp ddng Iao dpng theo BO ludt lao dpng ndm 1994 (siia ddi, bfi sung cdc nam 2002, 2006, 2007) khdng cd quy dinh ngudi Sli dyng lao dfing cd quyfin chdm diit hpp dfing lao dpng khi ngudi lao dOng du difiu kien nghi huu.
Tuy nhien, trong thuc tfi (chii yeu vdi cdc doanh nghidp nhd nudc), khi ngudi lao dfing dii dieu ki?n nghi huu thl doanh nghifip thfing bdo vd sau dd, ban hdnh quylt djnh chdm diit hpp d6ng lao dfing vdi IE do d l ngudi lao dfing nghi huu. Nhu vdy, quyfit dinh ndy khdng cfi co sd phdp II theo cdc quy dinh ciia phdp lugt lao dpng vd d^n dfin si^ khdng dong tinh ciia ngudi Iao dfing ciing nhu mot so ngudi quan tSm dfin vhn d l ndy. Tuy nhien, thyc te ndy vdn difin ra pho biln trong khu vuc doanh nghiep nhd nudc.
(7). Do qud trinh dfii mdi, sdp xip, cdu tnic l^i cdc doanh nghifip trong thdi gian qua md hifin nay cd nhilu ngudi Iao dfing sau khi cham diit quan he lao dfing vd nhgn ddy du chfi dp, quyfin lpi trong thdi gian dd dong bao hilm xd hfii trude dd (chfi dp bdo hifim xd hpi mpt lan; chfi d§ theo Quyfit djnh cua Hpi dong bp trudng so 176-HDBT ngdy 09/10/1989 vfi sip xep Iai Iao dpng trong cdc don vi kinh te quoc doanh; Nghj djnh cua Chinh phu so 41/2002/ND-CP ngdy 11/4/2002 vfi chfnh sdch d6i vdi lao dfing ddi du do sap xfip I^i doanh nghifip nhd n u d c . ) sau dd tilp tuc di Idm, den nay tufii dd cao (55 hoac 60 tu6i) dnh hudng dfin hi$u qud Idm vific nhung chua dii nam tham gia bdo hifim xd hpi (mdi dupc 10 ndm, 15 ndm). Nfiu theo nhu quy djnh ndi trfin, doanh nghifp khfing cd ca sd dfi cham diit hpp dfing lao dfing. Song cOng cd y kien cho ring neu coi dp tuoi Id co sd de nghi huu thi cung Id cdn cii d l chAm diit quan he Iao dpng, cdn nfiu chua du nam tham gia bdo hiem xd hpi thi hudng bdo hifim xa hpi mfit 1 ^ theo quy djnh cua Lu|.t bdo hifim xd hpi.
(8). Hien cd nhifiu y kiln binh lugn ve van dfi nay khi xdy dyng Dy thdo Nghi dinh xii ph^t hanh chinh hanh vi vi ph^m phdp luat Iao dfing, trong dd chu yeu la sy e ng^i v l tfnh kha thi ciia cdn cii ndy, vi hifin nay khfing cd vSn bdn quy phgm phdp lugt ndo mo ta the ndo Id hdnh vi qudy rdi tinh due.
(9). Chang h^n vdi trudng hpp ngudi Iao dpng cd quyin don phucmg ch^m diit hpp dfing Iao dfing tai
diem d, khodn 1, Dieu 37 BLLD nSm 2012: "Bdn thdn hode gia dinh co hodn cdnh kho khdn khong the tiip luc thuc hi4n hap dong lao dgn^" thi tai khodn 2 Difiu 11 Nghi dinh sd 44/2003/ND-CP quy djnh:
"Bdn thdn hoac gia dinh that su cd hodn cdnh kho khdn khong the tiep tuc thuc hien hop dong lao dong vdi nhung li do sau day:
a) Chuyen cho a thudng tru den noi khde, di lgi ldm vi^c gap nhiiu kho khdn,
b) Dugc phep ra nudc ngodi dtnh cic;
c) Bdn thdn phdi nghi vi^c de chdm sdc vg (chong); bd, me, ke cd bo, me vg (chong) hoac con bi dm dau tir 3 thdng trd len;
d) Gia dinh co hodn cdnh kho khdn khde dugc chinh quyen cdp xa nai cu tru xdc nhgn khong the liip tyc thuc hi^n hgp dong lao dgn^\
Tuong tu, cdc trudng hpp ngupc dSi, cudng biic lao dpng can phai hieu nhu the ndo*^
(!0).Xem: Khoan 1 Dieu 38 BLLD ndm 2012.
( I I ) . Khi hudng dan quy djnh nay ciia BLLD ndm 1994 (sua dfii, bfi sung cac nam 2002, 2006, 2007), Nghi djnh so 44/2003/ND-CP quy djnh nhu sau.
Ngudi lao dong thudng xuyen khong hodn thdnh cong viec Iheo hgp dong Iao ddng Id khong hoan thdnh dinh mirc lao dgng hoge nhi^m vit dugc giao do yeu 16 chii quan vd bi lap bien bdn hoge nhdc nhd bdng van bdn it nhdt hai ldn trong mqt thdng, ma sau do vdn khdng khde phuc {Vhozn 1 Difiu 12).
(12).BLLD ndm 1994 (siia dfii, bfi sung cac nam 2002, 2006, 2007) dd quy djnh li do don phuang chdm dut hop ddng Iao dpng ciia ngudi sii dyng Iao dfing vi thay doi co cau, cong ngh? (Dieu 17) vd trudng hpp sap nhap, hpp nhat, chia, tdch doanh nghiep (Dilu 31).
Van bdn hudng dan ciang dd giai thich r6 timg trudng hpp O^ghi dmh ciia Chinh phu so 39/2003/ND-CP ngdy 18/4/2003 quy dinh chi tifit vd hudng dan thi hdnh mfit sd dieu ciia BLLD ve vific Idm, Nghi djnh sfi 44/2003/ND-CP).
(13). BLLD ndm 1994 (siia ddi, bfi sung cac ndm 2002, 2006, 2007) khfing quy djnh cu thfi trudng hpp don phucmg chdm diit hpp dfing Iao d^ng ciia cdc ben bj coi la trai phdp ludt, chi cd vdn ban hudng ddn quy dinh trudng hpp ngudi Iao dpng dan phucmg chdm diit hpp ddng Iao dfing trdi phap luSt (Nghi djnh so 44/2003/ND-CP)
TAP CHf LUAT H O C S6 8/2013
