TlTLYLUAN PHAN PHOI CUA C M C Tdi THIiC TIEN KINHTE THI TRI/dNG DINH Hi/dNGXA HOI CHU NGHIA VIET NAM
• PGS, TS VU THANH SOfN Vu Ddo tgo, boi duang cdn bo.
Ban To chuc Trung ucmg
• Torn tdt: Hgc thuyet kinh te cua C.Mdc nhdn dinh phdn phoi la mgt trong 3 mat cua quan he sdn xuat, ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec tao dgng liic thuc day sUphdt trien.
0 Viet Nam hien nay cdn xem xet quan he phdn phoi trong tong hoa quan he sdn xudt cd tinh tdi dac thii theo tiing giai doan phdt trien vd thiia nhan nhieu hinh thiic phdn phoi thu nhap trong nen kinh te thi trUdng dinh hUdng XHCN nhdm tgo dgng lUc, cd hgi hinh ddng cho tdt cd chu the kinh te trong xd hgi phdt trien.
• Tiikhoa: hgc thuyetkinh tecua C.Mdc, nen kinh tethi trUdngdinh hudngXHCN.
1. Ly luin cua C.Mac ve phan phoi Hoc thuyet kinh te ciia C.Mac ra ddi vao giiia thg ky XK tren ca sd kd thiia cae ly thuydt kinh tdtmdc dd, trong do quan trgng nhat la kinh td chinh tri tu san CO dien Anh. C.Mac da van dung phep bien chiing duy vat vao nghien ciru lieh sir xa hgi, lam rd su tac ddng qua lai cua luc lugng san xuat va quan he san xuat. Lap luan ciia CMac kh^ng dinh quan he san xuat la tdng hda quan he dan xen, thd hien qua 3 mat, gdm: quan he sdhiru, to chiic - quan Iy va phan phdi. Phan phdi la mdt trong 3 mat cua quan hd san xu^t, ddng vai trd quan trgng trong viec tao dgng luc thiie day hoae kim ham su phat trien. Ban chat cua quan hd phan phdi la quan he kinh te giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi trong viec phan chia
ngudn luc, thanh qua lao ddng ciia cae tang ldp, giai cap xa hdi.
Phan phdi la mdt khau eua qua trinh tai san xuat xa hdi. Trong qua trinh tai san xuat xa hdi, bdn khau co ban ket ndi lien hoan: san xuat - phan phdi - trao ddi - tieu diing. Cac khau nay cd quan he mat thiet, quy dinh lan nhau trong nen kinh te nhu Mae khang djnh: "Mdt nen san xuat nhat dinh quyet dinh mdt ehe do Ueu diing, mdt ehe do phan phdi, mgt che do u-ao ddi nhat dinh, ddng thdi cung quy dinh cae quan he nhat dinh giira cac yeu td khac nhau do vdi nhau"'".
"Phan phdi xae dinh ty le (sd lugng) san pham danh cho ca nhan, Uao ddi xae dinh nhiing san pham Uong dd ea nhan ddi hdi cai phan do phan phdi danh cho minh" '^'. Phan phdi va ttao ddi la
LYLUAN CHiNH TRI-So4/2019
NGHIEN COfU - PHATTRIEN LY LUAN
hai khau ttung gian ndi khau san xuat vdi khau tieu dung, Rd rang, phan phdi tiiue hien hai nhiem Vll quan ttgng la phan phdi cho tieu diing san xuat va tieu dilng ea nhan. "Quan he phan phdi cac dieu kien san xuat hoan toan khae vol quan he phan phdi duoc hieu la nhiing tii each khac nhau eila cae ca nhan de dugc hudng mdt phan san pham tiiudc ve tieu dung ca nhan" '^'. Cac nhiem vu nay quan he mat duet va bd ttg cho nhau nham bao dam tinh lien tuc cho qua tiinh tai san xuat xa hdi. Phan phdi gay anh hudng khdng nhd ddn san xuat, cd tiie tiiiic day hoac kim ham su phat tridn san xuat. Phan phdi khdng chi don thuan la mdt kdt qua ctia san xuat va ttao doi ma phan phdi cdn tae ddng ttd lai san xuat va ttao ddi.
Phan phdi cho tieu diing san xuat la dieu kien quyet dinh bao dam cac yeu td dau vao cho qua trinh san xuat, Dd la su phan phoi tu lieu san xuat, sire lao ddng ciia xa hdi giiia cac nganh, linh vue san xuat va vitng kinh te. Nd quyet dinh quy md, ca cau va tdc do phat trien cua nen san xuat xa hgi. Phan phdi cac yeu td san xuat tao dung dieu kien xuat phat cho mgi qua trinh san xuat ttong dd ed su ket hgp ciia nhieu thanh td dau vao. Su phan phdi cac yeu td dau vao la sir phan phdi cd tinh chat san xu^t, nhu C. Mac kh^ng dinh: "su phan phdi nay da bao ham trong ban tiian qua Uinh san xuat va quyet dinh co cau cua san xuat"''*',
Trong tac pham Phe phan cuong linh Gota, CMac gidt thieu co cau phan chia tdng san pham xa hdi nhu sau: "Trong tdng san pham xa hdi do, phai khau trir
Mdt la, phan de thay the nhung tu lieu san xuat da tieu dung;
Hai ta, mot phan phit tiiem de mdrdng san xuat;
Ba la, mdt quy dir tru hoac quy bao hiem de phdng nhirng tai nan, nhiing su rdi loan do cac hien tugng tu nhien gay ra,..
Nhiing khoan khau ttir nhu tiie vao 'thu nhap khdng bl cdt xen ctia lao ddng" la mdt tat yeu kinh te, va khau trir nhieu hay ft la tiiy theo nhiing tu lieu va nhirng luc lugng san xuat hien cd, mdt phan la nhd ldi tinh xae suat, nhung du sao ngudi ta cung khdng the dua vao su edng bang de hnh nhtmg khoan khau trir do duge.
Cdn lai phan kia ctia tdng san pham xa hgi tiii danh lam vat pham tieu diing. Trudc khi tien hanh phan phdi ca nhan, lai cdn phai khau ttir:
Mdt la, nhiing chi phi quan ly chung, khdng true tidp thudc ve san xuat.
Hai la, nhiing khoan dung de cung chung nhau thda man nhimg nhu cau, nhu trudng hge, coquanyte, V.V..
Ba la, quy can thiet de nudi nhting ngudi khdng cd kha nang lao dgng, v.v... Tdm lai la nhirng cai thude ve viec ma ngay nay ngudi ta ggi la ctiu te xa hdi ciia nha nude"®.
Nhirng nguyen tic coban ttong phan phdi tong san pham xa hdi can phai man tiiii theo ty le phan phdi, tieu diing ca nhan khdng die vugt khdi lugng tiiu nhap xa hdi; phan phdi thu nhap bao dam tat yeu cho tai san xuat siic lao dgng xa hdi va tai san xuat mdrdng mdt phan thu nhap duoc phan phdi vi muc tieu phiic loi xa hdi, quy bao hiem.
C.Mac da dg cap tdi 2 hinh thiie phan phdi, gdm phan phdi lan dau va phan phdi lai. Trong phuong thiic san xuat tu ban chtt nghia, gia tri mdi tao ra dugc phan phdi cho cac giai cap dua tten sit ddng gdp cita cac yeu td san xuat: tien edng, loi nhuan, dia td. Phan phdi lan dau dem lai tien cdng cho cdng nhan (sd hiiu siic lao ddng), lgi nhuan cho urban (sdhiru tuheu san xuat), dia td eho dia ehil (sdhiru dat dai)
Trong dieu kien gia dinh la ehe do sd hiru tu nhan tu ban ehii nghia vg tu lieu san xuat dugc thay the bang che do cdng hiru vg tu lieu san xuat, C.Mae da neu ra nguyen tSc
phan phdi LY LUAN CHI'NH TR!-S64/2019
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theo lao ddng; lay sd lugng, ch^t lugng lao dgng lam can cii phan phdi thu nhap.
Phan phdi theo lao dgng dugc thuc hien ttong
"xa hdi ma chiing ta ndi d day khdng phai la mdt xa hdi cdng san chii nghia da phat trien tten nhiing cosd ctia chinh nd, ma ttai lai la mdt xa hdi cdng san chu nghia vua thoat thai tir xa hdi tu ban chil nghia, do dd la mdt xa hdi ve mgi phuong dien - kinh td, dao diic, tinh ti^ian - cdn mang nhung dau vet ciia xa hgi cu ma nd da lot ldng ra"'^'.
Trong dieu kien khdng cdn sd hiiu tu nhan ve tulieu sanxuSt, "cai ma anh ta da cdng hien eho xa hdi la lupng lao dgng cua ea nhan anh ta,..,., ciing mdt lugng lao ddng ma anh ta da cung cap cho xa hdi dudi mdt hinh thiie nay anh ta nhan trd lai ciia xa hdi dudi mdt hinh thiic khac...
ttong nhiing dieu kien da thay ddi thi khdng mdt ai cd the cung c^p mdt eai ^ khac ngoai lao ddng CLia minh, mat khac vi ngoai nhung vat pham tieu dimg ca nhan ra thi khdng cdn cai gi khac cd thi ttd thanh sd hiiu ca nhan dugc" ''^.
2. Van dung sang tao ly luan phan phoi cua C.Mac trong phat trien nen kinh te thj truong dmh hirdng xa hoi chii nghia ff Viet Nam hien nay
Qua nghien citu ly luan cua C.Mac ve phan phdi, cd the riit ra mgt sd diem mang tinh nguyen ly dd van dung phii hgp la: (1) xem xet quan he phan phdi ttong tdng hda quan he san xuat, phan phdi ed tinh dac thti theo timg giai doan phat trien nen can ed nhimg hinh thirc phan phdi tuong thich; (2) phan phdi ddng vai ttd quan trgng trong tao dgng luc phat tridn ca nhan va xa hdi. Su van dung sang tao eac nguyen ly tren cd the khai quat thanh mdt so dilm ea ban sau:
Thu nhit phan phdi trong nen kinh te thj trudng dinh hudng XHCN can cd nhting digu chinh thich iing dieu kien thuc td hien tai. Dieu
nay xuat phat tii phuong phap luan ciia CMac - phep bien chiing duy vat va Idgie lich su. Quan he phan phdi va hinh thiic phan phdi thu nhap cd thd thay ddi ttong timg giai doan lich su, tiiy thude vao didu kien hinh thanh quan hd san xuat xa hgi.
Hien nay, nhan thiie ve nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chii nghta ngay cang day du hon, Nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi chil nghia van hanh day dil, ddng bd theo cac quy luat ctia kinh te thi trudng, ddng thdi bao dam dinh hudng xa hdi ehil nghia phti hgp vdi tung giai doan phat tiridn cila dat nude. Nen kmh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chii nghia Viet Nam cd quan he san xuat tien bd phii hgp vdi trinh do phat tridn ciia lue lugng san xuat; cd nhieu hinh thiic so hiru, nhieu thanh phan kinh te, trong do kinh te nha nude giir vai trd chu dao, kinh te tu nhan la mdt ddng luc quan trgng cua nen kinh te. Cac chti thd tiiude eac thanh phdn kinh te binh ding, hgp tac, canh tranh cimg phat trien theo phap luat'"'.
Xay dung va hoan thien he thdng phap luat dSy dli bao dam ca sd eho tat ea cac chil thd kinh te tudo sang tao va tao thu nhap theo dting nang lue, dugc phan phdi hgp phap nhiing thanh qua eua minh. Hg cd quyen hudng thu nhiing thu nhap chinh dang tu tai san va tri tue, duge quyen huy ddng cac ngudn li^c hay phat huy cac ca hdi phat tridn phuc vu lgi ich etia timg chu the. Phan phdi can phai tuan thti tat yeu kinh te - ky thuat cua timg chii the trong cac qua trinh kinh te.
Trong nen kinh te thi trudng, phan phdi cin phai tuan thti nhung nguyen tdc, quy luat vdn cd cua thi trudng, nhu canh tranh, quy luat gia tri, tdi uu hda lgi nhuan"". Viec phan phdi duge thuc hien dua theo nang lue va ddng gdp tiidng qua tin hieu thi ttudng. Mdi chu the thdng thai trongviec tan dung eohdi de tdi uu lgi ich rieng nhu kha nang phan tieh va du bao cac thdng tin
Lf LUAN CHINH TRI-So4/2019
^ NGHlBNClJU-PHATTRieN LYLUAN
thi truang, dira ra cac quyet dinh lira chon va dau tu phu hop, quan tri hieu qua trong hoat dpng, v.v... Tren co sa do, cac chij the co the
"lam giau hap phap", linh hoat sang tao lam nhiing gi phap luat khong cam. Sti can thiep cita Nha nuoc vao quan he phan phoi co vat tro quan trong trong viec bao dam tien bp va cong bang xa hpi. Do do, Viet Nam can cting cd he thdng an sinh xa hpi nhim nang cao phiic lpi va SIT bao ve chp cac cpng dong dan cu, dac biet nhom ySu the, di bi tdn thuang.
Thiihai, thiia nhan nhieu hinh thitc phan phdi thu nhap trong nen kinh tg thi tmong dinh huong XHCN. "Thuc hien phan phot chil yeu theo ket qua lao dpng, hieu qua kinh te, ddng thoi thep mtic dong gop von citng cac ngudn lire khac va phan phdi thong qua he thdng an sinh xa hpi, phdc loi xa hpi"""'. Do la sir van dtmg sang tao tu tuong ctra CMac ve phan phdi, phu hpp vdi diiu kien phat trien n i n kinh te thi trutmg dinh hudng XHCN. Trong giai doan phat trien thap "cdn mang nhting dau vet ctta xa hpi cu", phuong thiic san xuat XHCN chua duoc phat trien tren nen tang ciia chinh nd, viec tdn tai nhteu thanh phan kinh te, nhieu chta the kinh te cd ngudn gdc sd hiiu khac nhau la tat yiu lich sti.
Chinh vi the, can phai thita nhan vai trd ciia chiing trong ddng gop lam gia tang tdng san pham xa hdi. Dieu nay dan tdi tat yeu thita nhan cac hinh thtic phan phdi khac nhau.
Co sd cho phan phdi theo lao dgng - mdt trong nhiing hinh thiic phan phdi phd bien hien nay nhu C.Mac da chi ra la so luong, chat lupng lao ddng, diiu kien va mdi trudng lao dpng, tinh chat cua lao ddng, cac nganh nghe can dupe khuyen khich theo nguyen tdc: Ai lam viec cd hieu qua, cd ddng gdp nhiiu hon thi thu nhap ldn hon va ngupc lai. "Phan phdi phai theo miic lao ddng. Lao dpng nhieu thi dupe phan phan
laoddngitthidupcphanphdiit. I^o ddngde phdi nhieu.
dpng khd thi dupe phan phdi nhiiu, I thi dupe phan phdi it. Khdng nen cd tinh trang ngudi gidi, ngudi kem, viec khd, viSc de, cung cong diem nhu nhau. Dd la chu nghia binh quan. Phai tranh chu nghia binh quan
Phanphdidieolap ddng tuy binhdtagnhtmg chua thuc su cdng btog trong cac tang ldp xa hdi. De timg budc thiic hien cdng bang xa hdi, bd sung hue hep cho phan phdt theo lao dpng, viec phan phdi thdng qua quy phuc Ipi xa hpi la rat thiit thtic. Hinh thanh nhieu Ipai quy bao hiim xa hpi va cac quy phuc Ipi xa hdi, quy den on dap nghia, v.v. Hanh dpng thiet thuc la hoan thien he thdng bao hiim xa hpi, bao h i i m y t i , bap hiim that nghiep, da dang hda cac hinh thiic Cliu trp xa hpi. Ben canh dd, he thdng dich vu cdng thiit yeu can dupe phat trien day du nham bao dam cho mpi thanh vien xa hpi hien dai duoc d i p can va thu huong dich thirc nhu giao dlic, y te, dich vu kit cau ha tang, v,v,..
Trong md hinh nen kinh te thi trudng van hanh theo nguyen ly "Ban tay vo hinh" cua A.
Smith va dupe phat triin bdi cac ly thuyet kinh t i hien dai, phan phdi thep ngudn llic ddng gdp cd tam quan trpng dac biet, bdi le hinh thtic nay bao dam lpi ich tdi uu cho cac chii t h i tham gia vao qua hinli kinh ti. Tiiy theo nang liic va ngudn lire siin CO ciia minh, cac chti t h i dupe quyin ddng gdp vao san xuat - kinh doanh va dupe thua hudng nhimg gia tri gia tang hay lpi ich do cac ngudn luc dd dem lai cho ngtidi sd hiiu.
Jhaba, phan phoi phit hctp tao dpng luc, gdp phan tap co hpi binh dang chp tat ca chii t h i kinh te trong xa hdi vuon len, lam tang tdng san phiim xa hdi. Nhan thitc cua C.Mac ve vai trd ctia phan phoi ttong tao dpng liic ca nhan vit xa hpi la rat quan tiong. Ddng liic kinh te tronen manh me htm khi cac quan he san xuat, trone d' '
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quan hd phan phdi dugc hoan thien theo hudng minh bach, cdng b^ng giiia eac chti the kinh te ttong ndn kinh te thi trudng.
Quan ly quan he phan phdi phii hgp ddi hoi he thdng quan ly hieu luc cao cua Nha nuac phap quyen"^'. Phan phdi bao dam eho vide lam giau chinh dang can dugc thd che hda b^ng cac cdng cu quan tri cdng, ddng thdi nhiing hanh vi phan phdi bat hop phap phai dugc trimg tti nghiem va cdng khai theo phap luat. Phan phdi la mdt khau trong ehu trinh kep kin cua tai san xuit xa hgi. Phan phdi cac yeu td co ban nhu tu lieu san xuat, siic lao dgng va tu lieu tieu dung dong vai ttd quan trgng ttong qua ttmh tai san xuat xa hgi. Viee phan phdi hgp ly cac ydu td khdng chi tiet kiem ngudn lue kiiih te ma edn tao dgng luc lanh manh thiic day van hanh cac khau cdn lai trd nen trdi ehay va hieu qua ban.
Trong digu kien ndn kinh t l thi trudng, phan phdi CO hgi phat trien"* can duge nhan thiic rd rang va thuc hien hieu qua nham cho phep cac chti the kmh te nang ddng trong viec chdp thdi cava biet each bien chiing thanh nhting Igi ich hay gia til sii dung hien thuc. Ca hgi ttong nen kinh t l thi trudng la tien de quan trgng quyet dinh tdi tiiu nhap, kha nang cdng hidn va huong thu ciia mdi chii thi xa hdi trong tiJong lai. Viec phan phdi cac ea hot cdng bang tao ra su phan phdi cac ket qua dau ra hay thu nhap mdt each cdng b ^ g . "Co hdi trong nen kinh te thi trudng la tien de quan trgng quyet dinh tdi thu nhap, kha nang cdng hien va hirdng thu eua mdi chu the xa hdi (ca nhan, tap thd, td chtic, cgng ddng) ttong tuong lai. Tao su binh dang ve cahdi cd did tiio ra mtic do binh dang nhat dinh ttong phan phdi ddi vdi moi chii the xa hgi tham gia qua ttinh phat tiien ndi chung""*.
Viec ghi nhan gia tri eiia C.Mac can phai tiep can tir gdc do bien chiing va phan xet dua tren
nguyen ly phuong phap luan. Trong dieu kien nen kinh te tiii trudng dinh huang XHCN, gia tri hoc thuyet Mac ndi chung va ly luan phan phdi ndi rieng cdn phat huy gia tri. Chiing ta can bidt van dung mgt each sang tao, linh hoat d l phii hgp vdi hoan canh lich siicu the duong dai, tranh giao dieu va rap khudn cung nhdc. Su van dung sang tao nhting gia tri do trong bdi canh hien nay de hoan thien quan he phan phdi trong ndn kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hdi la hoan toan hgp ly, gSn co sd khoa hgc vdi thuc tienD
(1), (2) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Toan tap, t.l2, Nxb Chinh tii qudc gia, Ha Ndi, 1994, tt.876,862.
(3) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen: Toan tap, t,25, Phan II, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ndi, 1994, u,635.
(4) C. Mac: Gop phan phe phan chinh trj kinh td hoc, Nxb Su diat. Ha Ndi, 1971, tr. 290.
(5), (6), (7) C. Mac va PhAngghen: Toan tap, t.l9, Nxb Chlnh tti qudc gia, Ha Ndi 1994, tr.31-33,33,33-34.
(8), {10) Hgi nghi Trung uong 5 khda XII, Nghi quyet sd U-NQ/TW ve hoan thien the chd kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hot chu nghia.
(9) Vu Thanh Son (ddng chil bien): Giao trinh kinh tehoc chinh tri Mic - Lenin, t.2 - Nhung van de kinh te chinh tri trong thdi ky qui do len chu nghia xa hoi d Viet Nam, Nxb Thdng tin va iruyen thdng, 2013.
(11) Hd Chi Minh: Toin tap. t.lO, Nxb Chtnh tri qudc gta, Ha Npi, 2011, tt,410.
(12) Vu Thanh Son: Phan phdi binh ding cac nguon luc kinh te: tiep can lyluan va thuc tiSn dmdtsd quocgia, Nxb Chinh tn qudc gia. Ha Npi, 2014, (13), (14) Vii Thanh Son: Tiep tuc hoin thien quan he phan phdi trong nSn kinh te thi trudng dudi inh sang Dai hoi XI, Tap chi Cdngsan sd 7/2011.
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