TAPCffi KHOA HOC SO 16 134 www.hm.edu.vn
HO TRgf LlTU HOC SEVH LAO TRONG HQC TAP - MQT YEU CAU THlTC TE KHACH QUAN DOI VOfl CAC TRlTOfNG BAI HQC
Nguyen Van Tinh Tru&ng Bgi hpc Hd Tinh Email: tinh.hmnguyenvan@hm,edu.vn
Nguyen Thu Hiln Tru&ng Bgi hpc Hd TTnh Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhdn bdi (received): 8/4/2019
Ngdy nhdn bdn sica (revised): 15/4/2019 Ngdy nhdn ddng (accepted): 25/4/2019
Tom tat
Bai bao nay phan ti'ch, danh gia nhimg kho khan gap phai cua luu hgc sinh Lao trong qua hgc tap 6 cac tnrdng dai hgc khu vuc mien Trung Viet Nam tren co so nghien cuu thirc tien. Tu do, de xuat cac giai phap ho trg cho cac luu hgc sinh trong qua trinh dao tao, nham thirc hien muc tieu dat ra.
Tir khoa: Kho Idian trong hgc t£^, cac truong dai hgc khu vuc mien Trung Viet Nam.
Difficulties and challenges faced Lao students during their studying time in the universities in Central Vietnam
Abstract
This article analyses and assesses the difficulties and challenges Lao smdents have to face during their studying time in the universities in Central Vietnam from the data collection from those universities. A number of solutions are recommended to suppori Lao students more for their better learning and living.
Keywords: Difficulties and challenges in studying, universities in Central Vietnam.
1. Dalt van de
Udc tinh hien co khoang hon 15.000 luu hgc sinh (LHS) Lao dang hgc cr 147 trudng o Viet Nam (chilm ti le khoang 70%-80%). Trong do cac trudng Dai hgc khu vuc mien Trung chiSm ty le LHS Lao tham gia hgc tap kha Idn (vdi 3.464 LHS, chiem khoang 25%).
Ho^t dgng hgc tap d trudng dai hgc, theo S.D.Reznik, LA.Igosina (2009), do la mgt loai hoat dgng vo cimg phuc tap cua con ngudi, doi hdi giai quyet hang lo^t van de nay sinh
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ddi vdi smh vien. Thuc te, trong qua trinh hgc tap, khdng phai sinh vien nao cung cd thi dl dang tun ra dugc phucmg thiic giai quydt nhirng vin de nay sinh dd ndu khdng cd su hd trg tu phia nha trudng.
2. Nhirng khd khan trong qua ttinh hoc tap cua liru hoc sinh Lao 2.1. Biiu kien kinh tegia dink
Chi phi hgc tap va sinh hoat la van de quan trgng dugc LHS cac nudc quan tam, nhit la ddi vdi LHS di|n tu tuc, gia dinh kinh td khd khan. Mac du chi phi smh boat d Viet Nam khdng qua dat do so vdi nhieu nudc trong khu vuc va tren the gidi, song chi phi de di du hgc van cao hon nhieu so vdi hge t?i Lao. Ddi vdi nhimg LHS Lao theo dien hgc bdng toan phan cd the tuong ddi yen tam do muc hgc bdng Viet Nam cip bao gdm hgc phi va sinh ho^t phi d muc cd the du de trang trai cho cudc sdng va hgc tap.
Con ddi vdi nhiing sinh vien du hgc theo dien tu tuc ma khdng he nhan dugc bat ky su hd trg kinh te nao tir cac td chirc se phai tu xay dung mdt ke hoach tai chinh cu the de cd thi theo hgc cho ddn cung. Trong nam hgc 2017-2018, LHS Lao dang hgc tap tai cac trudng dai hgc miin Trung ViSt Nam chu yiu tu tiic kinh phi, dilu nay cang gay khd khan nhieu cho cac em. Theo ket qua khao sat cua nhdm nghien ciiu De tai (Truemg Thi Phuong Thao, Nguyin Thu Hiln, 2019) d 5 trudng: Trudng Dai hgc Hdng Diic, Trudng Dai hgc Vinh, Trudng Trudng Dai hgc Quang Binh, Dai hgc Hud va Trudng Dai hgc Ha Tiiih, trong sd 356 LHS cd din 276 LHS (chilm 77,5%) xuit than tu ndng thdn nudc Lao, thudng la nhung vung cd dilu kien kinh tl khd khan, thu nhap thip, chu yeu phu thudc vao ndng, lam nghiep; kha xa trung tam thanh phd nen viec di lai gap nhieu trd ngai, tham chi dl nhan dugc tiln hd trg hang thang thi gia dmh cac LHS ciing phai mat nhieu thdi gian mdi gui sang dugc. Cac LHS Lao dang theo hgc d cac trudng Dai hgc miin trung Viet Nam din tu hiu hit cac tinh cua nudc ban Lao (15/17 tinh) nhung nhilu nhit vln la cac tinh gin bien gidi vdi cac Tmh Mien Trung nhu: Bolikhanixay, Xieng khoang, Hua Phan, Cham Pa sic, thu dd Vieng Chan, Kham Mudn, Savannakhet, Saiavan, Xieng Khoang.
Khao sat cua chung tdi vl tdng chi phi smh boat hang thang cua LHS d cac trudng tU da sd d muc dudi 2 trieu ddng (chilm 36,8%), cdn miic tir 3 trieu ddng trd len chi cd d 28,9% LHS lua chgn [Xem bilu dd 2.4]. Vdi muc chi phi sinh boat nay va theo thdi gia hien nay d Viet Nam ban than LHS phai khdo chi tieu hgp ly thi mdi dam bao dugc tdi thiiu cho smh boat va hgc tap, niu khdng se chat vat, dac biet fong dilu kien gia ca thi trudng tang cao d Viet Nam hien nay.
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TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 16 136 www. hm. edu.vn
Bieu do: Thu nh^p trung binh cua luu hpc sinh Lao hang thang 2.2. Su thich nghi v&i cupc song m&iy mdi tru&ng m&i
Luu hgc sinh phin lon hgc sinh mdi t6t nghiep thong, khi ra nudc ngoai du hgc vdi cugc song tu lap thudng gap rat nhieu khd khan, nhat la nam dau. Doi vdi LHS Lao lan diu tien khi sang hgc tap d Viet Nam la mgt thii thach thuc su doi vdi ban than. Tir cho song cimg gia dinh chu yeu dua dim vao bo me va ngudi, than khi den "chan trdi mdi"
hoan toan xa la, LHS phai tu lap ke hoach viec chi tieu, mua sam Mng ngay va tu giai quyet cac van de mdi phat sinh... Se khd khan hon doi vdi nhung LHS von dugc gia dmh dm ap, che chd, chua va ch^im nhieu trong cugc sdng hoac tinh tu lap chua cao, nhieu em khong vugt qua ndi phai trd ve nudc sau mgt thdi gian ngan hgc tap d Viet Nam. Qua tim hieu d cac Trudng chung toi khao sat, cd nhiing LHS da khdng vugt qua dugc thii thach do khdng thich iing dugc moi trudng mdi, dieu kien hgc tap cang thang dan dkn tram cam, streess. Khi bi streess lau ngay mgt so bieu hien tam ly sS gia tang nhu sg hai, tinh cam hit dn, khiing hoang... Nhieu sinh vien td ra tiiieu kien nhan, thieu kiem che, bdi rdi, sg hai, buc dgc, rat de cd nhung hanh vi gay gd vdi ban be. Theo n ^ e n cuu cua Trever Butlin (2006), khi bi streess, sinh vien cd xu hudng thich su dung nhieu thuc udng cd cdn, ludn thu minh vao mgt chd, ngai tiep xuc vdi mgi ngudi. Tuy Viet Nam va Lao la hai nudc lang gieng cd dia gidi gan gui nhung cung cd nhieu khac biet ve phong tuc, t$p quan, ldi song sinh boat, an uong, giao tiep..., nhat la ngdn ngii. De thich nghi va hda nhap vdi cugc sdng mdi khi vao hgc a cac tnrdng cac LHS phai nd luc vugt qua nhung khd khan vdi sir giup dd ciia thay co va ban be cac trudng.
2.3. Rdo cdn ngon ngir
Nghien ciiu ciia Le Phii Thing (2016), Trin Anh Thu (2019) cho tiiiy, khd khan Idn nhit va phd bi§n nhit cua LHS ndi chung, LHS Lao ndi rieng khi sdng va hgc tap d nudc
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ngoai (giai doan du hi va hgc chuyen nganh) d dai hgc vln la vin de ngdn ngii. Mac du LHS da dugc trang hi vdn tidng Viet nhit dinh trude khi sang Viet Nam (sd nay khdng nhilu) hoac dugc hgc tieng Viet trong thdi gian du bi d?i hgc, nhung nhilu LHS vln rit khd khan trong hgc t^p, nghien cuu va giao tilp do tiing Viet h?n chl. De hgc tap va nghien ciiu nhit la khi hgc chuyen nganh d dai hgc d Viet Nam, LHS phai cd ky nang, nghe, ndi, dgc, viet tidng ViSt tdt. Qua khao sat d cac trudng, cd din 91% thing thin nhin nhan chi hidu dugc mdt sd tir khi nghe giang bai. Trong qua trinh hge t^p tren ldp khdng nghe kip, khdng ghi kip nSn cd 70% LHS Lao cho biit la phai mugn vd cda ban dl ghi lai, tham chi 7% "khdng nghe, khdng ghi va ciing khdng mugn vd chep lai" (Nguyin Van Tinh, 2019). Khd khan nay din tdi nhieu khd khan khac ddi vdi LHS. Nhieu sinh vien mdi diu cam thiy streess, lie che va chan nan khi roi vao tinh trang 'lig ndi minh khdng hieu gi"
hoac "minh ndi hg chang hieu gi".Theo danh gia cua cac LHS Lao qua tiep xiic ciia nhdm khao sat, phin Idn khi hgc tieng Viet hg gap rit nhieu khd khan, bdi each phat am va ngu phap cua tieng Viet va tieng Lao hoan toan khac biet.
"Sau khi hoc 1 ndm tiing Viet minh chi m&i giao tiep duac ca bdn nhu ra cdng tin gpi mdn dn hodc vira noi chttyin vai ngudi Viet vita nhd ban di ding ho tra, cd khi ttdi chuyin vdi thay cd gido minh ngai vi khong biit dien dat nhu thi ndo, thdy cd noi minh phdi nha ban dich sang tiing Ldo mdi hieu duac phdn ndo. Hang ngdy tieng Ldo vdn la ngon ngU chinh, vi nggi nen minh it cd bgn Viet Nam, ti-ong gid hoc thi khong ddm phdt bieu vi cung khdng hiiu y thdy cd duac chinh xdcCUng cd liic minh nghl din chuyin bo hoc rdi day." [Trich Phdng vin sau, nd smh vien, Khoa Ly luan chinh tri, Trudng Dai hgc Ha Imh, 2019].
2.4. Su khong tuang thich (lien thong) giUa chuang trinh gido due pho thong giira Ldo vd Viet Nam
Thuc tl cho thiy, chuang trinh giao due pho thdng cua LHS mgt sd nudc cd nhirng ngi dung khdng tuong thich vdi chuong trinh giao due phd thdng d Viet Nam, nen khi LHS tilp can vdi chuong trinh giao due dai hgc d nudc sd tai gap nhilu khd khan. Nghien cuu chuong trinh phd thdng Lao va Viet Nam, dng Nguyin Hoai Sanh, Trudng Phong Bao tao Tnrdng Dai hgc Ha Tinh cho biit, cd kha nhilu khac biet vl do toan dien, do khd ciia chuang trinh giao due phd thdng d Lao vdi chuong trinh giao due phd thdng d Viet Nam nen khi hgc chuong trinh dai hgc d Viet Nam (vdn dugc thiit kl Uen thdng vdi chuang trinh giao due phd thdng), LHS Lao gap nhilu khd khan. Trong khi LHS Lao theo hgc he dao tao phd thdng thdi gian 11 nam thi cd nghia la cac ban dugc hgc it hon 1 nam d bac phd thdng so vdi sinh vien Viet Nam. Kit qua thao luan nhdm luu hoc sinh U o cho biit:
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TAP CHI KHOA HOC SO 16 138 www.hm.edu.vn
"Ve chucmg trinh hpc tap phd thdng tgi Viet Nam vd Ldo thi chuang trinh hoc tap phd thdng tgi Viet Nam cao han nhiiu so v&i & Ldo. Vl vdy, luu hoc sinh Ldo gap rdt nhiiu khd khdn khi hpc tgp vi cd qud nhiiu kien thicc cdc em khdng hiiu dii do Id kiin thuc phd thong ddi v&i hpc sinh Viet Nam." [Trich Thao luan nhdm tSp timg, LHS LaoTnrdng D^i hgc Quang Binh, 2019].
Th\rc te qua trinh dao t^o d cac Trudng chiing tdi khao sat cho thay, kien thiic phd thdng CO hiai cua LHS Lao cdn cd khoang each, mat bang thap hon so vdi hgc sinh, sinh vien Viet Nam. Nhieu LHS cho rSng, cac mdn nhu Toan, khoa hgc tu nhien khd tiep thu, vi vay ket qua hgc tap thip, nhiSu em phai hgc lai, thi lai.
2.5. Vifc bo tri, sdp xip l&p hpc
Trong khi nam hgc mdi cua cac trudng d?i hgc tai Viet Nam thudng bat diu tu thang 9 hang nam, cdn cac trudng phd thdng ben I^o lai kit thiic nam hgc mugn hon - khoang tbang 11, viec thdng bao tuySn sinh tilp nhan va tdng hgp hd so dang ky tuyen sinh chu yeu do cac tinh ban thuc hien va giii danh sach, hd so dang ky sang cho trudng xet tuyen, viec xet tuyen dira tren ket qua hgc t ^ va ren luyen trong hgc ba cua LHS.
"Nhdng ndm qua, cdng tdc tuyin sinh cua cdc truang dgi hpc miin Trung gap rdt nhieu khd khdn, lupng sinh vien Viet Nam tuyin sinh dup'c thdp, ddn din viic bd tri dn dinh. cdc l&p hpc gap nhieu khd khdn, phdi hpc ghep l&p nen cdng tdc qudn lyphuc tgp, sd luang sinh viin Viet Nam ciing l&p de hd tra LHS Ldo theo md hinh "ddi bgn ciing tiin "
cUng hgn chi " [Trich Thao luan nhdm tap trung. Can bg, giang vien, Tnrdng Dai hgc Ha Tmh, 2019].
Ket luan
Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thay:
- Trong qua trinh hgc tap LHS gap rat nhieu khd khan (khach quan va chii quan), nhung khd khan nay cd the khac phuc dugc, nhung phai tung budc, cd tini tir uu tien cai nao trudc, cai nao sau.
- Nhieu LHS gap khd khan trong ddi sdng se din den khd khan trong hgc tap, neu khdng nhan dugc chia se, hd trg, giiip dd tu phia ban be,nha trudng cd the dan den be tac, chan hgc va bd hgc.
- Do dd, nghien ciiu dk cd bien phap giup LHS giai quyet nhung khd khan trong hgc tap cd y nghia quan trgng trong viec nang cao hieu qua boat dong hgc tap ciia cac em.
ISSN 0866-7594.2019 J o u m i of Science, Vol, XVI. All nghts reserved.
TAI Ll£U THAM KHAO
P h ^ Minh H?c, Le Khanh, Trin Trgng Thiiy (1998), Tdm ly hgc, Tap 1, Nha xuit ban Giao due.
Reznik S.D, Irosina (2009), Sinh viin truang dgi hpc: cdng nghi vd td chicc dgy hpc, Moskva.
Le Phii Thing (2016), Ehca luu hpc sinh Ldo di thuc ti tgi nhd ddn - mot gidi phdp m&i.
hiiu qud nham ren luyen cdc Ay nang tiing Viet vd khd nang tu hpc cho luu hoc sinh Ldo tgi Tru&ng Huu nghi 178" - Tap chi Giao due.
Nguyen Van Tinh (2019), Mot sd ldnh nghiem td chuc hd tra hogt ddng hpc tap cho luu hpc sinh Ldo cdc tru&ng dgi hpc khu vuc miin Trung Viet Nam. Ky yeu Hdi thao khoa hgc: Giai phap hd trg luu hgc sinh Lao d cac trudng dai hgc khu vuc mien Trung, 22/01 /2018, Ha Imh.
Trin Anh Thu (2018) "Ndng cao hiiu qud dgy hpc tiing Viet cho hpc sinh Ldo & Tru&ng Dgi hpc Hd Tinh ", Ky ySu Hgi tiiao khoa hgc, 3/2018, Ha Tmh.
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