8 * 70 nam Tru&ng Bdng mien Nam - Hoc vien Chinh tii khu vuc II (1949 - 2019)
TRlTOfNG DANG - NOI TOI HIEU
SAU SAC HON VE HAI TlT ''DONG CHF'
PGS, TS. DANG QUANG DINH<**
Tom tkx: Tru&ng Ddng - cdi ndi ddo tgo. bdi du&ng cdn bo ldnh dgo, qudn li chii chdt trung - cao cdp. cdn bd khoa hoc li lugn cua Ddng, Nhd nu&c vd cdc dodn the chinh tri - xa hdi; Id tru&ng hgc qudc te xa hdi chu nghia cua nhirng ngu&i cdch mgng - nai ddo tgo ra nhimg con ngu&i mang tinh thdn ddng chi.
Tir khoa: Tru&ng Bdng; chu nghia xd hdi; con ngu&i xd hgi chu nghia; ddng chi
' hi con nhd, tdi da nghe ngudi ldn gpi nhau bang "ddng chi". Tuy hien, liic dd tdi chua the hidu y nghia cua hai tir nay. Den khi ngdi hen ghd nha trudng phd thdng, dupc hpc bai tho Dong chi cua nha tha Chinh Hiiu, hay Nhung dong chi chung ta cua Che Lan Vidn va nhieu bai tho khac, tdi mdi bidt it nhieu ve hai tir thidng lieng nay. Tdi chi thyc sy cam nhan sau sac y nghia cua hai tir ddng chi khi ve cdng tac tai Trudng Dang, duoc hpc tap, nghidn ciiu va hai nghiera tir chinh ngdi trudng nay.
Dong chi la tir Han Viet, thudng dupc dimg nhu rapt dai tir nhan xung hong ridng Viet de gpi va xung hd vdi nhimg ngudi cung td chiic, ciing Ii tudng, cung dpi ngu. Danh tir "ddng chi" chi nhiing ngudi cd ciing chi hirdng chinh tri. Khi li tudng cpng san chu nghTa ra ddi, nhat la khi each mang xa hpi chu nghia thanh cdng, danh tu nay dupc dung dd gpi giira nhixng dang vidn Dang Cdng san theo Ii tudng cpng san chu nghia.
Theo nghia chung nhat, ddng chi la tir dupc dung dd ndi ddn nhiing ngudi cd chung H hrdng, khat vpng, rauc dich sdng va chi hudng vdi nhau.
Li tudng, khat vpng la nhimg didu raong mudn Idn lao raa moi con ngudi hudng tdi dd Iam cho cupc sdng cua nunh, cdng dong, dan tdc '•'Hoc vien Chinh trj qu6c gia H6 Chi Minh
tdt dep hon. Khi ndi Ien nhung mong mudn ay, trong bai luan van tdt nghidp tmdng trung hpc (thang 8/1835), vdi tya dd NhUng suy nghi ciia mot thanh nien khi chgn nghe, C.Mac da viet:
"Ndu con ngudi lam vide chi vi ban than rainh thi may ra cd the hd thanh mdt nha bac hpc ndi tieng, mdt nha thdng thai vl dai, mpt nha tha uu ui, nhung khdng bao gid cd thd yd thanh con ngudi thyc sy hoan thidn va vl dai. Ndu ta chpn mdt nghe ttong do ta co thd lam vide duoc nhidu hon cho nhan loai, thi ta se khdng cong lung dudi ganh nang ciia nd, bdi vi dd la su hy smh vi mpi ngudi"'". Nhiing suy nghi cua C.Mac da dupc dng xay dyng thanh li tudng cho nhan loai thdng qua he thong li luan, qua do chi ra con dudng giai phdng cho nhiing ngudi each mang.
Li tudng, khat vpng cua nhan loai d thdi dai ngay nay dupc Chii nghia Mac - Lenin neu ra la Ii tudng xa hdi chii nghia, li tudng cdng san chu nghia. Li tudng xa hdi chii nghia, li tudng cdng san chu nghTa hudng ddn mpt'xa hpi giai phdng triet dd va phat tridn toan didn con ngudi; con ngudi dupc an no, mac i m sung sudng, h p h phiic va nr do; xa hpi ma d dd su phat tridn ty do ciia moi ngudi la tidn dd cho sy tu do ciia mpi ngudi.
Li tudng xa hdi chu nghTa, li tudng cpng san chil nghia duoc cac nha kinh didn cua
Khoa hoc chinh tri - So 6/2019
• 70 ndm Tru&ng Ddng mien Nam -Hgc vien Chinh tri khu vuc 11(1949 - 2019) Chu nghia Mac - Lenm khai quat thanh he
thdng li lu3n hoan chinh, khoa hpc. Li luan do la "khoa hpc vd cac quy Iuat phat tridn ciia tu nhien va xa hdi; khoa hpc ve each mang ciia quan chiing bi ap biic va hi bdc lot; khoa hpc vd thing lgi ciia chii nghia xa hdi dtat ca cac nudc;
khoa hpc vd xay dyng chii nghia cdng san"'^\ Li luan dd la kira chi nam hudng din, dinh hudng cho phong trao dau hanh each mang cua giai cap cdng nhan va nhan dan lao dpng, cho sy nghidp giai phdng dan tdc, giai phdng giai cap, giai phdng con ngudi.
Hd Chi Minh khang dinh, "Chii nghia Ldnin ddi vdi chiing ta, nhimg ngudi each mang va nhan dan Viet Nara, khdng nhiing la cai "cara nang" than ki, khdng nhiing la cai kim chi nam, raa cdn la mat hdi soi sang con dudng chiing ta di tdi thang lpi cudi cung, di tdi chii nghia xa hpi va chil nghTa cdng san"'^*.
Li luan dd lam cho quan chiing giac ngd, bay cho quan chiing td chiic, dau tranh cho diing.
Nhd li luan do ma quan chiing hieu rd nguyen nhan vi sao ma cyc khd, thay ro dudng Idi dau hanh de giai phong minh, hieu rd phuang phap dau hanh vdi dich. Li luan gdp phan tap hpp siic manh ciia quan chiing, qua do quan chiing phat trien dupc tai nang va lyc lupng vd tan cua rainh. Ndi each khac, Ii luan do da "phat huy dupc day du tinh sang tao ciia hang trieu quan chiing nhan dan xay dyng chii nghia xa hdi, vi chil nghia xa hdi chi cd thd xay dyng duoc vdi sy giac ngd day du va lao ddng sang tao ciia hang chuc trieu ngudi"*'*'. Td chuc do, siic manh do la siic manh ciia nhiing ngudi ddng chi.
Vd dieu nay, C.Mac va Ph.Angghen cho rang, each raang "khdng phai chi nghien ciru dpng CO cua ca nhan ridng le, dii dd la ca nhan xuat sac di nira, raa la nghidn ciiu ddng co da lay chuyen nhiing khdi quan chiing ddng dao, nhiing dan tdc trpn ven; rdi den nhiing giai cap hpn ven hong mdi dan tpc; nhiing ddng co da day hp khdng phai den chd tidn hanh nhiing cudc ndi day nhat thdi theo kieu "lira rom chdng tAt", raa ddn chd tidn hanh nhiing hanh ddng lau dai dua den nhiing bien ddi lich sir vT dai"*^'.
Nhu vay, ddng chi la nhimg con ngudi cd Cling chung li tudng va khat vpng sdng. Hp tap hpp thanh nhiing lyc lupng vd tan, to Idn, c6 kha nang tao ra nhiing chuyen bidn vT dai, thay ddi cudc sdng vi nhiing dieu tdt dep hem.
Theo tu tudng cua cac nha kmh didn Chii nghia Mac - Lenin, ddng chi khdng chi la nhirng ngudi hong rapt nudc cd chung li tudng, ma tinh ddng chi cdn hdn pham vi qudc te, dupc xay dyng tren ca sd cua su doan kdt qudc te hong sang.
C.Mac va Ph.Angghen da luan giai sir menh lich sir toan thd gidi cua giai cap cdng nhan xuat phat tir chinh tinh than ddng chi ay. Cac dng cho rang, chinh vi hi day xudng day tan ciing ciia cac nae thang xa hdi, giai cap cdng nhan hd thanh noi hdi tu cua nhimg nguyen vpng dupc giai phdng khdi ap hire, boc lot ma tat ca nhiing ngudi lao dpng cd thd giri gam, uy thac. Cudc dau tranh cua giai cap cdng nhan gan lidn vdi cudc dau tranh giai phdng xa hdi. Giai cap cdng nhan cd quyen nhan danh loi ich toan xa hdi de diing ra tap hpp cac giai cap, cac tang Idp bi ap biic, bdc lot, nhiing phan hi hen hdn hong cudc dau hanh do.
De thyc hidn sir menh lich su ddi hdi giai cap cdng nhan phai cd sy thdng nhat, doan kdt, cd tinh qudc td. C.Mac va Ph.Angghen cho rang, sd lupng va chSt lupng ciia giai cap cdng nhan khdng ngimg tang len ciing vdi sy phat trien ngay cang nhanh cua ndn dai cdng nghiep. Vdi sy phat trien dd, giai cap chng thd hien tinh qudc td cao.
Chil nghia qudc td ciia giai cap cdng nhan khdng chi xuat phat tir ndi dung mang hnh qudc te ciia cudc dau hanh, cua sir menh lich sir, ma cdn la tat ydu bdi didu kien kinh td Uong chii nghTa tu ban da xa hpi hoa cao, da qudc te hda va bdi ydu td chinh tri la su lien kdt qudc td cua giai cap tu san.
Do do, C.Mac khang dinh rang, chii nghia qudc td trong sang cua giai cap cdng nhan khdng chi dupc thd hidn bang tinh than, Idi ndi "tinh hihi nghi", ma phai "cdn nhiing chiic nang qudc te" die la phai cd sy phdi hpp hanh dpng thyc td'*^', phai thyc hidn "vd san tat ca cac nudc doan ket lai!".
Ngay tir nhimg thap nien dau ciia thd ki XX, Hd Chi Minh da nhan rd mpt qudc gia - dan tdc mudn cd siic raanh phai thoat khoi rinh trang biet Khoa hoc chfnh trj - So 6/2019
10 ' 70 ndm Tru&ng Ddng mien Nam - Hgc vien Chinh tri khu vuc II (1949 -2019) lap, phai md cira, tang cudng hpp tac vdi bdn
ngoai; tinh trang "bd quan tda cang" chi Iam dat nudc suy yeu va dua den nhimg hau qua chinh tri nghidm hpng. Nara 1924, trong thu giri ddng chi Petordp - Tdng Thu ky Ban phuang Ddng Qudc te Cdng san, Ngudi viet: "nguydn nhan dau tien da gay ra su suy ydu cua cac dan tpc phuang Ddng, dd la sy bidt lap. Khdng gidng nhu cac dan tpc phuang Tay, cac dan tdc phuong Ddng khdng cd nhiing quan he va hep xiic giiia cac Iuc dia vdi nhau. Hp hoan toan khdng biet den nhiing viec xay ra d cac nudc lang gieng gan giii nhat cua hp, do dd hp thidu sy hn cay ISn nhau, su phdi hop hanh ddng va sy cd vii iln nhau"'^'.
Vi vay, mdt hong nhirng bai hoc kinh nghiem dau tidn dupc Hd Chi Minh tdng kdt tir thyc tien cudc each mang hdn the gidi la bai hpc vd sy doan kdt giiia cac dan tdc nhd ydu, lac hau, bi ap biic dd tao nen siic manh chdng dd qudc, thuc dan.
Ngudi cho rang: "Thdi dai cua chii nghia tu ban liing doan ciing la thdi dai rapt nhdm nudc ldn do bpn tu ban tai chinh cam dau thdng tri cac nudc phu thudc va nira phy thudc, bdi vay cdng cudc giai phdng cac nudc va cac dan tdc bi ap biic la mdt bd phan khang khit ciia each mang vd san.
Do dd ma trudc het nay ra kha nang va sy can tihidt phai cd lien minh chidn dau chat che giiia cac dan tdc thupc dja vdi giai cap vd san cua cac nudc de qudc dd thing ke thii chung"*^'. Khi chu nghia thyc dan dk quoc da hd thanh he thdng the gidi, Ngudi da chi ra quyet sach: "Chiing ta each menh thi cung phai hen lac tit ca nhimg dang each menh hong thd gidi dd chdng lai tu ban va dd qudc chu nghia"'''.
Hd Chi Mmh da nit ra ket luan: "each menh An Nam ciing la mdt bd phan frong each menh thd gidi. Ai lam each menh hdn the gidi ddu la ddng chi cua dan An Nara ca"*'*". Tu hrdng cua Ngudi thd hidn hai npi dung quan hong: Mgt Id, gin each raang Viet Nam vdi each raang thd gidi, khdng chi thu hep d phuong Ddng; Hai la, tinh than doan kdt khdng bi gidi han bdi chau A hay chau Au, bdi da vang hay da hing nhu luan didu tuydn huydn cua thuydt Dai Ddng A thdi dd.
Chmh tir day. Ho Chi Minh da dua each mang
Viet Nam di vao quy dao qudc te va ttd thanh bd phan cua phong trao each mang qudc te.
Ngay sau ngay tuydn bd ddc lap, Chinh phu nudc Viet Nam Dan chii Cdng hda da ra "Thdng cao vd chinh sach ddi ngoai" khing dinh muc tidu phan dau cho "ndn dpc lap hoan toan va vTnh vien", ma tu tudng ca ban la than thidn va hpp tac vdi tat ca cac nudc, tir cac nudc Ddng minh, cac nudc lang gidng, cac dan tdc dang dau tranh giai phdng cho ddn nhan dan Phap, kd ca kieu dan Phap deu dupc bao dam sinh menh va tai san neu hp tdn ttpng chu quydn cua Viet Nam. Ngudi nhan raanh. "Muc dich cua ta liic nay la tu do, ddc lap... ban cua ta hong giai doan nay tat ca nhiing nudc nao, nhimg dan tdc hay lyc Iupng nao hen the gidi tan Ihanh muc dich ay, ciing ta chung mdt y chi ay"*"'.
Sau khi gianh dupc ddc lap, Hd Chi Muih chii ddng xay dap nen mdi quan he "vira la ddng chi vira la anh em". Ngay tir nhiing nam 1940, Ngudi da khang dinh: 'Tnmg - Viet, khac nao mdi vdi rang. Nhd rang mdi hd thi rang budt, ciiu Trung Qudc la ty ciiu minh""^'. Vdi cac nudc Ddng Duong, Ngudi chu y xay dung rinh hiiu nghi, hpp tac toan didn, doan ket keo son hen co sd ciia nhimg ngudi ciing canh ngp, chung ke thii, khat vpng ddc lap, ty do. Mdi quan he ve chmh tri, kmh td va quan sy giiia Viet Nam, Lao va Campuchia ttd nen khang khit tir khi Dang Cdng san Ddng Duong ra ddi, nam sir menh lanh dao cdng cudc giai phdng ttong ca xir Ddng Duong thupc dia.
Ngay sau khi Viet Nam tiiyen bd ddc lap, Ho Chi Mmh da hch cyc xuc ridn viec hinh hianh lien rainh chidn dau giiia ba nudc Viet Nam, Lao va Carapuchia. Tmh doan ket qudc td cao ca, frong sang va vd hr do xuit phat tir nhu ciu khach quan gdp sire cimg nhau danh bai ke tiiii chung dd bao ve sy tdn tai va phat trien ciia mdi dan tdc
Tir dong chi khdng chi ndi ddn nhimg hanh ddng each raang vl dai, vi li tiidng, ma cdn duoc thd hidn ngay hong cudc song. Trong cupc sdng hai tii dong chi cdn thd hien d sy chia se, img hd' giup nhau cimg tidn bd. Dong chi phai bidt bao dung, dp Iupng vdi nhau, khdng Idi khuydt didm cua nhau ra dd hanh ha, mat sat. Hd Chi Minh Khna hnn nhinh frj - fi^' 6/201Q
• 70 ndm Trudng Ddng mien Nam - Hgc vien Chinh tri khu vuc II (1949 - 2019) 11 tiing ndi: "Nam ngdn tay ciing cd ngdn van ngdn
dai. Nhung vin dai deu hpp nhau lai noi ban tay.
Trong may tridu ngudi ciing cd ngudi thd nay the khac, nhung the nay hay the khac ddu ddng doi ciia td tidn ta. Vay ndn ta phai khoan hdng dai dp.
Ta phai nhan ring da la con Lac chau Hdng thi ai ciing cd It hay nhidu long ai qudc""^'.
Ngudi ydu cau phai thirc tinh, tai tao luong tam, danh thiic nhiing gi tdt dep hong con ngudi.
Theo Ngudi, "mdi con ngudi deu cd thien va ac d trong Idng. Ta phai bidt lam cho phan tdt d hong mdi con ngudi nay nd nhu hoa mua Xuan va phan xau bi mat din di, dd la thai dp ciia ngudi each mang. Ddi vdi nhiing ngudi cd thdi hu tat xau, tini hang ngudi phan lai Td qudc va nhan dan, ta ciing phai giiip hp ridn bd bang each Iam cho cai phan thien hong con ngudi nay nd de day liii phan ac, chii khdng phai dap cho toi bdi"'''''.
Hd Chi Minh nhin manh, tinh ddng chi cdn dupc thd hidn d trach nhidm cua cac thd he can bd, dang vidn di trudc ddi vdi the he can bd, dang vidn he di sau. Ngudi quan nidm each mang ia sy nghidp cua quan chiing, ciia nhieu the he ndi tidp nhau dupc td chirc va chuan bi. Lich sir la cu thd, cdn cudc ddi mdi con ngudi la cd han; mdi the he chi cd the di het rapt chang tten con dudng each raang da lya chpn. Ngudi da thay ro kha nang tdi da ciia the he di trudc co the lara dupc ciing nhu cai gidi han ty nhien ma thd he dd khdng the vuot qua. Vi vay, bdi dudng the he each mang cho ddi sau la vide lam rat quan frpng va can thidt.
Nhung, bdi dudng khdng cd nghia la ttao lai gian dan nhiing gi da cd, ma hach nhiera ciia the he hdm nay la phai chuan bi cho ldp ngudi raai sau nhiing gi can thiet mdt each vimg chac va tdt dep.
Trong Di chiic, Hd Chi Minh can dan. Dang phai cham lo giao dye dao diic each mang cho the he sau nhiing ngudi thira kd xay dyng chii nghia xa hdi vira "hdng" vua "chuyen". Ndu khdng cd tinh ddng chi thuang ydu lan nhau thi at se din den tu tudng dd ki, hep hdi. O ttong Dang thi khdng biet cat nhae nhiing ngudi tdt, so ngudi ta hon minh.
0 ngoai Dang tiii khinh ngudi, cho ai ciing khdng each mang, din tdi vide ngudi tai thi thieu co hdi cdng hidn cho su nghiep cua Dang, dan tpc.
i^h^a hnn r h i n h tri - So 6/2019
Vd Trudng Dang, dupc hpc tap, nghien cim li tudng cdng san ciia Chu nghia Mac - Ldnm, nghidn ciiu sau sic hr tirdng Hd Chi Minh, tdi mdi thyc sy hidu dupc hai tii dong chi Sy thidng hdng, cao ca va y nghia thyc su cua hai ttr ay la su dinh hudng ldn cho moi ngudi each raang chiing ta. Cdng tac tai Trudng Dang 20 nam qua, tdi dupc hpc tap, phan dau, trudng thanh, dupc khang dinh minh frong mdi tiudng tham tinh ddng chi. O day, tdi hieu dupc muc tidu, U tudng ma minh dang phan diu, qua dd cd chi hudng va quyet tam cung cac ddng chi hidn thyc hda h tudng thanh hidn thyc.
Tdi va nhiing ngudi ddng chi ciia tdi dang hoan thanh tdt rapi nhiem vu, chiic trach gdp phan vao cdng cudc xay dung va phat tridn dat nudc, xay dung chu nghia xa hdi.
Ve cdng tac tai Trudng Dang, tdi dupc nhihig ngudi ddng chi d cac thd he giiip dd, tao didu kidn dd trudng thanh. Dd la nhimg ngudi Thay, ngudi Cd dang ldnh tmydn day cho tdi nhiing gid giang hay, ldng nhiet huyet va Idng ydu thuang con ngudi, ydu chu nghia xa hdi.
Tiep ndi cac the he Thay, Cd ay, ngay nay, thdng qua nhiing bai giang, tdi dang hnydn lai nhiing h tudng, sy nhiet huyet vdi cac tiie he hpc vien bang ca luang tam, trach nhidm ciia minh. Tdi tin rang, nhiing ddng chi chiing ta se viing budc tten con dudng da chpn, se xay dyng thanh cdng nudc Viet Nam dan mm, nudc manh, dan chu, cdng bang, van minh!'-'
<" Theo: Nguyen Ba Duong, Coi ngfion va sir menh ciia hoc thuyet Mdc. Nha xuat ban Ly luan chinh tri. Ha Ngi. 2008, lr.56
'^'•'""'^'^'HS Chi Minh, Toan lap, tap 11, Nha xuat ban Chinh m qu6c gia, Ha Noi, 2011, 1r.96,93 va 169
'-" H6 Chi Minh, 5ay. lap 12, tr.563
*^C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, Todn tap. lap 2\, Nha xuit ban Chinh tri qu6c gia. Ha Ngi, 1995, tr438
'^'^ C.Mac va Ph.Angghen, SM tap 19, tr40 '" H6 Chi Minli, Sdd. tap \, tr.284
"'"'""H6 Chi Minh, s k tap2,tr305va329
""Van kien Eiang, Todn tdp, tap 8, Nha xuat ban Chinh tn qu6c gia, Ha Npi, 2000, tap 8, tr 437
"^lH6ChiMin^5^(y, tap3,lr.2i8
"SH60iMinh,5iiW, tap4,lr.280 I"" H6 Chi Minh, Sdd. tap 15, tr.672
