@Ai tatk tit phap S 6 9 (222) - 2 0 1 0
QUY DjNH CUA BO LUAT TO TUNG HINH Sif VE XUT li VAT CHUNG VA NHUNG VutfNG MAC
TRONG THUC TllN AP DUNG
• ThS. NGUYIN VAN TRUONG * K h i xet xu" vu an h i n h su" co v a t
chiing d i kem vdi ho sd vu an t h i cung v d i viec quyet dinh ve t o i danh, dieu luat ap dung, h i n h phat va bien phap t u phap doi vdi b i cao, Hoi ddng xet x i i con phai xem xet, quyet dinh viec xvi l y v a t chiing. Viec xvi ly vat chiing diing khdng n h u n g dam bao quyen lpi hpp phap cua nhiing ngUdi t h a m gia to tung, h a n che khieu nai, nang cao uy t i n cua cd quan xet xii ma con tao dieu kien thuan ldi cho cd quan t h i hanh an dan su" k h i td chiic t h i hanh quyet dinh cua ban an ve x i i ly vat chiing. Trong b a i viet nay, chiing t d i x i n neu nhiing v a n de lien quan den viec xvi l y v a t chiing theo quy d i n h cua Bp luat To' t u n g h i n h su" va nhiing vUdng mac trong thuc tien ap dung, can dUdc thao gd.
1. Quy dinh cua Bp luat Td tung hinh stf ve xvf ly vat chiing
Theo quy dinh t a i Dieu 76 Bo luat Td' t u n g h i n h sii, vat chiing dUdc xvi l y n h u sau:
a) Vat chiing la cdng cu, phUdng tien p h a m tdi, vat cam luu hanh, la tien hoac t a i san do pham tpi ma cd t h i b i tich t h u sung quy n h a nUdc. Tuy nhien, neu vat cam h i u hanh la cac chat ma tuy, v a n hoa pham doi t r u y t h i tuyen tich t h u n h u n g khdng sung quy nha nUdc ma dem d i tieu huy;
b) Vat chiing l a nhving vat, tien bac thudc sd h i i u cua Nha nUdc, to' chiic, ca n h a n b i ngudi p h a m tpi chiem doat hoac dung l a m cdng cu, phUdng t i e n pham tpi t h i t r a lai cho chu sd hiiu hoac ngiidi quan l y hdp phap; trong trUdng hop khdng xac d i n h dUdc chu sd hviu hoac ngudi quan l y hdp phap t h i sung quy n h a nUdc.
Vi du, k h i k h a m nha cua H - ke cUdp giat chiec dong hd cua ngUdi d i dUdng, cd quan dieu tra da t h u giu" dUdc 3 chiec dien thoai di dong.
Theo ldi k h a i n h a n cua H t h i ca 3 chiec dien thoai dd deu l a do cUdp giat cua ngUdi khac.
Qua trinh dieu tra, t r u y td', xet xvi v u an, cac cd quan tien h a n h to' t u n g da ap dung moi bien phap n h u n g khdng xac m i n h dUdc chu sd hiiu cua 3 chiec dien thoai la ai. Khi xet xu, Toa an phai quye't d i n h sung quy Nha nUdc 3 chiec dien thoai tren.
Trong trUdng hdp neu chu sd h i i u biet dUdc va cho phep ngUdi pham tpi diing t a i san cua m i n h de thvfc hien tpi pham t h i t a i san dd cung phai b i tich t h u sung quy nha nUdc. Vi du, A biet B d i chan ngUdi qua dudng de chiem doat t a i san n h u n g van cho B mUdn xe may t h i chiec xe may cua A phai b i tich t h u sung quy Nha nUdc.
c) Vat chiing l a hang hda mau hong hoac khd bao quan t h i cd the dupe ban theo quy
Toa an Quan sis Trung nong
Dan chu & Phap luat
@ai each hi phap. S6 9 (222)-2010
dinh ciia phap luat. V i du, vat chung la thuc pham tUdi song, hang hoa co niem han su1 dung ngan ...
d) Vat chiing khong co gia t r i hoac khong sii dung dUdc t h i b i tich t h u va tieu huy. V i du, vat chiing la bo quan ao cu nat, con dao han r i , cue da, doan go nhd ...
Ve tham quyen xii ly vat chiing: Viec xii ly
vat chiing do cd quan dieu t r a quyet dinh, neu vu an dUdc dinh chi d giai doan dieu tra; do Vien kiem sat quyet dinh, neu v u an dUdc d i n h chi d giai doan t r u y to; do Toa an hoac Hoi dong xet xU. quyet dinh d giai doan xet xii.Trong mdi giai doan dieu tra, t r u y to', xet xvi vu an, cd quan dieu tra, Vien kiem sat, Toa an hoac Hdi dong xet xU cd quyen quyet dinh t r a lai nhiing vat chiing la n h i i n g vat, tien bac thuoc sd hiiu cua Nha nUdc, td chiic hoac ca nhan b i ngUdi pham tdi chiem doat hoac dung lam cdng cu, phUdng tien pham tdi cho chu sd hiiu hoac ngudi quan ly hdp phap, neu xet thay khdng anh hudng den viec giai quyet v u an.
Vi du, K t u y diing xe d td ciia cd quan M d i
budn lau va bi bat gid. Sau k h i l a m day du cac
thu tuc can thiet, xet thay khdng anh hUdng den viec giai quyet v u an, Cd quan dieu t r a cd quyen t r a l a i chiec d td cho cd quan M. Bien ban ve viec t r a l a i chiec d t d dd phai dUdc l u u trong hd sd v u an.Trong trUdng hdp vat, tien bac khdng thuoc loai t a i san Nha nUdc cam l u u hanh, t u y dupe thu giU trong qua t r i n h to' tung nhung cd can cii xac dinh t a i san dd khdng lien quan gi den toi pham va ngUdi pham toi t h i t u y theo giai doan to' tung, cd quan dieu tra, Vien kiem sat, Toa an hoac Hdi dong xet xU cd quyen quye't dinh t r a l a i cho chii sd hviu hoac ngUdi quan ly
hdp phap.
2. N h i i n g viidng mac, bat cap t r o n g thiic tien ap d u n g quy d i n h ciia Bo luat T d t u n g h i n h sii ve xuf ly vat chiing
a. Viec xii ly vat chiing trong triidng hcjp chua tim diicJc chu sd hiiu h<Jp phdp
Thiic tien giai quye't cac v u an h i n h sii ve cac bang nhdm pham t o i trom cap, cUdp giat thdi gian qua cho thay, nhung ke pham t d i thudng thuc hien nhieu phi vu, vao n h i i n g thdi gian khac nhau va chiem doat t a i san cua nhieu ngUdi. Qua t r i n h dieu t r a , t r u y td, cd quan dieu t r a va Vien kiem sat da tien hanh k h a m xet ndi t r u ngu hoac ndi cat gia'u dd p h i phap cua chiing, t h u giuf nhieu loai t a i san khac nhau, trong dd cd t a i san xac dinh dUdc chii sd hviu n h u n g cung cd khdng i t trUdng hdp cd quan tien hanh td' tung khdng the xac d i n h dUdc ngay chu sd hviu la ai va phai ap dung cac bien phap nhU: Niem yet t a i t r u sd cdng an va Uy ban nhan dan dia phUdng ndi t h u givr v a t chdng; thong bao cdng khai tren cac phUdng tien thong t i n d a i chung v.v... de tim chu sd hiiu. Khi ap dung bien phap t i m kiem, cd quan ap dung deu phai an dinh thdi han cu the, het thdi han dd ma khdng cd ngUdi den nhan v a t chiing l a t a i san cua m i n h t h i v a t chiing dd dUdc coi la vd chu va Toa an cd quyen tich t h u sung quy nha nUdc. Do trong Bd luat To' t u n g h i n h sii hien hanh khdng cd quy dinh ve t r i n h t i i , t h u tuc, thdi han t r u y t i m chii sd hviu hoac ngudi quan ly hdp phap ddi vdi t a i san l a v a t chiing, nen thiic tien da va dang gap n h i i n g vUdng mac. Hien nay, viec xac dinh thdi h a n thong bao cdng k h a i t i m chii sd h i i u hoac ngUdi quan ly hdp phap khdng thong nhat. Cd cd quan dieu t r a xac d i n h la 3 thang, cd cd quan
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xac dinh l a 6 thang, t u y thuoc vao thdi h a n dieu t r a v u an ma luat cho phep. Het thdi h a n thong bao ma khdng xac dinh dUdc chu sd hiiu hoac ngUdi quan ly hdp phap ciia vat chiing t h i cd quan dieu t r a ket luan la khdng xac d i n h dUdc chu sd h i i u ciia v a t chiing. Ho sd v u an cung vdi vat chiing "vd chu" dUdc chuyen sang Toa an. Trong trUdng hdp nay, Bo luat To t u n g h i n h sii cung khdng quy dinh Toa an cd phai tiep tuc thiic hien cac bien phap de xac d i n h chu sd hviu ciia v a t chiing dd n h u d giai doan dieu t r a nvia hay khdng nen cd Toa tiep tuc r a thong bao cdng k h a i t i m chu sd him, cd Toa cho rang, cd quan dieu t r a da lam ma khdng dUdc, do dd Toa khdng can thong bao cdng k h a i nvia.
Ngay ddi vdi trUdng hdp Toa an r a thong bao t h i cung khdng cd v a n ban nao xac dinh thdi han thong bao cdng k h a i la bao nhieu. Thiic te thdi han tren dUdc xac dinh dai hay ngan p h u thuoc vao thdi han chuan b i xet xU sd t h a m doi vdi toi pham ma Toa an dang nghien ciiu, xet xU theo khoan 2 Dieu 176 Bo luat Td'tung h i n h sii. V i du, neu la tdi i t nghiem trong, thdi h a n chuan b i l a 45 ngay t h i thdi han thong bao cdng k h a i la 60 ngay. Ngay md phien toa cung la ngay het thdi h a n thong bao cdng k h a i t i m chu sd h i i u cua v a t chiing. V i vay, khdng i t trUdng hdp Toa an dua v u an r a xet x i i va quyet dinh sung quy Nha nUdc ddi vdi v a t chUng k h i chua t i m dUdc chu sd hiiu, d i n den k h i cd ngUdi den nhan m i n h la chu sd h i i u hoac quan ly hdp phap ciia vat chiing t h i ban an da cd hieu liic phap luat. Trong trUdng hdp nay, neu chu sd hviu hoac ngUdi quan ly hdp phap yeu cau nhan l a i vat chiing t h i cd quan t h i hanh an dan sii gap nhieu k h d k h a n k h i t h i hanh quyet dinh x i i ly vat chiing ciia Toa an v i
vat chiing da b i Toa tuyen tich t h u sung quy nha nUdc, khdng the t r a l a i cho c h u sd hQu dUdc.
De khac phuc vUdng mac tren, chiing toi cho rang can cd hudng dan cua cd quan co t h a m quyen ve n h i i n g van de sau:
- Quy dinh cu the thdi h a n thong bao cdng k h a i t i m chu sd h i i u hoac ngUdi quan ly hdp phap ciia vat chiing;
- Xac dinh trach nhiem cua Toa an phai tiep tuc thong bao cdng k h a i t i m chii sd hviu hoac ngUdi quan l y hdp phap cua vat chiing sau khi ho sd v u an da dUdc chuyen sang Toa trong trUdng hdp hd sd k e m theo vat chiing vd chu.
Ve thdi han thong bao cdng k h a i t i m chu sd hviu hoac ngUdi quan ly hdp phap cua vat chiing, t u y Bd luat To' t u n g h i n h sii hien hanh khdng quy dinh n h u n g theo chiing tdi, can phai can cii vao khoan 2 Dieu 239 Bo luat Dan sii de xac dinh n h u sau: "Trong trUdng hdp vat khdng xac dinh dUdc a i l a chu sd hviu la dong san t h i sau mot nam, ke t i i ngay thong bao cdng khai, ma van khdng xac d i n h dUdc ai la chii sd hviu t h i dong san dd thudc sd hiiu ciia ngUdi phat hien theo quy dinh cua phap luat...". Dieu nay cd nghia la, neu chua xac d i n h dUdc chii sd h i i u hoac ngUdi quan ly hdp phap cua v a t chiing, t h i cd quan tien hanh td' t u n g phai thong bao cdng k h a i t i m chu sd hQu hoac ngUdi quan ly hdp phap vdi thdi han mot nam. Sau thdi h a n mot nam, neu khdng t i m thay chii sd hviu hoac ngUdi quan l y hdp phap cua vat chiing, t h i vat chiing dd thudc quyen sd h i i u cua Nha nUdc v i ngUdi phat hien trong trUdng hdp nay la cd quan nha nUdc.
Thdi han thong bao cdng k h a i t i m chii sd hviu hoac ngUdi quan ly hdp phap ciia vat
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chiing bao gom thdi h a n do cd quan dieu t r a an dinh trong giai -doan dieu t r a va thdi h a n do Toa an an d i n h trong giai doan xet x i i . V i vay, khi hd sd v u an chuyen sang Toa kem theo vat chving "vd chu" va neu thdi h a n thong bao cdng khai cua cd quan dieu tra chua d u mot nam t h i Toa an phai tiep tuc r a thong bao cdng k h a i de tim chu sd h i i u hoac ngUdi quan l y hdp phap cua vat chiing, dam bao thdi h a n nay d u mot nam. Do phai t u a n t h u thdi h a n xet x i i dUdc quy dinh t a i khoan 2 Dieu 176 Bo luat Td'tung hinh sii nen nhieu trUdng hdp Toa an phai dua vu an r a xet xU k h i thdi h a n thong bao cdng khai t i m chu sd h i i u hoac ngUdi quan l y hdp phap cua vat chiing van con. Trong trUdng hdp nay, Hdi dong xet xvi phai tuyen ro trong phan quye't dinh x i i l y vat chiing cua ban an la sau ngay ... (ngay ket thuc thdi h a n thong bao cdng khai t i m chu sd h i i u hoac ngUdi quan l y hdp phap cua vat chiing), neu v a n chua xac dinh dUdc chu sd hviu hoac ngUdi quan l y hdp phap cua vat chiing t h i tich t h u v a t chiing dd de sung quy nha nUdc. C h i k h i tuyen n h u vay mdi tao lap dUdc cd sd phap l y de cd quan t h i hanh an dan sii t h i hanh quyet dinh cua ban an ve xii l y vat chiing va giai quye't khieu n a i cua ngUdi yeu cau nhan l a i vat chiing.
b. Viec xii ly vat chiing trong cac vu an ve cac toi huy hoai hoac lam hii hong tdi san; toi phd huy cong trinh, phUoiig tien quan trong ve an ninh quoc gia
Thuc tien hoat dong to' t u n g cho thay cd trUdng hdp cd quan dieu t r a t h u ghi t a i san b i h u hong de l a m v a t chving trong v u an ma ngUdi pham t d i b i t r u y to, xet x i i ve Tdi cd' y huy hoai hoac l a m h u hong t a i san (Dieu 143 Bd luat H i n h sii). Ve dan sU, Toa an da buoc b i
cao boi thudng toan bd thiet hai xay ra; n h u n g k h i x i i l y v a t chiing la t a i san t u y h u hong n h u n g v a n con gia t r i k i n h te da phat sinh nhieu y kien khac nhau. NgUdi t h i cho rang can tich t h u sung quy nha nUdc, ngUdi khac l a i cho rang do b i cao da phai boi thudng toan bd thiet h a i nen can giao cho b i cao t a i san h u hong. Y kien khac l a i cho rang, phai t r a l a i cho chii sd h i i u (tiic la ngUdi bi hai). Do viec x i i l y vat chiing khdng thd'ng nhat da gay k h d k h a n cho cdng tac t h i hanh an. V i du, do t h u tiic vdi dng Nguyen V a n B, Hoang V a n M da dung biia dap chiec xe may cua dng B, t r i gia 7 t r i e u ddng, l a m chiec xe b i bien d a n g h u hong nang.
Chiec xe may dUdc cd quan dieu t r a t h u givr lam v a t chiing. T a i phien toa, M ddng y bdi thudng cho dng B so' tien la 7 t r i e u ddng, diing bang t r i gia chiec xe may. Tda an n h a n dan huyen K.B da x i i phat Hoang V a n M mot nam t u ve tdi cd' y l a m h u hong t a i san theo khoan 1 Dieu 143 Bd luat H i n h sii, ghi n h a n sii thoa t h u a n ve boi thudng thiet h a i giUa b i cao M vdi dng Nguyen V a n B. Ve x i i ly vat chving la chiec xe may b i h u hong, Toa da ap dung diem b khoan 2 Dieu 76 Bd luat To' t u n g h i n h sii, tuyen t r a chiec xe may cho dng B vdi lap l u a n chiec xe may d u b i h u hong nhUng v a n thuoc quyen sd h i i u cua dng B nen can phai t r a l a i cho chu sd hiiu.
Viec x i i ly vat chiing trong v u an ma b i cao bi xet x i i ve t d i pha huy cdng t r i n h , phUdng tien quan trong ve an n i n h qud'c gia cung gap vUdng mac. V i du, T r a n V a n T h cung Le T r u n g D ban bac cung n h a u pha huy cdng sii phong t h u k h u vUc bien gidi de lay sat v u n ban. V u an bi phat hien, cd quan dieu t r a da t h u givi dUdc bao t a i sat vun, can dUdc 5 kg. Ban an sd t h a m
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ciia Toa an nhan dan huyen P.Y da tuyen phat cac b i cao ve toi pha h u y cong t r i n h quan trong ve an n i n h quoc gia va bupc cac b i cao phai boi thudng toan bd thiet h a i do ho gay r a gdm: t i e n mua nguyen v a t lieu, t i e n cdng xay dung l a i cdng su; dong t h d i xU l y v a t chiing ddi vdi so' sat v u n n h u sau: ap dung diem c khoan 2 Dieu 76 Bd luat Td t u n g h i n h sii, tich t h u sung quy nha nUdc 5 k g sat vun.
T i i h a i v u an neu t r e n cho thay, viec xvi l y vat chiing trong cac v u an ma b i cao b i xet xvi ve hanh v i pha h u y hoac l a m h u hong t a i san chua thd'ng nhat. De ap dung phap l u a t dUdc dung dan, x d ly vat chiing chinh xac t r o n g cac trUdng hdp nay theo chiing t d i trUdc het can phai nam vvtng mdi quan he givta h a i ndi dung ma Toa an phai giai quye't k h i xet xU la: Bdi thudng thiet hai va xvt ly vat chiing. Neu b i cao pha h u y hoac l a m h u hong t a i san ciia ngUdi khac nhUng da boi thudng dii r o i t h i nen giao vat chiing la t a i san b i h u hong con gia t r i sU dung cho ngUdi da thiic hien t r a c h n h i e m boi thudng; neu v a t chiing khdng con gia t r i s i i dung t h i nen tuyen tich t h u de tieu huy. ThUc te t h i hanh an trong v u an thut nhat cho thay neu ngUdi b i h a i da nhan dUdc 7 t r i e u dong (gia t r i chiec xe may k h i chua b i l a m h u hong) lai con nhan dUdc chiec xe may h u hong nhUng van con k h a nang svta chua de s i i dung l a khdng hdp ly, t r a i vdi nguyen tac boi thudng ngoai hdp ddng (thiet h a i bao nhieu phai boi thudng bay nhieu). Viec t h i hanh an trong v u an t h i i h a i cung nay sinh bat cap l a chi cd 5 k g sat v u n thdi, ma cd quan t h i h a n h an phai t h a n h lap hdi dong dinh gia, phai t i e n h a n h nhieu thu. tuc de hoa gia sung cdng quy, gay lang p h i Idn, v i sd' tien phai chi r a de t h a n h lap
hdi dong, hoa gia tori gap nhieu l a n so t i e n t h u duoc sau k h i ban 5 k g sat vun. Tuy nhien, t a i Dieu 76 Bd luat To t u n g h i n h su hien hanh lai khdng cd quy dinh t r a t a i san l a v a t chung thuoc sd hviu ciia ngudi khac cho ngUdi pham tdi. V i vay, cac cd quan cd t h a m quyen can cd hudng dan de viec ap dung phap luat trong xii ly v a t chiing dUdc thd'ng nhat, vita dam bao quyen ldi cho ngUdi t h a m gia td' tung, vua tao t h u a n ldi cho cdng tac t h i hanh an.
c. Viec xii ly vat chiing la vat mang dau vet toi pham
Theo quy d i n h t a i Dieu 74 Bd luat Td' tung h i n h sii, v a t chiing l a vat dUdc dung lam cdng cu pham tdi; vat mang dau vet tdi pham; vat la ddi tUdng cua t o i p h a m ciing n h u tien bac va vat khac cd gia t r i chiing m i n h t d i pham va ngUdi pham tpi. Trong k h i do, khoan 2 Dieu 76 Bp luat Td' t u n g h i n h sii chi dieu chinh viec xii ly vat chiing ddi vdi nhirng ddi tUdng sau: Cdng cu, phUdng t i e n p h a m tdi; vat cam lUu hanh;
tien bac hoac t a i san do pham t d i ma cd; vat, tien bac thudc sd h i i u nha nUdc, td chiic, ca n h a n b i ngUdi p h a m t d i chiem doat hoac diing lam phUdng t i e n p h a m tdi; vat chiing la hang hoa mau hong hoac k h d bao quan; vat chiing khdng cd gia t r i hoac khdng sii dung dUdc.
Tif cac quy d i n h t r e n cho thay, khoan 2 Dieu 76 Bp l u a t Td' t u n g h i n h sii chua dieu chinh viec x i i l y ddi v d i v a t chiing chi ddn t h u a n l a vat mang dau vet tdi pham (cd the la vat thudc sd h i i u ciia ngUdi pham tpi, cd the la vat thudc sd h i i u ciia ngUdi khac) dan den vUdng mac trong viec ap dung phap l u a t de x i i ly.
Thiic t i l n hoat ddng td' t u n g thdi gian qua cho thay, khdng i t trUdng hdp cd quan tien
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