TRri CAP CHO XUAT MONG MGHIEP DE XUAT CHIMH SACH Il6

NGHI6N CQU - TRRO D6\. DE XUAT CHIMH SACH Il6 TRCl, TRri CAP CHO SA^ XUAT MONG MGHIEP • HUYNH THI UEN HOA, HA VI^T HUNG, o 6 OQC THQ, BUI QUANG. • PHAM OQC TUNG. TUAN, Vii§n Quy hoach v^ Thi^t ^^S \l6r\q n^hi^p. LDATVANDE .SIIIVS|1^YIX)I.K^II^AS. IN VIETNAM. After Vietnam joined the WTO, government policies and measures to support and subsidy to the agricultural sector need to be adjusted and supplemented to ensure compliance with international commitments and with WTO provisions without compromising on the growth of domestic agricultural production. Government policies have played an important role in raising the incomes of farmers and improving their living standards nationwide. Nevertheless, Vietnam has not been able to take full advantage of all the domestic agricultural support measures permitted under WTO, mainly due to limited budget. Under WTO commitments, Vietnam is allowed to use all of the Green Box and Development Box measures which are not subject to any restrictions or limits on the level of support. Vietnam can also apply the Blue Box measures to support domestic agricultural production if necessary. Only the Amber Box measures must comply with the limits as set out in the WTO's Agriculture Agreement. According to the authors, future agricultural support, subsidy policies should focus on the following areas: (1) supporting the development of resources used in agricultural production and (2) improving policies regulating agricultural product markets.. 80. Hoat dOng K H O A H O C 2° *^^"9 4.2012. Tham gia Td chQc ThQdng mgi t h i gidi (WTO), hO thdng cic chfnh sich v i giii phip hd trd, trd cip eho sin xuit ndng nghiOp cua nQde ta c i n dQdc dilu chlnh, bo sung d l phu hdp vdi cic cam kit qudc t l v i cic quy djnh eua WTO m i van bio dim cho sQ phit triln cua nginh ndng nghiip. Cac chinh sich hd trd, trd cip cua Nhi nQde da cd nhQng ddng gdp quan trpng giup ning cao thu nhip v i c i i thiin mQc sdng cua ngudi ndng din trong c i nQde. Tuy nhiin, Viit Nam v i n chQa khai thic dQdc hit cic bien phip hd trd ma WTO cho phep ip dgng khdng hgn che, chu yeu do ngin sich cdn hgn hgp. Nghien cQu niy nhim d l xui't cie giii phip, chinh sich hd trd, trd cip cho sin xui't ndng nghiOp trong nude ptiu hdp vdi cic cam kit WTO eua Viit Nam.. II. PHVONG PHAP NGHIEN CVU PhQdng phip phin tfch h i thd'ng: dinh g i i inh hQdng cua cic chfnh sach thdng qua viOc phin tfch cic eh? tiiu djnh tfnh v i dinh IQdng liin quan d i n s i n xui't ndng nghiip mOt cich ed h i thd'ng, cd xet d i n cic tic dOng qua Igi giQa cac ddi tQdng tham gia vio q u i trinh s i n xui't ndng nghiep. PhQdng phip thdng k i gdm: phQdng phip eh? sd thd'ng ke; phQdng phap so sanh ddi chilu; phQdng phip logi trQ... nhim phin tfch cic thdng tin dmh tfnh, djnh IQdng dQa ra cic thdng tin can thii't phge vg eho mgc dfch nghiin cQu cQa de t i i . - PhQdng phap chuyen gia, chuyen khio: td ChQc thio luin, li'y y kien cie chuyen gia diu nginh v l mdt sd nOi dung nghiin cQu cua de tai.. y?. NGHI6N cau - TRRO B6\. III. KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 1, ThQc trgng chinh sach hd tr<?, tr0 cap sin xui't nong nghiep va trd cap xua't khiu cue Vigt Nam Cic chinh sich hd trd, trd ci'p sin xui't ndng nghiip cija ViOt Nam cdn ft, chu yi'u l i cic chfnh sach hd trd trong nQde. Cie biOn phip hd trd tip trung chu yi'u vio cic nhdm sau: 1.1. Nhdm chlnh sdch hd trg cdc ngudn Itfc di phdt triin san xuit Hd trd diu tQ: tdng mQc dau tu vio ndng nghiep thdi gian qua khdng tQdng xQng vdi vai trd cua nginh ndng nghiOp trong nin kinh te. Theo Tdng cgc Thdng ke (nam 2000), tdng vd'n diu tQ cho ndng nghiOp chiim khoing 13,8% tdng vd'n diu tu toin xa hdi; sau dd giim cdn 7,5% vio nim 2005, din nim 2008 ty trpng niy hg xudng edn 6,45% v i 2010, dau tQ eho ning nghiOp chl cdn 6,26%.. 1.2. Nhdm chinh sdch ve thj trudng Viet Nam da thgc hiOn nghiem chfnh cic cam kit WTO, md cQa thi trQdng ddi vdi nhilu mat hing ndng sin. Song viic Qng phd vdi nhQng bii'n dOng bit Ipi do ndng sin nhip khiu gia ting dOt bii'n cdn chua chij dOng, kip thdi v i linh hogt. HiOp djnh ve hing rio ky thuit cho phep cae nude dQpc sQ dgng cic tieu chuan ky thuit d l quan ly nhip khau. Sau khi gia nhip WTO, Viit Nam da ban hinh hing logt vin bin quy djnh ve cic tieu chuan, quy chuan ky thuit. Nhin chung, tieu chuan cija ViOt Nam dQa ra khdng trii vdi quy djnh cua WTO nhung cdn thilu v i thi'p hdn ri't nhieu so vdi tieu chui'n qud'c t l . Trong khi eac nude dang sQ dgng cie tiiu chuan qudc t l v i khu vgc d l ehi phd'i thQdng mgi qud'c t l v i khu vQc thi tgi ViOt Nam, chf cd khoang 2.600 trong tdng sd khoing 6.500 tieu chuan qud'c gia hiOn hinh l i hii hda vdi cic tieu chuan qud'c t l tQdng Qng.. Ho trd gid'ng ciy trdng, vit nudi: trung binh mdi nam Viet Nam chi khoing 15 ty ddng cho cac cd sd sin xui't gid'ng. Tuy nhien, mOt sd chfnh sich hd niy ctiQa dQdc tin dgng triet d l , die biOt l i mOt sd khoan hd trd cg t h i khdng vi phgm cam ki't WTO.. 2. Do! chieu cac chinh sach hd trd, trd cap cho nong nghiep hien hanh vdi cac cam ket gia nhap WTO. Trd ci'p dilu chfnh cd ci'u thdng qua cie chQdng trinh hd trd ngQdi lim nghi ndng chuyin nghi, chuyin ddi ngudn iQc sin xui't (di't dai), hdtrd eho ndng din khi gia c i xudng thi'p l i nhQng hd trd m i WTO eho phep nhQng chf mdi bQde dau dQdc triln khai d Viet Nam.. khudn khd k l hogch trd ci'p tQ ngin sich nhi nQde nhQng hau hit cic biOn phip ho trd hiOn hinh eija Viet Nam thudng khdng phai l i nhQng chQdng trinh trd ci'p dQdc lip k l hogch trQdc, m i phan Idn l i cic biOn phip tinh t h i d l ddi phd vdi cic vi'n de hay tinh hinh phit sinh dOt xui't ngoii dQ kiln.. Trong cic nim qua, mac du da triln khai i p dgng mgnh me mOt sd bien phip hd trp sin xui't ndng Chinh sich tfn dgng: mdi trQdng chinh sich da dQpc cai thiOn theo hQdng ddn gian hoi thu tgc d l nghiOp, nhung xet ve tong t h i Viet Nam vin chQa ngudi sin xui't cd t h i tie'p can ngudn vd'n vay thuin khai thic dQdc hit cic biOn phip hd trp m i WTO ldi. Tuy nhien, chfnh sich cdn chung chung, chQa cho phep i p dgng, nhQ: hai hinh thQc trd ci'p xui't thQc SQ hi'p dan cic nhi dau tQ bd vd'n dau tu vio khau dd'i vdi cic nQde dang phit triln, hay ho trd cho nong nghiOp. Hdn nQa, cic chfnh sich tfn dgng Qu ngQdi sin xui't chuyin ddi nghi, chuyin ddi ngudn dai hiOn nay chQa hQdng di'n cic doanh nghiOp nhd, lgc sin xui't, hd trd thu nhip cho ndng din khi gii c i hO ndng din, c i nhin kinh doanh trong ITnh vQc ndng xudng thi'p. Trong khudn khd nhdm djch vg chung, nghiip m i chu yi'u v i n hQdng din cic doanh nghiep cie hinh thQc v i biOn phip hd trd ed y nghTa quan trpng die biet d l cii thien nang suit ndng nghiOp Idn. v i chit IQdng ndng sin, tQ dd gdp phan day mgnh Trd ci'p xui't khau: Viet Nam da x o i bd trd ci'p xui't khau v i tang tieu dung trong nQde, tuy da dQdc xui't khau ndng sin k l tQ ngiy gia nhip WTO. Tuy triln khai nhQng mQc dO edn hgn chl. Bdi viy, trong nhiin, ViOt Nam dQdc bio iQu quyen nhQ cie nQde nhQng nim tdi, cic biOn phip hd trd dgng trin can thinh vien dang phat triln khic dQdc phep i p dgng, dQdc tfch cQc sQ dgng hdn nQa d l phit huy tic dgng bao gdm: trd ci'p cho chi phf tii'p thj, ke c i chi phf xuc ho trd cija ngin sich nhi nQde, ddng thdi tin dgng tie'n xui't khau v i tQ vi'n xui't khau, cic ehi phi'xQ ly, dQdc ldi t h i cua biOn phip niy l i khdng bj hgn che ning ci'p v i che bii'n hing xui't khau; trd ci'p van i p dgng do tfnh chi't hau nhu khdng giy bdp meo chuyln/cQdc phf van chuyin hing xui't khau tren cic thQdng mgi. tuyin nOi dja v i qudc t l . Song thgc t l hai hinh thQc HiOp djnh ndng nghiOp cua WTO quy djnh ti't c i niy chQa dQdc i p dgng. cie bien phip hd trd HOp Xanh l i ciy phii nim trong. S 6 , . . n , 4.20,2 j j g « « g «. 81. NGHIDN CCrU - TRRO B6\. TQdng tQ nhQ cic chfnh sich hd trd ndng nghiip trong nQde, cic biOn phip trd cip xui't khiu ndng sin cua Viet Nam hiu hit mang tfnh chi't dd'i phd tinh t h i hoic ngin hgn. 3. Danh gia t i e dpng cua c i c chfnh sach hd trd v i trd cap nong nghlOp NhQng nim qua, cic chfnh sich hd trp Hdp Xanh l i ciy v i Hop Phat triln cCia Nhi nQde da cd nhQng ddng gdp quan trpng giup ning cao thu nhip v i c i i thiOn mQc sdng cua ngQdi ndng din trong c i nQde. Md rOng dien tich ciy trdng dQpc tQdi tiiu d i giup ndng din ting diin tfch canh tic, ning cao ning suit vg mua hoic chuyin sang canh tic nhQng logi ciy trdng cho thu nhip cao hdn. H i thd'ng dQdng giao thdng dQdc diu tU phit trien din tin rudng canh tic, trgi chin nudi, tgo dilu kiin eho vin chuyin ndng sin tdi cic thj trQdng tiiu thg ngoii dja phQdng v i xui't khiu ra nude ngcii, lim giim chi phi vin t i i ; ngQdc Igi vit tQ, nguyen liiu phgc vg sin xui't ndng nghiep cung nhanh chdng dQdc v i n chuyin tdi vung sin xui't. Hogt ddng chuyin giao tie'n bO ky thuit dQdc day mgnh kit hdp vdi cdng tie khuyin ndng, gdp phan phd biin ky thuit canh tic v i gidng ciy trdng, vit nudi cho ning suit, chi't IQdng cao din vdi ngQdi ndng din. Nhd nhQng tic ddng tfch cQc tren m i ty 10 hO ngheo c i nQde d i giim nhanh, tQ 22% (nim 2005) xudng cdn 11,3% (nim 2009) v i cdn 9,45% (nim 2010), binh quin mdi nim ty 10 ngheo giam 2-3%. 4. K h i nang dieu chinh chinh sach hd trd, trd cap cho nganh nong nghigp Cam kit trong cic hiOp djnh thQdng mgi sdng phQdng v i khu vQc khdng ddi hdi ViOt Nam phii elt giim hay x d i bd cic chinh sich hd trd ndng nghiip trcng nQde v i trd ci'p xui't khiu ndng sin. Chf cd cic cam ki't gia nhip WTO mdi budc Viit Nam phii dilu chfnh cic chfnh sich hd trd v i trd ci'p hiOn hinh. Theo dd, ViOt Nam vin dQdc phep sQ dgng tit e i cie bien phip HOp Xanh l i ciy v i HOp Phit triln m i khdng phii chju bit cQ hgn c h l hay gidi hgn nio v l mQc hd trd. Viit Nam cung cd t h i then khai i p dgng cic biOn phip hd trd trong nude thuOc nhdm HOp Xanh Id, neu ein thii't. Chf ed cic biOn phip HOp Hd phich phai tuin thu quy djnh gidi hgn eua HiOp djnh ndng nghiip cua WTO. 5. De xuat dieu chinh chinh sach hd tr^, tr0 clfp cho nong nghigp 5.1. Dieu chinh nhdm chinh sdch ho trg cho cdc ngudn Itfc diphdt triin san xuit ndng nghigp. 82. HoatdOng^., ^.. K H O A H O C ^°*^^"9 4.2012. Cdng tic dio tgo vi nghiin cdu khoa hgc vi ndng nghi$p: trong ITnh vQc niy, cic chi phi thuOe HOp Xanh se l i chi phf d l duy tri cic cd sd giio dgc v l trdng trpt, trong dd cd chi tiiu cho dgng cg thf nghiOm v i thii't bj giing dgy, cic viOn nghiin cQu, khu VQC thf nghiim cung nhQ dio tgo v i ning cao ky ning nghi nghiOp cho cin bO nginh ndng nghiOp. Dich vg khuyin ndng vi cung dp thdng tin: khu vQc nhi nQde ddng vai trd quan trpng trong viic hd trd cic djch vg khuyin ndng v i hO thdng thdng tin. Cic hd trd niy cd t h i thgc hiin dQdi hinh thQc dich vg cdng hoic t i i trd cua cie djch vg khuyin ndng cua tQ nhin, thii't lip hO thdng thdng tin thj trQdng v i thu quy, phin tfch v i phd biin thdng tin tilp thj liin quan. Ti't c i cie hogt ddng hd trd niy d i u dQdc phip theo cic quy dinh hiin hinh cua WTO. Diu td cho ca sd hg ting ndng thdn: diu tQ vio ed sd hg ting ndng thdn bao gdm cie nOi dung nhQ xiy dgng dQdng s i , diOn khf hoi ndng thdn, c i i thiin h i thd'ng thuy ldi, ci'p nQde sgch... Cie hogt dOng diu tu vdn v i ehi tiiu cho phit triln cd sd hg ting cua cic cap chinh quyln trung Qdng v i dja phQdng thudc chinh sach cua HOp Xanh Igc. WTO khdng hgn e h l ehi tiiu ngin sich cho cd sd hg ting ndng thdn. Chfnh phu nen Qu tiin d i u tQ v i o ITnh vQc niy do tam quan trpng cua cd sd hg ting trong viOc ning cao k h i ning cgnh tranh cua nginh ndng nghiOp cung nhu x o i ddi giim ngheo d ndng thdn. Xiy ddng hi thd'ng an sinh xa h0i: lao dOng lim viOc ddng ing hay trong nginh cdng nghiip c h l biin ndng sin cin dQdc ho trd, die biOt trong trQdng hdp hp mi't viOc lim hay tgm thdi thi't nghiip. Nlu ngin sich n h i nQde dQdc chi cho hO thdng an sinh x i hOi mOt cich phu hdp thi se giii quylt dQdc cic khd khin cho ngQdi lao dOng trong thdi ky chuyin ddi v i tgo thuOn ldi eho q u i trinh dilu chfnh diin ra trdi chiy. Logi chi tiiu ngin sich niy dQdc eho phep theo HiOp dinh v l ndng nghiOp. Vin dS ditdai:v\^c dilu chfnh tQ do hoa thQdng mgi cd t h i gdm q u i trinh di chuyin ngudn IQc ra khdi nginh ndng nghiOp cung nhQ sip nhip, sin xui't tOp trung d l ting k h i nang cgnh tranh cua ngQdi sin xui't. Quy di't cua ngQdi ra khdi nganh se dQdc nhQng ngQdi tii'p tgc lim trong nginh mua Igi. MOt sd trQdng hdp khic, quy di't niy ed t h i dQdc siS dgng eho cic nginh ndng nghiOp khac hoac dQdc mua Igi sQ dgng cho cac hogt dOng phi ndng nghiip. NgQdi sin xui't cd t h i dilu chfnh bang cich md rOng phgm vi hogt dOng va tang nang suit lao dOng nhd i p dgng cie cdng nghe mdi v i ky nang quin ly tiin. NGHI€NCau TRRO DOI. tii'n, da dgng hoi phQdng thQc canh tic v i ting thu nhip tQ cie hogt dOng phi ndng nghiOp. Chfnh phu nen tgo dilu kiOn d l q u i trinh niy diin ra thuin ldi bing cich dd bd cic rio cin trong thi trQdng dit dai, ho trp tii chfnh d l tip trung di't dai cho sin xuat tip trung, tQ dd hinh thinh quy md sin xui't Idn v i ning cao hieu qui sin xui't ndng nghiOp. Cic logi chi tiiu tren v i cho cie chfnh sich di't dai khic nhu khai hoang, cii tgo di't, trdng rQng v i cic bien phip bio ve mdi trQdng diu dQdc phep theo Hiep djnh ndng nghiep WTO.. hdp giQa cd quan chinh phu vdi Hiep hOi ngudi tieu dung. ViOt Nam can ning cao nang iQc v i quyen lgc cua Hiip hOi ngudi tiiu dung d l du sQc phin bien xa hOi v i dim bio quyln ldi ngQdi tiiu dung. Can quan tim phit hiOn v i xis phgt nghiim minh sQ lien kit tgo thdng tin gii v l chi phf sin xui't d l ning g i i trgc ldi.. IV. KET LUAN. Cic chfnh sich ho trd v i trd ci'p cho ndng nghiep da v i dang dQdc dilu chfnh eho phu hdp vdi cic quy djnh ciJa WTO v i da dem Igi nhQng kit qui khi quan 5.2. Dieu chlnh nhdm chinh sdch vi thi trudng trong qui trinh phat triln eua nginh ndng nghiep. Kiim soit, dinh gii tic ddng cua cic sin phim Hiu hit cic chfnh sich hd trd, trd ci'p eho ndng ndng nghiip nhip khiu: can thii't lip h i thdng kilm nghiip cua ViOt Nam trong thdi gian vQa qua diu soit hing nhip khiu. H i thdng kiem soit niy bao thudc HOP Xanh l i ciy v i HOp Phit triln, nghTa l i gdm cd quan hii quan, quin ly cic cQa khiu, ban dQdc phep duy tri. Yiu td cd tiin hgn c h l hd trd, trd quin ly cic chd diu mdi, ed quan quin ly thi trudng, ci'p cho ndng nghiOp ViOt Nam l i do ngin sich cdn dat dQdi sQ dilu phd'i cua mOt cd quan cua BO Cdng hgn hgp. Do viy, cic biOn phip, chfnh sich hd trd, thQdng. Nhi nQde cd ed che v l bio cio, cung ci'p trd ci'p cho ndng nghiip cua ViOt Nam trong thdi gian thdng tin djnh ky v i cd t h i dilu tra khio sit dOt xui't, tdi can tip trung vio khai thac, sQ dgng cic ngudn lam ed sd dinh g i i dung tinh hinh, cinh bio cic nguy chi ngin sich cho cic hgng mgc phu hdp nhim dgt cd v i cd nhQng bien phip can thiep can thii't. Cd hiiu qui td'i da. Cic chfnh sich cua Nhi nQde can quan niy chu dOng dg doin cic mQc dO inh hQdng tip trung vio cic ITnh vQc sau: hd trd cho cic ngudn va de xui't cic kjch bin Qng xis tQdng Qng vdi cic lgc d l phit triln sin xui't ndng nghiip, bao gdm hd mQc dO inh hQdng khic nhau. Tie'n din kilm tra chit trd cho cdng tic dio tgo v i nghien cQu khoa hpc v l IQdng v i vO sinh an toin thQc pham (VSATTP) ngay ndng nghiOp, hd trd cic hogt dOng tu vi'n v i khuyin ndng, dau tQ cho cd sd hg tang ndng thdn, xiy dQng tai cd sd sin xui't (nQde xui't khau). hO thdng an sinh x i hOi v i cic chinh sich v l di't dai; Ning cao cdng tic quin ly chit Idgng vi VSATTP: ho trd hoin thiOn cic chfnh sich v l thj trQdng dd'i vdi xiy dQng h i thd'ng tiiu chuan chi't IQdng v i h i thd'ng sin xui't ndng nghiep • kiem tra, dinh gii, cdng nhin tieu chuan chi't IQdng dga tren cic tieu chuan v i hQdng din cua cic td chQc qudc t l , phd'i hdp vdi cic dd'i tic chfnh nhip khau TAI LIEU THAM KHAO hang hoi. Hinh thinh cic liin ki't dpc tQ sin xui't din 1. B6 N6ng nghiep v^ Phdt triln Nong th6n (2005). WTO va nganh phin phdi sin phim, h i thd'ng niy phii tuin thu chit nfing nghifip Viet Nam. che cie quy djnh ve quin trj chit IQdng v i VSATTP d l ed sin pham du tieu chuan chi't IQdng. V l quin 2. Bui Xu&n Litu (2003). Bko h6 hcjp ly nong nghiep trong qua trinh ly nhi nude, Cgc Quin ly Chat IQdng v i VSATTP Vi$t Nam h^i nh§p kinh X6 qu6'c t6. can ed sQ phd'i hdp vdi cic Hiep hOi nginh hing triln 3. MUTRAP II (2007). Cdc chfnh sdch thUcJng mgi trong n6ng khai cdng tie quin ly chi't IQdng v i VSATTP, tdng kit kinh nghiOm qudc te d l xic djnh mOt 10 trinh cic nghidp vd cdc nghTa vy WTO M6 n6ng nghi§p cua Vi§t Nam. bQde chuyin ddi doanh nghiOp tQ chd chQa dip Qng 4. Nguyin Thj Thanh Thuy (2003). Ap dgng cdc bi§n phdp phi thu§' dQdc cac yeu eau v l chat IQdng, VSATTP lin du tiiu quan trong ITnh vyc thuOng mai hdng nong sdn cCia Viet Nam trong tien chuan qudc t l . trinh gia nh$p WTO.. Hi thing giam sit gii ci, ning cao vai trd cua ngddi tiiu dung: Nhi nQde can thiit lip mpt he thd'ng giim sat gia c i , ed ci'u ehi phf sin xui't eho tQng nginh hing cg t h i , trin cd sd dd tfnh toin gia thinh, giim sat gia bin v i dQ bio xu hQdng phit triln moi khi ed bien ddng Idn v l g i i c i cac v i t tQ dau vio. 5. Nguyin Hk\ Yin (2006). H i trt? trong nUdc dii vdi nong nghi§p Vi§t Nam.. e>.^. >.on.o. Hoatddug. So thang 4.2012 j . p j Q ^ j j Q ( .. 83.