DIEN DAN TRAO DOI
CACH THUnC LUA CHON TlIU CHI. CHJ TIEU DANH GIA PHAT TRIEN B I N V O N G ft TRUNG QUiC
H O A N G THE ANH*
NGUYEN THI THANH HU^ONG**
Tom tdt: Bai viet dua vao cac bao cao, cuong yeu quy hoach ciia Trung Quoc lien quan den phat trien ben vung d Tmng Quoc phan tich each thiic Dang, Chinh phu va chuyen gia nuac nay lira chon cac tieu chi, chi tieu danh gia ve phat trien ben viing a cap do quoc gia noi chung va 6 cac viing, dia phuong noi rieng. Tii do cho thay, phia Trung Quoc da: tham chieu cac to chiic quoc te, ket hgp vdi dac thii Trung Quoc de lua chon tieu chi, chi tieu danh gia phat trien ben viing, phoi hcrp vai cac to chirc, chuyen gia nudc ngoai xay dung cac chi tieu, tieu chi danh gia phat trien ben vung; va de ra muc tieu phat trien xanh va xay dimg bg chi tieu phat tnen xanh.
Tie khda: Chuang trinli phat trien ben viing, phat trien xanh, Lien hgp quoc, Trung Quoc
V
an de phat trien ben viing dupc Tmng Quoc neu ra tir dau nhung nam 1990, nhu nam 1991, Trung Quoc to chirc Hpi nghi bp t m d n g cac nudc dang phat trien, de ra "Tuyen ngon Bac Kinh" , thang 6-1992, tai Hpi nghi thugng dinh the gidi d Rio de Janeiro, Chinh phii T m n g Qudc ky ket "Tuyen ngon ve moi tm'dng va phat t n e n " . . . Nam 1995, Dang va Chinh phu T m n g Quoc coi phat trien ben viing la Chien lugc CO ban cua qudc gia (cpc.people.com.cn).Tir dd d^n nay, trong qua trinh hoach dinh chinh sach phat trien ben viing dat n u d c noi chung va viing noi rieng. Dang va Chinh phu Tmng Qu6c da tham chieu
cac myc tieu phat trien ben viing cua cac to chuc qudc te, phoi hpp vdi chuyen gia nudc ngoai, dua vao thuc tien, quan diem ciia minh de de ra chii tmong chinh sach va each thiic n e n g ciia Tmng Quoc. Dieu nay dupc the hien trong viee dua tren
"Chuang trinh phat trien ben viing 2030 ciia Lien hgp quoc'' de ra vao thang 9- 2015, mpt nam sau Tmng Quoc de ra
"Phuang an rieng ciia Tmng Quoe thuc hien Chuong trinh phat trien ben viing 2030" (dudi day gpi tat la Phuang an neng eua Trung Qudc) vao thang 9-2016 (fmprc.gov.cn, 2016) .
* TS. Vien Nghien ciiu Trung Quoc
** TS. Vien Nghien ciiu Phat trign b^n vung Viing
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NGHIEN Ciiu TRUNG QUOC so 1 (221) - 2020Cach thijv Iwa chon tieu chi, chi tieu..
Xuat phat tir tai lieu noi tren, qua nghien cuu cac Quy hoach, bao cao cua Dang va Chinh phii Trung Quoc, chung tdi thay rang each thiic lua chpn cac tieu ehi, chi tieu danh gia phat trien ben viing vimg nhu sau:
1. Tham chieu cac to chuc quoc te, ket hop vdi dac thii Trung Quoc de lya chon tieu chi, chi tieu danh gia phat trien ben virng
Tmng Quoc da dya tren eae muc tieu eiia Lien hpp qudc ve phat trien ben vung yong "Chuong trinh phat trien ben vDng 2030 cua Lien hgp quoc" de ra cac tieu chi cua Trung Qude vdi each Iam nhu sau:
Tmng Quoc dua 17 myc tieu phat trien ben viing, 169 muc tieu cu the ciia
"Chuang trinh phat trien ben vtmg 2030 cua Lien hgp qudc" vao quy hoach tdng the quoc gia va eu the hoa them nhirng tieu chi nay vao trong npi dung cua cac loai quy hoach. Vi du nhu "Muc 1.1 trong Muc tieu 1 xoa bd ngheo kho bang mpi hinh thiic" trong Chuong trinh phat trien ben viing 2030 ciia Lien hgp qudc la ''Den ndm 2030, xoa bo ngheo kho cho tdt cd moi ngu&i tren todn cdu. tieu chudn do lu&ng tru&c mdt ngheo kho Id tieu diing sinh hogt cua moi ngu&i/ ngdy du&i 1,25 USD'", dya tren myc tieu nay, Tmng Quoc de ra muc tieu ciia minh trong Phuong an rieng eiia Tmng Qudc la "£)e« ndm 2020, bdo ddm thoat ngheo cho hon 50 trieu ddn ngheo kho nong thon & du&i mire tieu chudn hien hdnh
ciia Trung Quoc, xoa bo todn bo ngheo kho & cdc huyen ngheo kho, gidi quyet chinh the ngheo kho mang tinh khu vuc'^
(fmprc.gov.cn, 2016). Dieu nay cho thay, Tmng Qudc khdng chi dua ra tieu chuan rieng ciia Tmng Quoc ve ngheo kho, ma con dua ra tieu chi xoa bo ngheo kho la don vi cap huyen, khu vyc ngheo kho.
Mdt vi du niia la, Muc 4.1 trong Muc tieu 4 trong Chuang trinh phat trien ben virng 2030 cua Lien hop quoc "Dam bao giao due chat lugng, rdng md, cong bang va lam cho toan dan dugc hudng co hdi hpc tap suot ddi" la "£>^« ndm 2030, bdo ddm gido due trung tieu hoc cho tdt cd nam nir duac mien phi, cong bdng, chdt luang vd thu duac thdnh qud hoc tap lien quan vd co hieu qud", edn Phuang an rieng cua Trung Quoc la ''''Todn dien thuc hien che do mien hoc phi gido due nghia vu 9 ndm a thdnh thi vd nong thon. Den nam 2020, ty le ciing cd gido due nghia vu dgt 95%, gido due nghia vu trong huyen phdt trien dong deu ca bdn thuc hien, hodn thien che do bdo dam kinh phi cho gido due nghia vu & thdnh thi vd nong thon. Ddy nhanh viec thu hep khodng cdch chenh lech gido due giira thdnh thi vd nong thon, no luc thuc hien ngang bdng hoa dich vw gido due cong ca bdn a thdnh thi vd nong thon, bdo dam quyen lai qudn the yeu (he liep nhgn gido due nghTa vu mot cdch binh ddng'^
(fmprc.gov.cn, 2016).
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 1 (221) - 2020 -
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HOANG THfe ANH - NGUYJN THj THANH HUaNG
Dong thdi dua cac tieu chi nay vao trong Cuong yeu Quy hoach phat triln kinh t^ xa hdi 5 nam l^n thir Xlll (2016 - 2020) (dudi day ggi tat la Cuang ygu Quy hoach 5 nam lan thu XIII), yeu cau cae bd nganh chinh phii xoay quanh ndi dung quan trpng cua cac Cuong yeu Quy hoach 5 nam, chuyen hoa muc tieu phat trien ben viing thanh nhiem vu cu the trong cac ITnh vyc kinh te, xa hpi va moi tmdng. Vi du trong ITnh vyc kinh te dat ra "Cuang yeu Chien lugc phat trien dpng luc sang tao qudc gia", "Quy hoach phat trien ben vixng ndng nghiep toan qudc (2015 - 2030)"... Trong ITnh vuc xa hdi de ra "Quyet dinh eiia Tmng uong DCS Tmng Qudc, Qudc vu vien (Chinh phu) ve viec danh thang tran chien cdng kien thoat ngheo", "Cuong yeu Quy hoach Tmng Quoc khoe manh 2030".
Trong ITnh vuc moi tmdng bien soan
"Chien lugc bao ve va ke hoach hanh dpng da dang hoa sinh hpc Trung Quoc (2011 - 2030)", "Quy hoach quoc gia iing pho vdi bien doi khi hau (2014 - 2020)"...
Ddng thdi, 31 tinh thanh (gdm tinh, khu ty tri va thanh phd trirc thupc Tmng uong) d Tmng Quoc eung da dya vao yeu cau tong the ciia Cuong yeu Quy hoach de ra Quy hoach phat trien kinh te xa hdi 5 nam l^n thii XIII (2016 - 2020) cho cac tinh thanh, tiep den la cac thanh pho, huyen tryc thupc cae tinh thanh deu dat ra dudng loi hanh dpng va kc hoach nam, thuc hien cac cong viec cu the, cac dia
phuang thong qua viec xay dung va thye hien Cuong yiu Quy hoach 5 nam lan thii XIII cho dia phuang minh de quan triet thye hien viec sSp xSp thong nhat phat trien ben viing qu6c gia, thye hien nhiing muc tieu trong chucmg trinh hanh ddng phat trien ben viing ciia Tmng uong va cac dia phuang (fmprc.gov.cn, 2016).
Cach lya chgn tieu chi va chi tieu do ludng con dugc the hien trong viec Chlnh phu Tmng Quoc cho phep cac dia phuong thir nghiem thuc hien Chuang trinh phat trien ben virng 2030 ciia Lien hgp qudc. Nhu ngay 3 thang 12 nam 2016, Quoc vu vien Tmng Quoc da ban hanh "Thdng tri ciia Quoc vu vien ve viec phat hanh Phuang an xay dung khu mau sang tao ciia Trung Quoc thuc hien Chuang trinh phat trien ben viing den nam 2030". Thdng tri nay cd muc dich trong thdi gian Tmng Quoc thuc hien Cuong yeu Quy hoach 5 nam lan thu XIII (2016 - 2020) cho phep cac dia phuang tien hanh xay dyng 10 khu mau sang tao chuang trinh phat trien ben viing quoc gia, tang cudng vai tro dan dat hd trg ciia sang tao khoa hpe ky thuat doi vdi phat trien su nghiep xa hpi, nang cao trinh dp phat trien nhip nhang giiia kinh te vdi xa hpi. hinh thanh cac phien ban mdu va mo hinh dien hinh ve sang tao phat triSn b6n vimg (gov.cn, 2016).
Dua tren tinh than ciia Thong tri nay, ngay 23-3-2018, Quoc vy vien Tmng Qudc chinh thirc phe chuan dpt dhu ticn
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NGHIEN CIJU TRUNG QUOC so 1 (221) - 2020Cach thCrc lu^ chon tieu chi, chi tieu...
khdi dpng xay dung khu mau sang tao Chuang trinh phat trien ben viing quoc gia.
Dgt dau tien nay, Tmng Quoc chgn 3 thanh phd mang tinh dai dien cua 3 khu vyc phat trien vdi trinh do khac nhau d 3 vimg mien Dong, mien Tmng, mien Tay la Tham Quyen thugc tinh Quang Ddng, Thai Nguyen thupc tinh Son Tay, Que Lam thugc tinh Quang Tay. Ngoai viec tham chi6u cac chi tieu phat trien ben vung ciia Chuang trinh phat tnen ben viing 2030 ciia Lien hpp quoc, Phuong an rieng ciia Tmng Qudc ra (HT-;. 2018), theo lanh dao ciia cac thanh phd nay, cac tieu chi do ludng phat trien ben viing cua 3 thanh pho la dya theo cac muc tieu khac nhau, vi du nhu:
Theo Thj trudng Thanh ph6 Tham Quyin, Tran Nhu Que, xay dyng Tham Quyin thanh thanh pho hinh mau lay sang tao din dat phat trien cd sieu Idn, giai quyet cac van dc sire chiu dyng ciia moi tmdng va nang lire quan tri xa hpi khong dii, tich hgp cac ky thuat xir ly nudc 6 nhiem, sir dung lai tong hop cac chat thai, khoi phuc sinh thai, cdng nhan thong minh, thuc hien cac cdng trinh su dung tai nguyen hicu qua cao, quan tri moi trudng sinh thai, xay dyng Tham Quyen khde manh va hien dai hoa quan tri xa hdi.
Theo thi truang th anh phd Tha i Nguyen, Canh Ngan Ba, thanh pho Thai Nguyen xay dung thanh thanh pho chuyen ddi nang cap nguon luc, tap trung
vao giai quyet cac van de 6 nhiem nudc, 0 nhiem khong khi, tich hgp cac ky thuat nhu img dung xir ly nudc 6 nhiem, lam sach tai nguyen, xay dung tiet kiem, thuc hien cac hanli dpng nhu tiet kiem tai nguyen nudc, xay dyng lai moi tmdng nudc, cai tao mau xanh.
Theo Bi thu Thanh iiy Que Lam, Trieu Lac Tan, xay dyng Que Lam thanh thanh phd kieu mau phat trien ben vUng co mdi tmong tu nhien tot, nganh nghe sinh thai phat trien, con ngirdi song hai hoa vdi thien nhien, ngudi dan khoe manh (xinhuanet.com, 2018) ...
Sau I nam thuc hien, khu mau sang tao Chuong trinh phat trien ben viing qude gia, Tham Quyen da cong bd "Ban thanh tich", trong do eo cac tieu chi dupe the hien nhu hop 1 dudi day. Cho thay trong "Ban thanh tich" nay, cac chi tieu do luong phat tnen ben virng gdm: i) Mire do quy hoach lai dat dai; li) xay dung xanh; iii) chi so cacbon; iv) giao thong xanh; v) phuong tien cdng cpng sir dung dien; vi) miic dp xir ly nudc d nhilm; vii) he thong giam sat khdng khi qua Internet; viii) he thong thong ke va tinh toan GEP (t6ng gia tri san xuat he thdng smh thai); ix) giam sat to chat sire khoe cho toan bo cu dan thanh pho va x) dilu tra danh gia mire dp sue khde va xu hudng thay ddi ciia ngudi dan thanh pho...
NGHIEN cull TRUNG QUfiC so 1 (221) - 2020
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Cach thuy lira chgn tieu chi, chitieu^^
Hop 1 Thanh tich khu mau sang tao Chirtfng trinh phat triln ben virng quoc gia cua thanh pho Tham Quyen
Trong nam 2018 pha bo 2380 m xay di/ng trai phep b i n g nhieu hinh thu-c gom d& bo theo luat phap, lam mai thanh ph6, chinh d6n dSt dai, giai phong mat b i n g xay dyng. . £>6ng thdi, toan dien c h i p hanh tieu chuan xay dung mau xanh, xay du'ng mai cong trinh dan dung 100%
c h i p hanh theo tieu chuan xay dung mau xanh, trd thanh mot trong nhung thanh ph6 c6 quy mo va mat do xay dung mau xanh Idn nhat d Trung Qu6c. Thuc day giao thong xanh, di d i u trong viec thuc hien phu-ang tien giao thong cong cpng 100% su- dung dien, dua vao su- dung 177.900 xe 6 to chay b i n g nang lu-png moi... Thuc d i y xay dung thanh ph6 it cacbon, chi so it cacbon cua Tham Quyen xep so 1 trong ca nirdc.
Trong nam 2018, dau t u XLK ly n u d c hon 19 ty NDT, tang 80% so vai nam 2017. L i y viec xay dung c a s d thu thap, xir ly nudc 6 nhiem lam trong d i l m , thuc d i y viec x d ly ngu6n nudc uong, n u d c CO mui hoi den, luu vuc song, khu v y c b i l n .
Bao ve moi trudng khi hau, lay nong do PM 2.5 va phong tri 6 nhiem t i n g Ozone lam trpng diem, thuc hien hanh dong b i n v u n g "Tham Q u y i n Xanh", xay dung he thong giam sat khong khi mang Internet t i t ca cac d u d n g ph6 theo tieu c h u i n cua quoc gia, ngudi dan c6 the tra nong dp va t h i i t u PM 2-5 ciia 74 ph6 trong toan thanh ph6 b i n g APP dien thoai di dpng va Weixin.
Bao ve va xay dung smh thai, Tham Q u y i n di d i u trong ca n u d c xay dirng he thong thong ke va tinh toan GEP (tong gia tn san x u l t he t h i n g smh thai) cua thanh pho, cung dong thdi tinh ca GDP lan GEP, tirng b u d c nang cao dong bp chat luang kmh t l , c h i t luang xa hgi va chat lipgng sinh thai.
D I U t u han 1 ty NDT xay dung tieu chuan hoa trung tam sue khoe xa hpi. Lay viec nang cao sue khoe ngudi dan thanh pho lam trgng tam, thuc hien cong trinh nang cao to chat SLFC khoe cho ngudi dan thanh pho, khdi dong viec giam sat to c h i t sire khoe cho loan bp c u dan thanh pho, d i l u tra danh
gia miFc do sire khoe va xu huang thay doi cua nguai dan thanh p h i Tham Q u y i n . . m
Ngudn. meeb.sz.gov.cn, 2019. ,T;«iis^5iia@^w#^;gsi;if§&iff>j;-mE "m'm" {'m.m^n
ti-^^^^^W,— (Tham Quyen cong bo "Ban thanh tich" xay dung Khu mau sang tao Chuang trinh phat trien ben \ung nha nuoc, chi so long hop it cabon xep so 1 trong ca nuac). http://meeb. sz.gov cn/xxgk/qt'hbxw/20190]/t20190]l l_15298543.htm.
2. Phoi hop vdi cac t6 chii'c, chuyen phat trien ben virng: Bao cao danh gia phat gia nudc ngoai xay dyng cac chi tieu, trien ben vung ciia Trung Quoc (2019)", tieu chi danh gia phat trien ben vung day la Bao cao hap tac giua cac co quan to
Viec dmh ra cac chi tieu danh gia v6 '^'^^'^ '^"^ Trang Ou6c vai nuac ngoai thuc phat trien bin virng trong cac bao cao a hien, do Trung tam giao liru l<inh te quoc te Trung Qu6c cung rdt da dang, NhSm danli Trang Quoc, Dai hoc Colombia - My, Vien g,a phat tnen bdn vung a Trung Qu6c Nghien cuu Ali ciia Trang Quoc va Nha xuat
, - . X . . , . - T ban Van Hien Khoa hoc xa hoi cuns con^
trong nhung nam gan day, hang nam Trung " i " ' " " ' v ^-uug cung Qu6c cans bd Sach xanh v6 phdt i n k bin ^6. Bao cao nay danh gia su phat trien bta
^-u-ng a Trung QuSc. Vi du nhu "Sach xanh ™ 8 " Trang Quoc dua tren cac muc tieu,
- g \ NGHIEN Ciiu TRUNG QUOC so 1 ( 2 2 1 ) - 2 0 2 0
Cach thirc lu^ chon tieu chi, chi tieu...
tieu chi cua Chuang trinh phat trien ben viing 2030 ciia Lien hap quoc va tieu chi Phuang an rieng cua Trung Qu6c. So lieu trong Bao cao nay duac thu thap tir 100 thanh pho a Trung Quoc, dua tren 5 chi tieu Idn (chi tieu cap 1) gom phat trien kinh te, dan sinh xa hgi, moi truong tai nguyen. tieu hao xa thai, quan tri moi truang va dugc chia ra nhieu chi tieu nho de tien hanh phan tich, danh gia xep hang ve phat trien ben viJng a Tmng Quoc. Dong thai, nliom tac gia ciing tong thuat lugng Ion tu heu tren the giai, kliai quat toan dien he thong chi tieu va khung phat trien ben vung do cac to chuc va chinh phu cac nuac dat ra de thuc day chuyen doi phat trien. Sach Xanh nay cung da lira chgn mot so thanh pho a cac nuac phat trien, dang phat tnen tien hanh so sanh, phan tich ve cac chi tieu phat trien ben virng, nhu: Newyork - My, Sao Paulo - Brazil, Barcelona - Tay Ban Nha, Paris - Phap, Singapore, Hong Kong - Trung Quoc (Xongju.com, 2019)...
Ngoai ra, c6 ca viec mpt so chuyen gia Trung Quoc va quoc te duac Ca quan dai dien ciia Lien hop quoc ve ke hoach phat trien tai Trung Quoc mai phoi hgp xay dung bao cao ve phat trien ben viing o Trung Quoc. Vi du nhu: "Bao cao phat trien ben vung thanh pho Trung Quoc nam 2016: Do luang dau tu smh thai va phat tnen con nguoi" (duai day ggi tat la Bao cao phat tnen ben viing thanh pho), Bao cao nay danh gia hien trang phat trien ben vung o cac thanh pho dua tren 2 nhom chi so lan la i) Chi so phat trien con nguai a
thanh pho (UHDI) va ii) Chi so dau tu sinh thai a thanh pho (UEII). Trong do nhom chi so i) gom 3 chi tieu: tuoi thg du doan (LEI), giao due (EI) va thu nhap (II).
Nhom chi so ii) gom 2 Ioai chi so tieu hao tai nguyen ciia thanh pho (URCI) va chi so xa thai 6 nhiem ciia thanh pho (UPDI). Chi so tieu hao tai nguyen cua thanh pho (URCI) do 3 chi tieu tao thanh la: chi tieu tieu hao nguon tai nguyen nuoc ciia thanh pho (UWCI), chi tieu tieu hao nguon tai nguyen dat dai cua thanh pho (ULRI), chi tieu tieu hao nguon nang luong cua thanh pho (UECI). Chi so xa thai 6 nhiem cua thanh ph6 (UPDI) do 3 chi tieu tao thanh la: chi tieu xa thai 6 nhiem nuac (UWPI), chi tieu xa thai 6 nhiem khong khi (UAPI), chi tieu xa thai ch4t thai rSn (USWI) (IK^H fl^Sil-S'JW, 2016).
Dua vao tinh kha thi cua so lieu va nguyen tac quan trong cua chinh sach, chi tieu xa thai nuac 6 nhiem dugc do luang biing cuong do xa thai Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) va cuang do xa thai Nito amoniac trong nuac 6 nhiem; chi so xa thai khong khi 6 nhilm (UAPI) dugc do luong thong qua lugng Dioxit Luu huynh. Nita amoniac trong khong khi 6 nhiem; chi tieu xa thai chk thai ran (USWI) dug'c do lucmg thong qua lirg'ng xa thai chat ran cong nghiep va lugng xu ly rac sinh hoat trong ch^t thai ran {^-^mJimiMm. 2016).
VS tieu chuan danh gia hay muc do danh gia. Bao cao phat trien ben virng thanh ph6 phan thanh 4 loai: i) Phat tnen con nguai cao, dau tu smh thai thap (ben
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 1 (221) - 2020 -
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HOANG T H ^ ANH ~ N G U Y £ N THj THANH HU-QNG
w n g ) , ii)Phat trien con nguai cao, dku tu sinh thai cao (tuong doi ben vung), iii) Phat trien con nguai thap, dSu tu sinh thai thap (tuong doi bdn virng), iv) Phat tngn con nguai thap, dau tu sinh thai cao (khong b6n viing) {m-kmniti\ km. 2016).
3. De ra muc tieu phat trien xanh va xay dyng bo chi tieu phat trien xanh
Ciing vai cac khai niem phat tnen ben w n g thong thuang, cac loai hinh phat trien lien quan den phat trien ben vung nhu van minh smh thai, xa hgi hai loai hinh (xa hgi tiet kiem tai nguyen, xa hoi moi truang tot), phat trien it cabon, kinh tc tuan hoan, Dang va Chinh phu Trung Quoc con dat ra muc tieu phat trien xanh. ngay 26-12- 2017, lan dau tien Cue Thong ke Nha nuac, Uy ban Cai each va Phat tnen Quoc gia, Bg bao ve moi truong. Ban To chirc Trung uong ciing cong bo chi so phat trien xanh a cac dja phuang (gov.cn/xinwen, 2017). Theo Pho Chu nhiem Uy ban cai each va Phat trien. Cue truang Cue Thong ke Nha nuac Trung Quoc Ninh Cat Triet, tieu chi danh gia phat trien xanh a cac khu vuc tinh thanh dua tren 7 phuong dien i) Su dung tai nguyen, li) Quan tn moi truang; ni) Chat lugng moi truang; iv) Bao ve sinh thai; v) Chat lugng tang tnrong; vi) Doi song xanh; vn) Muc dp hai long ciia cong chiing (in.sohu.com, 2017). Dac diem he thong chi tieu phat trien xanh ciia Trung Quoc la vii'a nhan manh ngi ham ket hgp giii'a man xanh va phat tnen. nhan manh cac phuo'ng dien nhu' nguon lire, sinh thai,
moi truang, san xu4t va doi sdng, lam noi bat sir so sanh danh gia phat trien xanh a cac khu vu'c (gov.cn/xinwen, 2017).
Trong he thong tieu chi phat Irien xanh, each lua chgn cua Trung Quoc la dua tren
"Y kien ciia Trung uong DCS va Quoc vu vien ve day nhanh xay dung van minh sinh thai" va chi tieu mang tinh rang bugc ve moi truang dugc xac dinh trong Cuong yeu Quy hoach lua chgn 38 chi tieu de do luang ve phat trien xanh. Cac chi tieu nay de ra, xem xet mgt each tgng hgp nhieu nhan to gom ky vgng ciia nguai dan ve chat lugng moi truang, mii'c do chiu dung ciia kinh te xa hgi, mat do dan so, nganh nghe... Vi du chi tieu so ngay khong khi tot a thanh pho va chi tieu giam nong do PM2 5, chi tieu giam thai khi, chi tieu chat lugng mat nuoc dat chuan, ty le phii rung, cac chi tieu nliu thu nhap kha dung binh quan dau nguai ciia cu dan, ty Ic thi truang san pham xanh, ty Ie dat xanh o nhung khu vuc xay dung a thanh pho, mire do pho cap nuac sach a nong thon, ty Ic pho cap nha ve sinh a nong thon (gov.cn/xinwen, 2017),..
Trong qua trinh nghien cuu dat ra phuong phap tinh chi so phat trien xanh, Cue thong ke Nha nudc Trung Quoc lan lugt to chii'c ban 30 lan Hoi thao chuyen de, Hgi nghi xin y kien chuyen gia va hgi nghi ban bac giira cac bg nganh, trung cSu y kien ciia 18 bg nganh lien quan, cue thdng ke ciia cac khu vuc va cac chuyen gia hen quan Sau khi lang nghe y ki^n cac ben va nghien ciru ky, da di den quy^t dinh
68
. NGHIEN Ciiu TRUNG QUOC so 1 (221) - 2020Cach thuv lu^ chgn tieu chi, chi tieu...
phuang phap tieu chuan hoa chi so phat phat trien xanh pham trii khai niem rgng;
trien xanh. tranh su can du cua nhan to con ii) The hien dac trung vung kinh te song nguai, xac dinh ro tinh khoa hgc va tinh Tru'dng Giang; iii) Suy xet d^n tinh khong khaeh quan ciia phuong phap danh gia
(gov.cn/xmwen.20I7).
Cu the d moi khu vuc deu co nhiing each xac djnh cac tieu chi nhat dinh, phii hgp vai Irinh do phat trien d moi dia
dong deu trong phat trien ciia viing; iv) Chii trgng tinh on dinh va tinh co kha nang thao tac cac chi tieu (MiM'-k'^fli^^'tWdi^
•Jimmimi^k, 2018).
Dua tren muc tieu tong the, he thdng chi phuang. Vi du he thong tieu chi danh gia tieu danh gia phat tri^n xanh d vimg kinh td phat trien xanh d vimg (hoac khu vuc) kinh song Truang Giang dugc chia thanh cac te song Trudng Giang dugc cho la nen xac chi tieu cu the a 3 cSp do (xem Bang 1 dinh tren cac nguyen tac nhu: i) Th§ hien dudi day).
Bang I: He thong chi tieu danh gia phat triln xanh ff viing iiinh te song Trutmg Giang
Muc tieu tong the T6ng chi s6 trinh dp phat trien xanh
Chi tieu cap 1 Muc dp tang truang xanh
Chi tieu cSp 2 Lfu hoa k i t cau
Dpng luc sang tao
Ma cua nhip nhang
Chi tieu cap 3 1-GDP binh quan dau nguPi (nguai/NDT)
2. Ty trpng gia trj gia tang 3 nganh ngh§ trong tong GDP (%) 3 Tieu hao nang lupng trong 10 000 NDT/ 6ur\ vi GDP (tan than tieu chuan/10.000 lan
4. Ty le iao dong san xuat cong nghiep (10 000 NDT/nguo-i) 5 Cu'O'ng dp 6hu tu kmh phi R&D (%)
6 S6 nguoi lam khoa hpc ky thuat trong 10 000 nguPi dan (nguPi lam khoa hoc ky thuat/10 000 nguai
7. Luang b^ng sang chg phat mmh tren 10.000 ngippi (bing sang chl/10 000 nguPi)
8, Mii'c giao dich thanh cong tren thi tru'o'ng ky thuat (tang toe)
(%)
9. Ty trong nganh thong tin trong GDP (%) 10 T6cdp tang thu nhap ban cac san pham mpi (%) 11. Ty ledothi hoa (%)
12. Ty le thu nhap cua c u dan thanh thi va nong thon (khong thi> nguyen)
13 Quy mo tuang doi gia tn giao djch hang hoa xuat khau (khong thu nguyen)
14 Mii'c do su dung vPn nup-c ngoai (%)
15 Ty trong chi bao dam nha a cua ngan sach dia phuang (%) 16 Theil's entropy measure (khong thu nguyen)
NGHIEN Ciiu TRUNG QUOC so 1 (221) - 2020
HOANG T H ^ ANH - NGUYEN THj THANH H U a N G
Nang lu-c chiu dung xanh
Nang luc bao dam xanh
Sii dung ngu6n nu-Pc
Quan tri smh thai nuac
Dau xanh
Dpi song xanh
17 Tieu hao nu-gc trong 10 000 GDP (m^/10.OOQ NDT) 18 Hieu su^t su dung nupc trong nong nghiep (m^/10 000_NDI)_
19 Hieu suat sii dung nugc trong cong nghiep (m^/10_QOQJ;jDI)_
20,Lupng su dung nuPc smh hoat binh quan d^u nguPi (m^/nguPi/nam)
21 Chat lupng niePc do nha nu'Pc kiem soat (%) 22 Ty le dien tich dat ngap nuac (%)
23, Nang luc xu ly nuPc thai a thanh pho binh quan 6hu nguP-i (mVl 0,000 ngirPi/ngay)
24. Cuang do xa thai Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (1000 gram/10 OOP NDT
25 Cuong do xa thai Nita amoniac (1000 gram/10.000 NDT) 26- CuPng do su dung phan bon (tan/hecta) 27 Cu'Png dp su dung thuoc tni sau (tan/hecta)
28. Ty le chi tai chinh tiPt kiem nang lupng bao ve moi truii/ng
(%)
29 Ty le dau t u tai san c6 dmh vao bao ve moi trud'ng thuy lai
(%)
30.SP nguPi lam cong tac bao ve moi truPng trong 10 000 nguPi dan (s6 nguPi/IO 000 ngu'd'i dan)
31 T'y'le phu xanh rii'ng (%)
32 Ty le phu xanh trong cac khu vuc xay dung (%) 33.Ty le chat lupng khong khi trong thanh pho tot (%) 34. Ty le phuang tien giao thong cong cong (chilc/10.000) 35. Ty le xu ly rac smh hoat vo hai (%)
36.86 lan xay ra cac vu bieu tinh ve moi truPng (vy) Nguon: miMmi^W-^UM^UMmH^W^. 2018. iCiX^^/^m^-jJfe^MJ^Iil'r (2017) . ii^
U-7't:Ml\'Mi\ (Nhom Nghien cuu Phat tri^n xanh Vien KHXH tinh H6 Nam, 2018, Bao cao phat man .vanhvung kinh tg song Trirtrng Giang, 2017, NXB Van Hign KHXH), tr 43
Ket luan
Tir each lira chgn cac tieu chi, chi tieu danh gia phat trien ben vijng tren day cho thay, Trung Quoc ciing da xuat phat tir vice dya vao cac tieu chi va cac chi so phat tnen ben viing cua Chumig trmh phat trien ben virng 2030 ciia Lien hgp quoc, roi sau do dua vao chii truong dudng loi, muc tieu phat trien rieng cua dat nudc minh de ra
i>
cac tieu chi, chi tieu rieng de hoach dinh chinh sach va danh gia phat trien ben vtrng a Trung Quoc.
Bg chi tieu cua Lien ligp qudc mang tinh pho quat chung cho nhieu qu6c gia, con thirc tien Trung Quoc co nhilu dac thii phat triSn neng, chu tnrcmg ducmg ldi, each thite phat trien neng, nen Trung Quoc da b6 sung, chinh siia nhirng muc tieu, tieu chi
NGHIEN Cilu TRUNG QUOC so 1 (221) - 2020
Cach thLK /tra chgn tieu chi, chi tieu...
phat tnen ben vung cua Lien hgp quoc de ap dung vao Trung Qudc.
Muc tieu ciia viec nay la lam cho cac muc tieu, tieu chi nay phii hgp vdi Trung Quoc, de thao tac va k±ia thi d Trung Quoc Chiing toi cho rang, each lam nay la phii hgp vdi moi quoc gia va dieu nay vira dap irng dugc muc tieu cua Lien hgp quoc, nhung Cling vira dap ung duoc muc tieu neng ciia quoc gia.
Dong thdi, chung ta cung thay cac tieu chi ma Chinh phii, dia phuong, chuyen gia Trung Quoc dat ra tren day cho thay, hg cung da suy xet den rat nhieu cac nhan to, nhu: trinh do phat trien kinh te xa hgi ciia cac vimg, nang luc san xuat, ket cau nganh nge, nang luc chju dung cua nen kinh te, phuc lgi, an sinh xa hgi, muc do tieu hao tai nguyen, mice do xa thai ra moi trirdng, tinh trang moi trudng, chi tieu tai chinh ciia chinh phii, chinh quyen dia phuong, v.v...
Day la tdng hgp cac nhan to ma khi xay dung chi tieu danh gia ve phat trien ben virng can xet den.
* Bai viet la san pham ciia dc tai cap Nha nuoc "Xay dung co so du lieu phat trien ben vung viing Tay Nam bo" (Ma so KHCN- TNB.DT/14-19/X16) thupc Chuang trinh Khoa hoc va Cong nghe phuc vu phat trien ben vung vung Tay Nam Bp (Ma s6 KHCN-TNB/14-19)
TAI LIEU TRICH DAN 1. Cpc.people.com.cn, Ife ^1! iES iS f^ Eh fl'J
"ainmn^" mii^MM\H^^i\-''^1 ,http://
cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64156/64157/4418468.
html, truy cap ngay 2-12-2019.
2. Fmprc.gov.cn, 2016, 1=1 @ v& 3^
2 0 3 0 if-^ nm UmHH 11 ^iJ A" ^ , https://www.fmprc.gov,cn/web/zyxw/W02016
1012709956344295,pdf, thang 9, truy cap ngay 2-12-2019,
3. Gov.cn, 2016, m^u^-Ti\m'vmm
^ 2030 ^ ^ I f ^ ^ M i i ^ & J f ^ ^ J S E ^ i^ ^ ^m>^n\m ^ ( 2016 ) 69 ^ ,
http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2016-12/
l3/content_5147412.htm, truy cap ngay 3- 12-2019.
4. Gov.cn/xinwen, 2 017, '^ 7J ~^ 'A'Jit
^im^nm^mmx ^tx, http://www.
gov.cn/xinwen/2017-l2/26/ content_5250393.
htm, truy cap ngay 5-12-2019.
5. mmm±^w^m^^^:)ii^^%m^x, 2018, •^Kii-i^wm^:^mu^ C20i7) , tt
6. H>^, 2018, rpH?fVSt2030¥nHt^^
l^&lii^lQEfi^*^-^, https://gov.ifeng.com/
c/7gU08I7hdoG, truy cap ngay 10-12-2019.
7. ^^^mnuifMm^ 2016, 2016 ^4-
\M, https://www.undp org/content/dam/china/
docs/Pubhcations/UNDP-%20CH-%202016
%20Susta!nable%20Cities-CHpdf.pdf, truy cap ngay 12-12-2019.
8. M.sohu.com, 2017, 31 'Hm^iiL'^^^
^ ^1= ^t t YK ^Ji '^\i ft; Kl ^ ^ I-f II JL http://m.sohu.com/n/526379969/, truy cap ngay 13-12-2019.
9. Xinhuanet.com, 2018, fi^rnVM^Wm U^iii^"filllfr>J^ Tii IK a i S 0 ^J, http://www.
xinhuanet.coin/2018-03/24/c_l 122583670.
htm, truy cap ngay 13-12-2019.
10. xongju com, 2019, mwmi^mn^
I'): ^mm^muMvm^^ (2019))) ^ ^ ,
https.//wvAV. xongju.com/iiews/mfo/ 1698 18, truy cap ngay 14-12-2019.
NGHIEN CQU TRUNG QUOC so 1 (221) - 2020
