N G H I E N curu - T R A O BOI
Van hoa umg xuf nai Cdng sd
• TS NGUYEN TH| T 6 Q U Y £ N HOC vi$n B^o chf vd Tuyen truyin
Van hda ftng xft cdn dupe dung dl cM th&i dp, hanh vi eua eon ngudi trong giao tiep thudng ngay vdi nhiing ngufli xung quanh. Van hfla iing xft cdn bao gfim ea each ftng xft vdi tMen nMen, vdi moi traflng nhfin van xung quanh doi sdng con ngudi. Van hda ung xft Mfn huu ttong nMeu mdi quan hf,.
khac nhau. 6 bai vilt nay, tde gia eM ehpn de egp van hfla img xft ttong mdi quan hf giua bgn be, ddng,, ngMfp. Day la mfii quan hf xufit Men phd bign kM xa hfii phat trien vdi nMgu eo quan, cfing sd, noi lam vifc, ddi hdi mdi ca nhan phai cd each ftng xft phii hgp vdi mdi tradng efing vife eiia minh de dfim bdo bau khfing kM Iam vifc dn dinh, tieh eye, huong dgn muc tieu Id dem lai Meu qua trong cdng viec va tao ra thanh qua lao dgng ctia mfii ca nhfin.
ong tien ttinh phat tdkn cda tich su xa hpi loai ngufli, cae ea ntian trong xa hpi lufln ptidi tim each thfte flng vfli raoi traong xa hfi va hgp tdc vfli nhau dl cung ton tgi vd phat triln.
Sy tucmg tac vfli litiau trong ede boat dpng sfing tgo nen c&c nhdra xfi hpi nhu nhflm bgn hb, nhora dong ngMfp... va eung tgo ngn nhihig s5c thfii van hoa rieng cfla tiing nhdm xa hpi. Ban ve van hfla, Chu tich Ho d t i Minh efl c&eh dien dat gian dj: " V ie sinh ton eung nhu vi raye dieh cufc sflng, Ioai ngufli mfli sang tao va phat minh ra ngfin ngu, ehu vilt, dao dftc, phap lugt, Idioa hge, tfin giao, van hpc nghf thuat, nhimg cong eu eho sinh hoat hang ngdy ve mac, an, fl vd e&c phuong tien, phuong thfte sft dung todn bfi nhiing sdng tgo va phdt minh dfl tfle Id van hfla. Van hfla td sy tdng hpp efla mpi phuong tiifte smh hogt Cling v(M bilu Mfn cua nfi mfi loai nguoi da sdn smh ra nham tMch flng nhung nhu d u dfli sfing, vd doi hfli efla sy sinh ton"*''.Trong qud trinh cpng sinh eflng phat trign con nguoi to tao ra nen van hfla riflng efl cua rainh. Ngay to tiifli ky Co dai d Trung Quic, van hoa dupc Meu la each thuc dilu tidnh xa hpi eua ting Iflp toong tri, dung van hfla, dimg cai tiay, cai dep dl giao due, giao hfla eon nguoi, huong con ngufli din nhiing tmh edm, suy nghT, to duy d tiinh dp eao, mang tmh xa hpi.
Tuy CO sy khde nhau n h & £ ^ nhungnliin cihung cac
£b)h n ^ m da cd diu Ifafing nhit khing dinh van iioa ta eai do con ngufli sdng tao ra, tfi dae trung can bdn, i^ian bift eon ngufli vfli ^ n g vat va cung Id tigu cM canbdii dl jitidn Mft san phdm nhan tgo vfli san phira ty nhiga,
Van hfla la co sd hinh tiianh each thflc giao ti^
hdnh vi hay dflng hon la van hda ung xft cua mfli cd nhan trong eupc slug. Theo TS Nguyin Thi Hung:
'TJng xft la phan ting cua eon ngufli ddi voi sy tac dgng eua ngudi khae din rainh trong mdt tinh huong ey thg nhit dinh. tTng xft Id phan img cfl Iya chya tinh todn. Id each nfli nang toy thupe vao tri fliftc, kinh ngMfm va nhan each eua mdi ngudi nhfim dgt kit qua cao nhfit ttong gjao tiep"*^'.
Van hda flng xft noi efing sd dugc xay dyng ngn tft ehinh nen tang van hfla cfta rafii ed nhfin. Cfing sfl - Ia noi efing ehue, vifln ehuc, ngufli Iao dfng Iam vifc, la nai thyc Mfn cfic vai trfl nghg ngMfp eiia cac ea nhan; d dfl mfii ea nhdn I& mfit kMu thye Mfn mft nMem vu cfta ca quan dan vi. Cung efl the hieu cfii^
sd Id mfit ca quan ed chumg cM phap nhan, m& fl dfl cfing ehuc, vign chftc, ngufli lao dfng din do Idm vifc lao dpng hudng lucmg va cd nhung ngMa vy trdch rtitifm nhat djnh. Do vay, eong sd lufin cfl nhiing quy ehg, quy dinh rigng nhdra dl ragi n^ifli tuan thu, thyc Men, tgo nen sy thfing nhat ttong eflng
3 6 LY UIAH CHIHH TRIVA TRUTfll TH0H6-stf 3 / 2 0 1 7
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vifc, ttong y cM vd hdnh dfng d l dgt dugc nhung mue tigu raa co quan, don \^ dg ra. D I dgt duge dilu do mfli can bf, vign chftc can co n ^ sing van ntinh, y thfte vfi ban Mih. Cfing sd - ay Id chfi de mgi ngudi cung lao dfng, suy ngM dl hoan thdnh chiJK: nang, coig vifc dupc giao. Ygu d u dgt ra doi voi mfii flidnh vign trong ca quan la long ty trgng, y thfte ty gjfic, phyc tflng ky lugt, ton bpng ian nhau de sao eho moi cd nhan phdt huy hit dupc nang Iyc sdng tgo, tinh dfc I ^ , ty dm bong cdng vifc, giup cho efing vife eo quan dgt ehit lugng cao nhit Dgc Mft, dfl phdi la noi van hod dupe dl eao; d day mfii thanh vign sdng, ldm vifc ti:en tinh than ty gj&e chdp hanh quy dinh eua CO quan, sing cd van hda, cfl ky euong, tdn trgng phap luat vd flmg xft ed tinh, cfl ly.
• - Xua nay, chuyfn ftng xft nai cdng sd Mfin mudn
^itti mufin vfl. Moi ngudi song trong mfii ttuong lam viec t ^ thi CO nhiing each fliuc khdc nhau de bilu dgt vln van hfla vfi thai do sfing cfla ntinh. Tfty itiuai, dii tya ehpn each tbftc nao de gjao tilp, mfii c& nhan cung d n phfii tuan theo nhung chuin myc van hfla flng xu nhit ftinh noi efing sd. Dd la thai dp tdn trgng, sy (juan tam din dong nghifp mpt e&eh hai hfla, trdnh khai ttiae qua sau vao cupe sfing riflng to cfla mfli nguoi. Id sy to tin, kMem nhuflng trong each nfli chuyfn, la tae phong itetii dge, nhit cjudn, van minh ttong tiing hanh vi, eu cM...
Vanhoaftr^ xu ta each xft sy thi M ^ trilt ly s^g, toi song, Ifii suy ngM, Ifii hanh dpi^ eiia mpt cpng dfing ngufli bong viee ung xu va gi&i quylt nhung mfli (juan hf gjiia eon nguoi voi eon ngudi, voi to nMen, vin xa hfi to vi mfi (gja ^nh) din vT mfl (xa hfi) theo cac ehudn mue chfin, titifn, my.
C ^ g sd la mfii traflng dk cac ca nhan dupc cflng Mgn sue Iao dfing va thi Mfn nang Iyc ng^l ngMfp ciia bdn than v& vi vgy yeu d u dfii vfli cfing sfl luon dugc dat Ien hang dfiu. Mgt cflng sd dat tieu ehuan plidi ta ncri efl khflng gjan tara viec tot eo sd ha ting, ttang tiiiet bj Men dgi, dfing bfi, dap ung dugc dfli hfli cfla ngufli lao dpng vd gjftp hfl ttp toi da trong qud trinh thye Mfn efing vife.
Nfi dung eua van hda ftng xu noi cong sd toong dfii rfng, bao gflm cdc kMa canh nhu chdo hdi, trang phyc, each phat ngon, viec nghe va nhdn difn thoai
va phcmg c&ch lam vifc d noi efing sd.
Lei chdo chinh Id cdch g^ thi$n cdm voi ngudi khae dl dang vfi chfin huu ich nhit, dge bift kM di k ^ voi mpt ny eudi than t M ^ tM sflx: manh cua loi ch&o cang dugc nhan len. Dfii v6i mfii ttuflng eong sd, lfli chao cd y ngMa hem bao gid hit, la sgi dfiy Ugn kit e&e ea nhan, kit nli va md diu eho nhitag cau chuyfn, sy hdi tham, cMa sd, bao ddi cua dfing ngMfp van nhau.
Vfc chdo hdi noi efing sd eung phdi tuan tiieo nhiing nguygn tie nhit dinh nhu khi ggp nhau tM nara chdo nft tiuoc, eip dudi ch&o d p trgn, tre chao gid trade, ngudi rafli din eh&o nguoi dS dfln tiuflc, ngudi tft ngoai vdo chdo ngufli d trong phdng. Bufii s&ng g ^ nhau a cong so nhit fliigt phai chdo nhau.
Sau ngdy ll, sau chuygn di eraig tae xa vg, kgra theo ldi chdo cdn d n nhiing cdi bit tay, tham hoi.
(jgp nhau d hdnh lang cting ngn chdo hfli nhau, fliay vi Clii mgt hoae nhin di chfi Idiac. Cfiu chdo hoi cd All mudn hinh, muon ve vd dugc bign tau linU hoat trong tiing hoan eanh cu thi, sao cho ngudi doi (jifn cfl thi dl ddng tilp nhfin v& coi dfl la ldi chao diy tiidnh f. "Anh khoe khflng ?"; 'Di (Ku vfii till, anh?";
'Thdi tilt hdm nay nflng qua nM?"...
KM c ^ trgn budc vdo phflng, nhan vifln d n dftng dfiy de chdo hfli hoac xoay han ngufli Iai, nMn e ^ trgn mft each dly thdnh y \ ^ sy ton trpng dg chdo.
KM cip trgn di cflng khdch thi phai chao ed cfip tren
^^ khdch vd kM cdp tren di ra till nhan vien cmng phfii dling ddy ctido.
Ket thfle rapt ngdy tdm vife, dong ngMfp cimg phflng ngn elido nhau vd tham cM Id chao nhiing ngiroi gap d ntid de xe. Kit thfle rapt tuin tdm vifc, eac cd nhdn ngn danh cho nhau nhitag Idi ehiic nbu
"diue cufii tufin viu ve" dg xoa diu biu khong kM eang thing efta cfing vifc vd thit eiiat mli quan he gifta dong ngMfp vfli ntiau.
Lfli chdo khflng eM la d p dufli chao eip tren ma chinh nhiing ngufli Ianh ^ , (juan Iy cftng ngn ddnh nhitag Idi chao, hfli tham that ^ m den nhdn vign, e ^ duoi efla minh, hanh viec hdi tiiam Mnh tiiiic vl nliu vay se tgo Meu flmg nguge, ptian tae dyng. Ldi chdo, thfim hoi cua ckp tren tiie Men sy cjuan tam, sau sdt den ddi sing cfla nhan viei va ed tac dyi^ nhu rapt toi khen, sy
LY UIAH CHIHH TR| VA TRUYfll THOHG. s t f 3 / 2 0 1 7 ' 3 7
NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI
kMch Ie dfii v(fri nhdn viai tiong ^ trinh tdm vifc.
KM ti^ khaeh ( d p tren, d p duoi hogc ngang cdp) hoge khdeh (nhfin dan) i ^ Ugn hf cfing vifc, dilu dau tien !a chao bing tilng nfli nhu: chdo chu, chdo bdc, chdo anh, chdo chi... Nflu dang bgn ipn hogc khdch dfing tM cfl thi gdt dau chfio ehung hogc chdo bang ny cudi tiiien c&m (kg ca ngudi md ehung ta khong ua tMch); sau dfl nen hdi nguoi doi (Ufn I&:
Thua cha (bdc. cd, anh...) din liin h$ viic gi? Can ldm gi?... Ngu trong phflng tam vifc tM chflng ta cd thg moi khaeh ngfli ghi, rflt nuoc mdi xong mfli bat diu gjai quylt efing vife ciio khdelL
Vfc chdo hfli cfln the Mfn cjua cm bat lay. Bat tay tfi mpt cu cM chdo nhau tiian tMen va vifc bit tay nhu thi nao cho lich sy va dflng phep t&c tM khfing phai ai ciing ndm ro. Ngu d p trgn la nam gjfli chfl dfng bit tay tM ntian vign n & i ^ lai tidng rapt cdi hkt tay cliic chdn. Neu traflng hgp cap trgn td nu ehu dfng
\At tay eh&o hfli, nhdn vign eiing n&i bit tay rapt each chic chin, the Men sy tdn trpng ntmng can gift Uch sy, khflng ngn bit tay cjua tau vd qua chgt
Khflng ehfl dpng bit tay ngudi ed euong vj eao hon minh, nhit ta dfii voi khdch nft. Trong traong hpp nay, ca nhan d n ptidi bigt ling xft tinh tl, cM nen chdo hdi ro rang vd hoi cfli diu thg Mfn sy kinh t r ^ g cdn tMet KM bit tay, mfli ngufli can tiie Mfn tiidi dfl van mmh, ti&nh chft dfng bit tay i^uoi chua cjuen bilt ngn ehd ngufli gifli tMeu hoge ehu dpng gjfli tMf u dl Idra cjuen roi moi bit tay. Tay ifeng uflt, dang bin ed thg xm loi khfing bit tay ngufli khac.
KM efl nMeu ngudi eung gia tay eho minh bit, nen bat tay ngufli co tufii tac, cuong vi cao hon trong xa hpi. Khfing nai nam chat tay phy nft nhung dl to rd sy trai kinh tM ngn dua ca hai tay ra dfln tiy tay ngudi hon minh vg cuong vi iia hdi va todi tac.
Khflng ngn bat tay ngufli np cheo tay ngufli Ida ma phai kien nMn dgi din Iugt minh. Khfing duge diing dflng tiifli tiai tay phai, ttdi d l bit tay hai ngufli.
Khdng dugc vira \At tay vira hut thufic, hoae tay kia dut tui quan. KM bat tay khfing ngodnh mat sang huflng Idiac.
Vee Iya chpn trang ph^c sao cho phu hgp vdi mfii ttuong cfing sfl eiing till Men net van hda ung xft efla mfli ea nhaa
An tirgng ban diu d l danh gid v l mfii ngudi cM|;
ta qua ttang phyc. Bgn se Idifing till gfiy daqc tiiiyi cfim voi slp, vfli dong ngMfp vfi cd thi thfinh cflng ttong giao tilp nlu bang phyc ban mge dfin efing ^ qufi don difu, thgm ciucd phin "tudnk todng" hay \^
qufi sac sd. Du I& mft doanh nhan thfinh dgt hay don gifin cM la mgt nhan vien, quin &o, diu tfie se tgo nen phong each cfta bgn. "Quin fio khdng tao n ^ cm nguoi raa cM ndi len ngufli mgc nfl Ifi ngudi thg ndo"
Trong dilu kifn Men nay, khdng phfii eo quan, efing sd nao cung diu tu, trang bi ding phyc eho nhdn vign. Vi vgy, mfii ngudi can chu y mft so each an mge noi edng sd nhu:
Khfing mae fio quan mau s&c (JU& sac sd, chfli mdt, gfiy khd chiu cho ngirdi ddi difn va dgc bift khflng nen dgn eraig sd vdi bg do bi nhau. IChfing mge quan do (JU& chgt v&i qua mdng, qua fim s&t vao ngufli (nhit la dfii vfli nu gjfli).
Trang phye mgc ttgn ngudi co till Idifing qua(^
ky nhtmg phfii la nhftng bp cjuan iio dugc Id lu^l phiog pMu va hon hit la the Mfn th&i do ngh^m tuc, Idi sfing van minh, Ijch sy va bigt tfin ttpng ngufli khdc. Vfc rage trang pbyc phft hpp ciing la mft cadi thg Mfn sy tfin trgng doi voi mgi ngufli xung cpianh vd van hoa thim mi ciia cfi nhdn raoi ngudi.
Ve each phdt ngon nai cong sd, khfing nen cW Meu Id gjpng ndi m a c o n la c&ch noi, Mgu nfli, cung c&eh trfl c h u y f n . D d cfln Id s y flmg x u tinh hulng, i ^ f fliuat giai q u y l t x u n g ^ t Nfli l&m sao cho hay, cho dpp, cho v a n rainh la c& mfit (jufi trinh ren luyen, to d u o n g c u a m o i e& nhan.
T n m g mfii traflng gjao tiep n o i cfing s d Mfn nay, efl rapt b p phgn c h u a eoi trpng lfli an tieng imi eua ban thfin, eon dg dm ttong phat ngfin v a cung each ung xit, fligm cM s u d y n g ngfin ngft, each Ihutc tMgu van hoa n h u to ngft tiifi flugn, nfli c u d i cpia mftc... Dfiy la £ ^ can phfii trdnh trong x a hfii van minh, ttien dgi.
Tuy cugc s d n g Men dgi khfing d d i hfli eon ngufli ta ptidi giu n h u n g ngM te qufi nghigm n g a t vd khat Idle n h u traflc, n h u n g v i f e p h d t ngfin n o i cdng sfl eung d n phdi tuan theo n h u n g c h u i n m y e v a n hfla n h i t ^ n h . Cde ed nhan can ptidi b i l l nfli cdm an, x^
ldi ttong n h u n g hoan cfinh ey flil, d n flult va p h S t tuan fliu nhftng q u y tac c h a o hfli, b i l t t o n trpng va
3 8 l^UJAH CHIHH TRI VA TRUYfll IHONG-stf 3/2017
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giup da ddng ngMep.
Thgm niia, moi ca nhfin can dgc bift Iuu y tranh phdt ngfin tiiy tifn, titilu CO sd ve dfli tu efla ngudi khdc a ncd l&m vife, eho du do efl tbi cM 1& nMii^ eau c^u^^ d l tiiu gian vfli myc dich don tiiuan la diia vui.
Mpt van d l niia dupe dgt ra ttong van hda ung xu nen eflng sd la each rara ngudi giao ti^ £fn titogi.
KM giao ti^ qua difn thoai, ehung ta yen bit dfiu voi cau: "Aid, phflng (toi dan vi), (hoac tfln ngudi) xm n ^ e . Xin loi, fing (lid) mudn gap ai g?"; kM gpi di cfl thi xdc nhgn la minh gpi dflng don vj hogc ngudi khach rad rainh can gjao tiep khfing, vi du nhu:'^Xm lfli, eo phdi (tgn dan vj hogc ngudi can gs^) khfing?";
nlu bj ngudi khae gpi hogc chung ta gpi nhira thi phai xin loi, vi dy: "Xm Ifii tfii M nham, c&m on...".
Hay "Xin ldi, anh (chj) da gpi nham".
KM nfli chuyen difn thoai diflu ehinh am vye gipng nfli cua minh vfta du nghe, trdnh nfli to finh huong dkn cfing vifc eiia ngudi xung ciuanh. Kit thiie buli nfli chuygn ngn chao, vi dy nhu: "Xin edm cm.
Chflc flng (bd) khfle. Hen gap lai!" hay "chao(fing, hk, cfl, chft)..." va gdc m&y nhe nhang (trdnh d ^ may mgnh lara dli phuong MIU nhdm nhit la kM bgn dfiu ddy la ngufli tfln tiifli hogc lanh Cbo ciia minh).
KM giao tilp difn tiiogi d n ffilu ehinh each thfte nfli chuygn cho phu hpp vfli tiing ddi togng, nfli ro rang, mgch lgc, Ichdng nfli qua nhaifli hogc qua chgm va dgc Mft hiu f din nfli dung muon nfli, ban ehl nfli chuygn rigng, chuyen pMlra vdi ngufli xung cjuarih kM i ^ g nghe difn tiiogi, trd Ifli thing %^ vln dl dl tilt kiem thai gian cho ddi bgn va dflng thdi till Men sy ehuyen ngMfp. Trong truflng hpp chua efl cfiu tra Ifli ngay, ca nhan nfln lya chcm each gpi lai cho dfli phuong sau kM da CO dap an chinh xdc.
Ve phong cdch ldm viec ncd cdng sd ngdy nay dfli hdi fl nhan vign mft tae phong Idm vife chuygn n^tifp, cd k>' lugt-
Truflc hit, phong cdch ehi^gn ngMep tiig Mfn d viec dflng gjd, mufln tiianh cflng, hoac dupc Ianh dgo d&nh gi& tot cdc ca nlidn phai cfl y thuc ty giac trong gia giae tam viec, han ehg toyft dfii di mupn, vg sdm, tranh su dyng tiioi gjan fl cfing sfl eho nhung mye dieh ca ntidn bay cM la ddi phfl din dimg gifl dg cjuet tiie, dilra danh sau dfl lai ra ngoai Iam viec rieng va
d n chft dfing tuan thu cac cjuy dinh efta nai Idra viec.
Sy chi^gn ngMep tiong e&ch Iam vifc cfln the Men d vifc cac e&nh3n Mit each ty gidi flueubdn than mft cdch ngdn gpn nhung dly du (ve tgn, chftc danh, nai tam vifc myc dich tiBO doi) kM g ^ ddi tac. Bgn eanh dfi, vifc ty tin ndi chuyfn truoc dfim ddng cung la each moi nguoi ty thi Men va ehftng tfi Idia nang cua minh. V f c trinh bdy truflc dam dfing phai ed sy chuin bj ky cang sao eho ngi dung ngan ggn, rdnh ragch, dl Meu nhung phai diy dfl va d&m b&o dugc dp tin cay.
Phong each lam vifc ehuyen ngMfp cmi d viec cae ca nhan cd sy nMet huyet va dam rag, chu dpng hodn thdnh cfing viec duge giao bing khfi nang cfla minh sao cho dgt duge Mfu qud, tranh to tudng lam eho cd, lam eho xong hay dun diy cfing viec eho n^ifli Ididc, gay dnh hudng din chit lugng cdng viec, bfi mat cua don vj vd ban hit Idra gjam di gja tri eua mli ea nhdn.
Cd thi ndi, trong dilu kifn rafii truflmg l&ra vifc Men d^ va ngay mfit ehuygn ngMfp nhu Men nay, e&c e&nhan khfing cM d n nfing cao nang lyc ehuym rafin n ^ l ngMfp md cfln d n ph&i khfing ngumg ren luyfn, to duong de ty hinh thdnh eho rainh nhitag thfli quen, eung each ftng xu van minh, Ijch sy de tong bude xay dyng gja tri ban than.
Thye Mfn van hfla ftng xft noi efing sd thuc ddy, tgo dyng mfii tradng ldm viec chuygn ngMfp, than tiiifn, tao bau khfing kM Iam viec cfli md, hai hfla, giflp mfii ea nhan cfl dilu kien tfit tihit de phdt h i ^ nang lyc va dgt Meu qua eao trong cong viec. Cdn bfi, nhan vien ehinh la hat nhan cjuan bpng cfla ca quan, don vj. Mpt kM radi ca nhfin thyc Mfn tfit van hfla ftng xu efla minh a noi Idm vife eung ehinh la gii^
tang cuflng sy doan ket nhit tri vd sy tiiiu Mlu giiia e&e tfa&nh vien trcmg mot tap thg. Nhd vay, chit Iupng hogt dfng eua ea quan, dan vi dupc cai tMfn, khflng ngiing pliat triln v& xay dung van hfla ftng xft noi eflng sd phu hpp, tiln bfi la each thfte diing ddn de hudng tfli mfit mfii truong lam viec tiiye sy van rainh, tieh su va h&i hdaH
(1)H6 Chi Minh: Toin 4j,Nxb.(jrQG.H., 2002, T3,tr. 431.
(2) Nguyin The Hung (2006), Cam nang ungxu bi quyet tre ldu song iau Nxb. VSn hda-Thong tin.
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