KINH TE THE GIffI
^Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc va Thai Lan ve phat trien thi trudng xudt khdu hang nong sdn va
bai hoc rut ra cho Viet Nam
D O D t r c BINH DO THU H A N G
J^di viii ndy nghien cihi kinh nghiim phdt trien thi trudng xudt khdu hdng ndng sdn cua r ^ Trung Qudc vd Thai Lan, tit do rdt ra nhiing bdi hgc hOu ich cho hogt dgng phdt trien tki trUdng xudt khau kdng ndng sdn Viet Nam trong boi cdnh mdi.
Tfl khoa: xudt khdu, thi trudng xudt khdu, hdng ndng sdn.
V
idt Nam la nfldc lang gieng va ed nhidu di^m tfldng ddng vdi Trung Qud'c va Thai Lan; viec nghidn cflu kinh nghidm va van dung cac kinh nghigm thanh cdng ciia hai qud'e gia ndy v l phat tri^n thi trfldng xuat k h a u hang ndng san la hd't sflc hflu ich.1. Kinh n g h i e m c u a T r u n g Q u o c v a Thai L a n ve p h a t t r i e n t h i t r f l d n g xuait k h a u h a n g n o n g s a n
1.1. Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc Trung Qudc la nfldc cd ddt tfl nhidn rdng ngfldi ddng, nhflng ty trpng dat eanh tdc trong toug so' didn tich tfl nhien nhd (chie'm 10,8%), dat canh tac binh quan d^u ngfldi rd^t tha'p (0,11 ha/ngfldi). Tuy vdy, ndng nghiep eua Trung Qud'c trong thdi gian dai hen tid'p dfldc mfla va da dat dfldc nhihig thanh tflu rat quan trpng. Hien tai, Trung Qud'c la nfldc cd san lfldng ndng san ldn so vdi Chau A va thd' gidi.
Khung hoang kinh te' thg' gidi da ldm cho cdu hang ndng san suy giam, thi trfldng xuat khau ndng san bi t h u hep. Muc tieu cua Trung Qudc la t a n g tdi da kim ngach xudt kbdiu ndng san vdo thi trfldng quen thudc va tim kid'm khai thac thi trfldng mdi. De thflc hien Chig'n Ifldc khai thac thi trfldng ndng san todn c^u trong thdi ky khung hoang kinh te' thg' gi6i, Trung Qud'e da Ifla chpn phat trien thi trfldng xua't k h a u h a n g ndng san theo hfldng:
Tdng cUdng khai thdc thi trUdng xudt khdu hiin tgi
Trong khi tri^n khai chie'n Ifldc phat tridn thi trfldng xuat kh^u nay, Trung Qud'c dd kien tri theo dud'i hai sach Ifldc cd ban sau: (1) cd quan niem toan cau de khai thac tiem Ifle cua thi trfldng bidn da dfldc ehilm Iinh nham t a n g cfldng xuat k h a u tdi mflc td'i da; (2) t r a n h t a p t r u n g qua mflc vdo mot thi trfldng dac biet nao dd, thdng qua vide da dang hda thi trfldng xua't k h a u d l dam bao cho xua't khdu phat trien dn dinh.
Hidn nay, Trung Qud'c da xud't kh^u hang ndng san den khoang 200 qud'c gia vd vung lanh tho tren the gidi. Cac thi trfldng nhap kh^u hang ndng san cua Trung Quoc ra't da dang, tfl cac nflde cdng nghiep phat trien de'n cac nfldc dang vd kem phat trien b nhieu chdu luc.
HINH 1; 10 t h i trfl-dtag x u a t k h a u n o n g s a n c h u Iflc c u a T r u n g Q u o c g i a i d o a n
2008 - 2014
H6ng COng, MJ. 16% 1
CSc ni/flc khac, 38%
15%
'Braxm. 4%
^ ^ - N g a , 4%
X, Thai Lan. 4%
1 ^ Malaixia, 4%
tindOnSxia. 4%
-DCrc, 3%
LOxtraylia. 2%
Ngudn. Trade Map - International Trade Statistic, Intematioal Trade Center (ITC) va phan tfch cua tac gia.
D6 Diic Binh, GS.TS., Tnrdng dai hoc Kinh ti qa6c dan; D6 Thu Hang, ThS., Hoc vieh NgSn hang.
'i;j^f;;^duKmhtffsff443 - Thing 4/2015
Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc ,
Thi trfldng xuat kh^u h a n g ndng san cua Trung Qudc tdp t r u n g vao thi trfldng cac nfldc phat trien (My, Nhat), Hdng Kdng vd eac nflde ASEAN (Thai Lan, Malaixia, Inddnexia).
Giai doan 2008-2014, 10 nfldc va vung l a n h tho nay chie'm khoang 62% td'ng kim ngach xud't k h a u ndng san cua Trung Qudc, trong dd ridng thi trfldng My chie'm tdi 16%. Dieu ndy cho thay Trung Qudc da k h a i thac tfldng ddi td't cac thi trfldng hidn cd nay.
Trung Qudc thflc hien chien Ifldc da dang hda thi trfldng xuStt k h a u theo ea chieu rdng vd ehilu sau. Tang so Ifldng thi trfldng xudi khau va thi p h a n t r e n cac thi trfldng xudlt khau hien cd n h a m dam bao xua't k h a u t a n g trfldng nhanh, on dinh. Khu vflc APEC, chiem khoang 80% hang ndng san xuat kh^u eua T r u i ^ Qudc; thi trfldng Bac My, Ddng Nam A vd Tay Au la ba t r u n g t a m mau dich ldn cua Trung Qudc. Trung Qud'c coi cac thi trfldng ndy la eae thi trfldng trpng diem cin tiep tuc khai thac, cdn eac thi trfldng ctfp h a i khac cd
the la nhiing thi trfldng t i l m nang md T r u n g Qudc e ^ khai thac trong nhflng n a m tdi. Ty trong kim ngach xua't kh^u ndng san cua Trung Qudc sang khu vflc thi trfldng Chau Phi t a n g tfl 3,5% n a m 2008 len 6,5% n a m 2014, k h u vflc Trung Ddng t a n g tfl 3,1% ldn 3,9% trong cung thdi k^ (WTO, World Trade Review Report by China 2014).
Can cfl vao n h u cau thflc te' cua p h a t trien kinb t^, Trung Quoc da ap dung chien Ifldc d^y m a n h trien khai t h i trfldng xua't kh^u theo nhieu hfldng, nhieu mflc do khac nhau vdi n h i l u phfldng thfle ma trpng t a m la da dang hda thi trfldng vdi trpng diem Id k h u vflc APEC va cae nfldc xung quanh.
Md rgng thi trttdng xudt khdu thdng qua tham gia cdc liin ket kinh tekhu vUc vd thegidi
Ngay 11-12-2001, Trung Quoc trd t h a n h t h a n h vidn chinh thflc cua WTO. D i l u nay da thuc day qua t r i n h giao lflu budn ban, xuat k h a u h a n g hda va dich vu cua Trung Qud'c vdi cac nfldc vd k h u vflc trgn the' gidi khdng ngflng t a n g len.
tilm Iflc ldn nhfl Chau Pbi va Trung Ddng cd
HINH 2: Kim n g a c h xua't k h a u n o n g s a n c u a T r u n g Q u o c g i a i d o a n 2008 -2014 (ty USD)
40-1 35 30 25 20 I S 10 5
-
M2 i , i a
2008 2 0 ^
2009
(--^^a
2 5 , ^
2010
^ - = s ^
3 1 , W
2011
31,fl
2012
SA.'I
2013 3 6 y ^
2014
Ngudn: TOng hop ciia lac gia dua tren so li^u ciia Trade Map- IntematicHial Trade Statistic, Intematioa] Trade Center GTC).
Trong giai doan 2008-2014, mac du chiu tac ddng m a n h me cua khung hoang todn cau, nhflng kim ngach xuat k h a u ndng san cua Trung Qud'c t a n g t r u n g binh 9,37% /nam.
Vdi vide gia n h a p WTO, Trung Qud'c da tfl md ra eanh ciia tdi nbieu k h u vflc thi trfldng tren thd' gidi, md r a "con dfldng bang p h a n g hdn" cho hang hda Trung Quoc xam n h a p vao thi trfldng cua eac nfldc t h a n h vidn.
Ben canh dd, thdng qua dam phan song phfldng, Trung Qudc da ky ket dfldc Higp dinh thfldng mai Trung Qudc - My va Hiep dinh thfldng mai Trung Qudc - EU. Hai hiep dinh nay cd y nghia vd cflng quan trpng da md r a hai thi trfldng ldn nhS't, tiem nang nhS't vdi bdng hda Trung Qudc, vi My va EU la hai trong ba trung tam kinh te ldn nha't cua the"
gidi ma Trung Quoc v&n gpi la "tam cfldng".
72 Nghiin aiU Kinh tff sff 443 - Thing 4^2015
Kinh nghigm cua Trung Qud'c ..
x a y dflng khu vflc mdu dich tfl do Trung Qude - ASEAN da md r a cd hdi va cung ca'p mdt mat bang mdi cho eae doanh nghigp cua Trung Qu«; bfldc ra thi trfldng t h l gidi eanh tranh va nang cao kha ndng, p h a t huy tiem Iflc cua minh. Hang ndng san T r u n g Qud'c khi xam nhap thi trfldng eae nflde se dfldc hfldng mflc flu dai cao hdn WTO, tfl dd cd th^
md rdng dfldc khdng gian p h a t trien cho cac cdng ty, cd ldi cho da nguyen hda thi trfldng, giai tda dfldc sfle ep tim kiem t h i trfldng cho cac doanh nghiep xua't khau.
Tdm lai, thdng qua vide gia n h a p cac lien kit kinh td khu vflc va the' gidi, Trung Quoc dang cd n h i l u cd hdi hdn bao gid het de tiep c^n hiu h i t thi trfldng eae qud'c gia va k h u vflc tren the'gidi.
Da dgng hoa hdng ndng sdn xudt khdu vd ndng cao chdt lUdng sdn phdm theo tiiu chudn qud'c tevd cam kdt qudc te
Da dang hda san pham ndng san xuat kh^u, cai thidn chd't Ifldng va higu qua kinh td' dfldc coi la dinh hfldng cd ban eua Trung Qudc trong qua trinh d i l u chinh san xuSt ndng nghigp. Trung Qud'e da ed nhflng chinh sach khuyen khich san xud't ndng nghidp theo hfldng xua't k h ^ u nhfl tdp t r u n g vdo 8an xua't nhflng san p h a m cd Idi. Mat khac, Trung Quo'c ra't coi trpng dau tfl va flng dung nhflng t h a n h tflu cua khoa hpe edng nghd vao phat tri^n cdng nghigp. Chinh phu Trung Qud^c da k h a n g dinh rdng con dfldng can b a n d^ phat trien ndng nghiep Trung Qud'c Id \dy khoa hpc ky t h u a t Iam vfl khi; la'y edng nghigp hien dai lam ehd dfla; Id'y thi trfldng dl hfldng d i n e h u y l n tfl ndng nghiep truyen thd'ng sang ndng nghidp hien d^i; la'y khoa hpc k;? thudt hign dai Iam n i n tang.
De tang sflc canh t r a n h cua hang hda Trung Qud'c ndi chung va h a n g ndng san ndi ridng, Chlnh phu Trung Qud'c ludn k i l m soat ch$t che sfl t a n g hay giam gia cua dong Nhan dan te. Trdn thflc tg', ddng N h a n dan te hi cao budc la y l u hdn gia tri thflc, song Trung Qudc vdn duy tri ty gia hdi doai khdng doi dd'i vdi dong ddla My de dam bao sfl on
dinh cua ddng tien va gifl vflng k h a nang canh t r a n h . Ddy dfldc coi la mpt trong nhflng ye'u to' chinh n h d m hd trd hdng hda xua't k h ^ u nfldc nay xam n h a p va chidm Hnh thi trfldng nflde ngoai.
Tdm lai, Trung Qud'e dd xay dflng dfldc chig'n Ifldc phat trien san ph^m ndng san xua't k h ^ u phu hdp vdi thfle t i l n va bie'n ddng t r e n thi trfldng the' gidi. Trung Quoc khdng chay theo so Ifldng va khoi Ifldng nhfl trflde ddy, m a chuyen sang hfldng n a n g cao chd't Ifldng va hidu qua. Chu trpng n a n g cao gia tri gia t a n g ciia hang ndng san xudi kh^u n h a m vfla giup t a n g trfldng n h a n h kim ngach xud't khau, vfla lam giam t r a n h cha'p thfldng mai va nang cao hieu qua cua boat ddng san xud't, giam Ifldng san xuat dfl thfla.
Bay mgnh cdng tdc xiic tidn thUdng mgi Trung Qud'c da d^y manh hoat ddng ngoai thfldng ngdy cang sdi ddng thdng qua vide t h a n h lap cac cd quan thfldng vu tai cac nfldc ed vd ehfla ed quan he ngoai giao. Bidn phap nay n h a m gidi thieu "mdt nfldc Trung Qudc mdi" tdi cac nfldc vd khu vflc tren the gidi.
Nhihig nam qua, cac cd quan thfldng vu Trung Qud'c da dat dfldc nhflng ke't qua dang k l trong vide phat trien hoat ddng ngoai thfldng thdng qua viec lien he vdi cac ngdnh, gidi kinh doanh cua cdc nfldc sd tai, t h a m gia tich cflc vdo vide dam phan ky va ket cac hidp dinh mau dich thfldng mai, bao ve quyln ldi dang dfldc hfldng cua nfldc minh trong mau dich kinh tg' b cac nflde sd tai, giup dd eac to chflc doan the hoat ddng ngoai thfldng b trong nflde sang lam viec, trao doi va buon b a n vdi nfldc ngoai. Tinh dd'n nay, Trung Qudc da cd 222 ed quan thfldng vu b hiu he't cac nfldc vd khu vflc trgn t h l gidi,
Thu hut ddu tit nUdc ngodi gdn vdi phdt trien thi trudng xudt khdu
Vdi t a n g cfldng t h u h u t dau tfl nfldc ngodi hfldng v l xud't kh^u da tao t h u a n ldi cho vide tiep can vd md rdng thi trfldng qudc te, nang cao nang Iflc xud't k h a u cua T n m g Qudc. Nhd quy md vd kha nang t i l p can vdi mang Ifldi phdn phdi vd mang Ifldi marketing qudc tg', cac
NghiSn ciiu Kinh tff sff 443 • Thing 4/2015 73
Kinh nghiem cua Trung Quifc .
cdng ty cd vd'n d^u tfl nfldc ngodi d l dang t h a m n h a p thi trfldng xua't k h a u hdn so vdi cac cdng ty ndi dia. Khu vflc diu tfl nfldc ngoai khdng chi gdp p h a n md rdng thi trfldng xuat khau, md cdn thuc day viec cai thien ed ca'u va ndng ca'p san p h a m xua't khdu. Hoat ddng cua eac doanh nghiep cd vdh dau tfl nfldc ngoai da cd nhflng bid'n dd'i v l cha't. Cae doanh nghiep dang chuydn m a n h tfl cdng nghe sii dung nhieu lao ddng sang cdng nghe sii dung nhieu vd'n. Sd' Heu d i l u t r a mdi day cho thdy, hdn 60% cac doanh nghiep cd vd'n d l u tfl nfldc ngodi b Trung Qud'c ap dung nhflng cdng nghe mdi dfldc dfla r a trong ba n a m g i n nha't. D i l u nay cho tha'y, doanh nghiep cd vd'n d a u tfl nfldc ngodi t a i T r u n g Qud'c dang di d l u trong vide ehuyen len nhflng ndc t h a n g edng nghe eao hdn, hfla h e n thuc day n h a n h hdn nfla sfl ehuyen dich cd ca'u h a n g xua't k h a u cua Trung quoc theo hfldng mang lai hidu qua kinh te cao hdn.
Trong ma'y n a m qua, cd cd'u xua't k h £ u h a n g hda ndi chung va h a n g ndng san ndi ridng cua Trung Qud'c t h l hien k h u y n h hfldng phat trien tich cflc.
Vdi chinh sach t h u hflt d a u tfl nfldc ngoai hfldng vdo xua't k h a u da t h a n h cdng dang ke. Trung Qud'c da trd t h d n h nflde n h a n d a u tfl ldn nha't trong sd' eac nfldc dang p h a t trien tfl n a m 1993. Cac nfldc vd vung l a n h thd' dau tfl chinh Id Hdng Kdng, N h a t Ban, My, Dai Loan, Xingapo va H a n Qudc cflng Iudn n a m trong so' 10 nfldc n h a p k h a u h a n g hda ndi chung va h a n g ndng san ndi ridng n h i l u nha't tfl Trung Qud'c trong nhflng n a m qua.
1.2. Kinh nghiem eda Thdi Lan Thai Lan la mdt qud'c gia n a m trong k h u vflc Ddng Nam A, vd'n Id mdt nfldc ndng nghigp t r u y i n thd'ng, cd dien tich canh tac 19,62 tridu ha, linh vflc trong trot ddng gdp khoang 68% vao tong gia tri san xua't ndng nghiep. Nam 2014, kim ngaeh xua't k h i u ndng san eua Thai Lan dat 20,14 ty USD, dflng thfl 6 tren the gidi (WTO, World Trade Report by Thailand 2014). Sfl t h d n h cdng
trong xua't k h i u h a n g ndng san ciia Thai L a n chlnh la nhd vdo cbinh saeh dd'i mdi cua Chinh phu t r e n q u a n die'm p h a t trien nong nghiep, nong thon Id xfldng sd'ng cua ddt nflde. Cac chinh sach n h a m p h a t trien t h i trfldng x u a t k h i u h a n g ndng san cua T h a i L a n dfldc t h e hidn t r e n cac m a t sau:
Lita chgn thi trUdng xudt khdu tren cd sd kit hdp chinh sdch da dgng hoa thi trUdng vd chinh sdch xdy dUng thi trUdng trgng diem
Hien nay, hang ndng san Thai Lan da cd mat tai 225 thi trfldng tren thd' gidi. Cac thi trfldng n h a p k h i u hang ndng san cua Thai lan rat da dang, tfl cae nflde cdng nghidp phat trien de'n cac nfldc dang phat trien trgn the' gidi. Ben canh thi trfldng t r u y i n thd'ng la cac nflde cdng nghigp phat trien, Thai Lan chu trpng tdi thi trfldng cac nfldc dang phat trien gom 6 nhdm nfldc thudc cac k h u vflc dia ly: ASEAN, Trung Qud'e, Ddng Au, T r u n g Ddng, My La t i n h vd C h a u Phi.
Thi trfldng xua't k h i u chie'n Ifldc ciia Thai Lan v i n la cac nfldc cdng nghiep phat trien nhfl N h a t Ban, My va cae nflde dang phat trien b C h a u A. Trong giai doan nay, cd citu thi trfldng xua't k h a u ciia Thai lan ehuyen big'n theo hfldng tich cflc: Giam ty trpng thi trfldng C h a u My, C h a u Au va Chau Phi, t a n g ty trpng t h i trfldng Chdu A. Thai L a n dac biet ehfl trpng tdi thi trfldng cac nfldc Trung Qud'c, N h a t ban, cac nfldc NICs va ASEAN - la k h u vflc t h i trfldng cd t i l m n a n g xuItt khdu, cd t i n h t h a n h khoan cao, d'n dinh va trien vpng p h a t trien.
Dd duy tri sfl dn dinh, b a n chd' rui ro trong boat ddng x u a t k h a u ndng s a n Thai L a n da xay ddng chien Ifldc da dang hda thi trfldng xua't k h a u theo hfldng da dang hda chilu rdng va da dang hda ehilu sau. Thai L a n nd Iflc gia t a n g sd'lfldng thi trfldng xua't k h i u va t a n g t h i p h a n trdn cac thi trfldng xua't k h i u hien cd. De dat dfldc muc tidu da dang hda thi trfldng xua't k h i u . Thai Lan vfla tim each duy tri, t h a t chat quan he vdi cac thi trfldng truyen thf&ig, vfla dae bidt q u a n tam ddn md cac thi trfldng mdi, nha't la tdng cfldng di s a u
74 Nghiin aiu Kinh tff sff 443 - Thiii^~iJ^^
Kinh nghifm cue Trung Quoc ,
vao cac quan he ldng gilng d l k h a i thac cac ldi the v l dia ly- kinh t l , dia ly- van hda...
HINH 3 : 1 0 t h i trflctag x u a t k h a u n o n g s a n c h u Iflc c u a Thai Lan g i a i d o a n 2008 - 2012
HoaKy, 10%
Nhat B^n, 7%
Indonexia, 5%
Malaixia, 4%
Vaang qu6c Anh, 4 % Oxtrayiia, 3%
Nigeria, 2%
Campuchia, 2%
Mianma, 2%
Ngudn: S6 lifiu ciia Tdng cue Hai quan Thai Lan vl phan tich cua tic gia.
Bdn canh chinh sach da d a n g hda t h i trfldng. Thai L a n xay dflng 10 t h i trfldng xud't k h i u ndng s a n t r p n g diem de ldm b a n dap md rdng t h i trfldng xua't k h a u . Cac thi trudng trong diem n a y gdm: T r u n g Qud'c, My, Nhdt,... chie'm 69% kim ngach x u a t k h i u ndng san cua T h a i Lan. Trong dd Trung Qud'c Id t h i trfldng xua't k h a u ndng san ldn nha't cua T h a i Lan, chie'm ty t r p n g 12% trong tong kim n g a c h xua't k h a u ndng san cua T h a i L a n , tid'p dg'n la My 10%, Nhat Ban 7%, Inddngxia 5%, Malaixia 4%...
Nham thflc hien chinh sach da dang hda thi trfldng xua't k h a u , Chinh p h u T h a i L a n tich cflc dam p h a n vd ky kg't cac FTA, EPA song phfldng, k h u vflc vdi q u a n diem tfl do hda thfldng mai song phfldng dfldc dat song song vdi tfl do hda thfldng mai da phfldng.
Tinh dd'n ndm 2014, T h a i L a n da t h a m gia vko 5 FTA song phfldng, 2 FTA k h u vflc, 4 EPA song phfldng va 1 EPA k h u vflc. De tang cfldng higu qua cua cae hiep dinh thfldng mai ky kg't, t r o n g q u a t r i n h d a m phan Chinh phu Thai L a n ludn eoi trpng sfl tham van cdng dong doanh nghiep de m a n g lai hieu q u a kinh te' cao khi t h a m gia va tao
t h u a n ldi toi da cho doanh nghiep khi tdn dung flu dai tfl cac hiep dinh.
Phdt trien thi trUdng thong qua chiin lUdc ndng cao ndng lUc cgnh tranh cua hdng ndng sdn xudt khdu
Chinh p h u Thai L a n da xay dflng chie'n Ifldc p h a t trien cac san p h i m ndng nghiep xua't k h i u dfla trdn sfl kg't hdp gifla kinh nghiem t r u y i n thd'ng vd khoa hoc cdng nghe hien dai: (1) thfle day sfl chuygn dich cd ca'u ndng nghigp tfl sii dung hdm Ifldng lao ddng eao sang sii dung bdm Ifldng cdng nghd cao;
(2) khuye'n khich phat tridn vd dp dung cdng nghd hidn dai n h a m lam t a n g p h l n gia tri gia tdng trong nganh ndng nghiep.
Thai Lan da thflc hien da dang hda san p h i m ndng san xud't k h a u theo ca chilu rdng va chilu sdu, trpng tam la da dang hda theo chilu sdu. Thai Lan tang so" lupng, chung loai, san pham xua't k h a u va tim kid'm cac san p h i m xua't k h i u mdi. Da dang hda san p h i m dfldc thflc bien theo hfldng t a n g cac san p h i m cd cha't Ifldng, tien dung, dam bao an toan cho ngfldi sii dung, gia ca hdp ly vd t h a n thien vdi mdi trfldng nham dap flng dfldc n h u cau cua thflc t i l n va tinh hinh thi trfldng ndng san the' gidi.
Nghiin cOu Kmh tff sff 443 - Thing 4/2015
75
Kinh nghiem cua Trung Qutfc
Md rdng thi tnUtng thdng qua viec hodn thien kenh phdn phdi hdng hda
Thai Lan xay diing kho ndng san t a i cac thi trfldng n h a p k h a u n h i m t a n g sflc canh t r a n h ciia hang hda, hieu ro va n i m b a t kip thdi n h u c l u cua thi trfldng. Cac kho ngoai quan nay dfldc xay dflng b qudc gia cd vi t r i dia ly trung tam, t h u a n tien xua't k h a u di cac nfldc lan can hoac cd thd xua't ngay t a i nfldc dd. Ngodi ra, hang ndng san xua't k h a u Thai Lan dfldc b a n t h i n g cho n h a n h a p k h a u r l i de'n ngfldi tidu dimg, ma khong phai qua nhieu t i n g ldp t n m g gian, nhd n h a p k h a u nay b a n cho nha n h a p k h a u khae rdi b a n tie'p cho cac cdng ty chd' bien, cdng ty b a n le...
nham kiem soat chat Ifldng, cflng nhfl gia ca hang ndng san. Hdn nfla. Thai L a n Id dat nfldc cd Ifldng khach du hch hdng n a m ldn, ndn cae n h a kinh doanh ndng san da t a n dung ldi t h l nay de xua't k h i u tai chd vdi kim ngach dang k l . Mat khac, day cung la mdt hinh thflc tid'p thi, quang ba thfldng hieu ndng san Thai Lan cd hieu qua.
2. B a i h o c k i n h n g h i e m r u t r a t r o n g p h a t t r i e n t h i t r f l d n g x u a t k h a u h a n g n o n g s a n c u a T r u n g Quo'c v a T h a i L a n
Theo dfl bao cua cua IMF, WB vd OECD n i n kinh t e thg' gidi dang phuc hoi vd se bfldc vao giai doan t a n g trfldng mdi tfl n a m 2015. Tuy nhien, do nhieu nguyen n h a n c h u q u a n va khaeh q u a n n h u bien ddi khi h a u , m a u t h u a n tdn giao, sac tpc, k h u n g bd... se d i n tdi sfl bien dpng khd dfl doan trflde eua t h i trfldng thd' gidi. Cujig vdi do, rdo can ky t h u a t cua cae qudc gia, dac biet la cac nflde p h a t trien dflng Ien ngay cang t i n h vi, khd vfldt qua hdn ddi vdi h a n g ndng san xua't k h i u cua eac nflde dang p h a t trien. Vi vay, nhflng kinh nghiem Ifla chpn t h i trfldng xua't k h a u h a n g ndng san cua Trung Quo'c va Thai lan trong thdi ky sau k h u n g h o a n g kinh te' thg' gidi se la nhiing bdi hpc quy ddl vdi Viet Nam trong viec p h a t trie'n t h i trfldng h a n g ndng san xuat k h a u trong giai doan tdi.
2.1. Bdi hgc thdnh cong cd the van dung
ThU nhdt, lua chpn chinh sach phat t n e n thi trfldng xua't k h i u p h u hdp vdi ldi the cua da't nfldc va tinh hinh thflc t i l n thi trfldng xua't k h i u , vide xay dflng va thflc thi chinh sach phat trien t h i trudng xua't k h a u h a n g ndng san ndn Thai Lan va T r u n g Qudc da md rpng dfldc t h i trfldng xuglt k h i u va gia t a n g kim ngach xua't k h i u h a n g ndng san. Cac nflde nay d l u thfle hien da dang hda thi trfldng xua't k h a u ndng s a n theo ca chilu rdng vd chieu sau, nhflng coi trpng theo chieu sau (cha't Ifldng, hieu qua, ). Md rdng quan hd kinh te' doi ngoai vdi tait ca cae nfldc, hdi n h a p sau vao n i n k i n h te' t h e gidi va k h u vflc thdng qua viec t a n g cfldng d a m p h a n va ky ket cac FTA, EPA song phfldng va k h u vflc.
Thd hai, h a i nfldc deu thflc hien t a i cd ca'u thi trfldng xud't k h i u h a n g ndng san theo hfldng tfldng ddi can b l n g gifla cae k h u vflc thi trfldng n h i m giam bdt n i i ro so vdi nhflng nfldc qua t a p t r u n g vao mpt k h u vflc thi trfldng xua't k h i u nao do.
Thd ba, thfle hien da dang hda san pham ndng san xua't k h a u theo ca chilu rpng va ehieu sau, ehu trpng da dang hda theo chieu sau n h i m nang cao hieu q u a x u a t khau. Lfla chpn cac m a t h a n g ndng san xua't k h a u tren ed sd khai thac hieu qua ldi t h e so s a n h ciia da't nfldc ket hdp vdi d n h h i n h thi trfldng ndng san thd' gidi. Hdng ndng san xuat k h i u dfldc cd eau theo hfldng tich cflc, giam ty trpng nguyen lieu thd va s a n p h a m sd che, t a n g ty trpng s a n p h i m co h a m Ifldng c h l bien cao n h i m n a n g cao gia t r i h a n g ndng san xuat k h a u .
Thit tu, thflc hien cac giai p h a p h n h boat vd bidu qua de thflc hign p h a t trien thi trfldng xua't k h i u hang ndng s a n thich flng vdi dieu kien thflc tg' trong nfldc ciing nhfl cac cam kg't hdi nhdp
Thti ndm, chu trpng xay dilng chie'n ludc tidu thu, quang ba va p h a t trien thfldng hieu ndng san ca cl trong nfldc va b nudc ngodi Tren cd sb mat h a n g cd ldi t h e canh t r a n h
76 Nghiin aiu Kinh ^sd443 ^Thii^d4^2dl5
Kinh nghiem cua Trung Qud'c .
mSi qud'c gia cd each thflc ridng n h i m xdy dflng hinh anh, thfldng hieu cho minh.
2.2. Bdi hgc thdt bgi cdn trdnh Thit nhdt, phat trien t h i trfldng h a n g ndng san chfla t i n h d i n nhflng a n h hfldng tfl rui ro chinh tri. Va'n d l t r a n h cha'p l a n h thd' cua Trung Qud'e vdi cae nfldc l a n g rieng da khiln kim ngaeh xud't k h i u hdng hda cua Trung Quoc sang cae t h i trfldng n a y giam manh. Ben canh dd, mdi trfldng ehinh tri ba't d'n ciia Thai L a n cung gay a n h hfldng din mdi trfldng kinh t l , gdy ba't ldi cho vide md rdng thi trfldng xua't k h i u . Cac qud'c gia tiln hdnh quan he thfldng m a i l a u dai ra't quan t a m tdi d i l u nay.
Thit hai, phat trien t b i trfldng xud't k h i u ndng san chfla chfl trpng dg'n bao ve mdi trfldng. Ydu c l u thfle hien tigu e h u i n thflc tien ndng nghiep td't (GAP) hoac n i n ndng nghiep hflu cd dang ra't dfldc cac nfldc p h a t trien chu trpng kiem soat dd'i vdi h a n g ndng san tfl cac nfldc dang p h a t trien. Mac du nhflng yen e l u nay da va dang dfldc ca h a i nfldc thflc hidn nhflng cdn mang t i n h t h u dpng va ehfla tridt de
Thd ba, va'n d l s a n xua't va xua't k h i u hang ndng s a n t a i Trung Qud'c vd Thai L a n chfla mang tinh b i n vflng, dae biet va'n d l xa hdi chfla dfldc quan t a m thda dang. Thflc tien eho thd'y va'n d l d a m bao a n t o a n cho
ngfldi s a n xua't va tidu dflng h a n g ndng san chfla dfldc t h d t sfl q u a n t a m , dac biet la b T r u n g Qud'c./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Hoang Th^ Anh (2012), NhOng vd'n dekinh te- xa hdi noi bat cua Trung Qud'c trong 10 ndm ddu thiicy XXI vd triin vgng din ndm 2020, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Npi.
2. B6 CPng thuong (2011), Nghien cOu thi trUdng ndng sdn cua Trung Qud'c vd khd ndng xuat khdu mdl sd sdn phdm ndng sdn cua Viet Nam, Di tai khoa hoc ciCp be, ma s6' 26.11 .RD/HD-KHCN .
3. Dd Thu H&ng (2014), "Giai phap d i y manh xuit khiu hang nflng san ciia Viet Nam sang thi trubng Trung Qudc", Tgp chi Kinh ti phdt trien, s6 II, thang 1-2013, tr.2-11
4. Phang Thi Hue (2010), "Trung Qu6c trong khu vuc: Vi th^ \k thach thiic", Tgp chi Nghiin ciiu Trung Qud'c, s6 2(102), thang 2, tr.3-11.
5. Nguyen Thi Thu Thiiy (2013), "TCr kinh nghiem Th5i Lan: Nghi vi m6 hinh kinh te huong v6 xuit khiu", Tgp chi Kinh tivd dubdo. s6 12(548), thang 6, tr.92-94.
6. Trin Van Tho (2012), Biin ddng kinh leDong A vd con dudng cdng nghiSp hda Viil Nam, Nxb Chfnh tri qudc gia. Ha Nfli.
7. WTO, Trade Policy Review Report by China, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011,2012,2013, 2014
8. WTO, Trade Policy Review Report by Thailand.
2009,2010,2011,2012,2013,2014
9. Shashi Sareen (2010), Adding value to Agri- Food Exports and Complying with Standards, UNCTAD.
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