9
Namibia Resource
Package
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?ace & War Committee, Cape Democrats Namibia Informatio Group, a d
Namibia solidarity Committee (Wester Cape)
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NAMIBIA
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NAMIBIA
- .-I er a io al bo dar
;i Capi al o To , illage +-+ Railroad
Mai road O her road Airpor
100 1 250km
150mi
he bo daries e d ames sho o his map do o impl official e dorseme or accep a ce b he U i ed Na io s.
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e disco er has made i more diffic l for Namibia o>
free i self from a aricio s colo ial mas ers .
Co rol b So h Africa, orki g i h So h Africa , Bri ish a d o her ra s a io al compa ies, has mea ha Namibia s ha e o had heir fair share i he eal h ge era ed b hese i d s ries . Wi h a rela i el small pop la io of 1 .5 millio , Namibia s co ld be amo g he riches people i Africa, b he li i g s a dards of black Namibia s are abo he same as hose of Africa s a es i h o e-six h of he a al prod c io per capi a . Mos of Namibia's eal h has bee expor ed : 85% of goods prod ced are expor ed . O he o her ha d, 80% of he goods co s med are impor ed, mos l from So h Africa . O er half he eal h prod ced i Namibia goes o compa profi s, or So h Africa axes o profi . Abo half he food co s med i Namibia is impor ed from So h Africa . No o her co r exhibi s s ch ex remes i i s eco om . I has righ l bee described as ` he poli ical eco omJ of hef ' .
Mi i g
Mi i g is he larges sec or, co rib i g o er a hird of GDP . Mos mi es are o ed bJ m l i a io al corpora io s, i cl di g RTZ, Co solida ed Goldfields a d Char er Co solida ed (UK), as ell as So h Africa pri a e a d s a e corpora io s . Namibia's Co solida ed Diamo d Mi es (CDM), o ed b he So h Africa m l i a io al De Beers, prod ces abo o e-six h of he
orld's a al s ppl of gem diamo ds, a d he b lk of Namibia's mi i g profi . CDM is ex remel profi able - he selli g price of a diamo d is abo fo r imes he cos of i s prod c io .
The es ablishme of e mi es has bee illegal si ce
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Mi ers re r i g from a shrif i Ts meh copper mi e .
Precario s
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Af er a lo g s r ggle . Namibia is approachi g i depe de ce from eighbo ri g So h Africa . I he or her areas, hich ha e bee ra aged b So h Africa forces, he e d of he ar ill do b edl be gree ed i h grea relief . Thro gho he co r Namibia s hope ha i depe de ce ill dimi ish heir po er a d make apar heid o more ha a memor .
B ha are he prospec s for his la e-hor e ra o he famil of a io s? Ca i reall dise a gle i s des i from ha is happe i g i So h Africa i self? Ho ca So h Africa be pre e ed from si g i s remai i g admi is ra i e, mili ar a d abo e all eco omic po er o mai ai i s co rol o er he co r i has r led si ce 1920?
Namibia's mi eral reso rces make i po e iall o e of he e riches Africa co ries . The co r has (or had) remarkable mi eral eal h : diamo ds, ra i m, copper, sil er, i c, lead, precio s s o es . More rece l a gold mi e has ope ed, a d disco eries of gas off he so her coas ha e raised hopes of oil . U il o , ho e er, each
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1966 . A major challe ge o his has come from he de elopme of he orld's larges ra i m oxide complex a Rossi g, hich reached f ll prod c io i 1979 . The majori eq i holder is he Bri ish m l i a io al RTZ ; il 1983 he Bri ish Ce ral Elec rici Ge era i g Board as b i g ra i m oxide, a d Wes Germa , Fra ce, he Ne herla ds, S i erla d, Japa a d he USSR are also implica ed . I 1986 he UN bega legal ac io agai s URENCO, hich is joi l o ed b he Bri ish . D ch a d Wes Germa go er me s, for illegall processi g Namibia ra i m .
The So h Africa admi is ra io has prided i self o he a rac i e erms offered o foreig compa ies, i cl di g lo axes a d o obliga io o process mi erals locall , o plo gh back profi s i o he co r , or o recr i Namibia s for ma ageme pos s . S ch policies rei forced derde elopme b limi i g he gro h of local i d s ries, pre e i g he crea io of a bod of skilled Namibia ech icia s a d ma agers, a d red ci g he ax from mi erals hich he go er me co ld spe d o ider de elopme projec s or social ser ices . I March 1986 a official admi is ra io repor , he Thirio Commissio , as i self highl cri ical of he lax a e io o mi i g, describi g he admi is ra io 's co rol of he diamo d i d s r , for e xample . a s a `ham .
Agric l re
Namibia has a hos ile e iro me 50% of he erri or is deser a d o l 2% s i able for crops ; he remai der is
sed for ca le a d sheep . I comi g hi e se lers es ablished h ge ra ches (o er () sq km) prod ci g beef, m o a d karak l ool for expor . The remai depe de o s a e s ppor . complex ech olog a d lo
ages .
B co ras Africa agric l re has bee eglec ed i he i eres of crea i g a flo of labo r o of he o ercro ded `reser es' . Crop ields are amo g he lo es i he orld, reflec i g poor ser ices a d marke s a d he abse ce of famil members o migra labo r co rac s . Ver fe families ca s bsis i ho mo e se back from migra s . Mea hile food has o be impor ed from So h Africa .
Fishi g
D ri g he 1970s he rich fishi g off he coas of Namibia as exha s ed as a res l of o erfishi g b So h Africa compa ies : f r her offshore m ch he same as bei g do e b flee s from o her co ries, i cl di g he USSR a d Spai . A i s heigh he opera io , based i Wal is Ba , s ppor ed eigh processi g pla s a d had a a al i come of o er USS120m . War i gs from scie is s abo
he effec o fish s ocks of s ch a high ra e of fishi g ere ig ored, a d b 1980 ca ches had falle o o e-se e h of heir 1968 ol me . O e of Namibia's lo g- erm asse s as h s pl dered i h o be efi o he Namibia people .
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The eco omicall ac i e pop la io is abo 500 000, some 300 000 of hom li e i he or h . Abo 110 000 Namibia orkers are migra s, mos of hem o 12- o 18-mo h co rac s li i g i spar a a d o ercro ded compo ds separa ed from heir families . The s s em allo s lo ages, si ce families s ppleme he migra s'
Icl ii d ces agric l re . i ese lo ages ere esse ial o he earl gro h of he mi es a d ra ches . Ho e er, par ic larl si ce 1971, migra s ha e bee ac i e poli icall a d co s i e he backbo e of he libera io mo eme . There is o a spli amo g he domi a hi e gro ps . The larger mi i g compa ies are prepared o see higher ages a d a e d o migra labo r, si ce he age bill is a small propor io of heir cos s a d he ha e a i eres i a se led, skilled labo r force . Ra chers, o he o her ha d, o ld be hard hi if he had o i crease ages, a d he co s i e he mai s ppor for he righ i g .
U emplo me has co i ed o rise, b here is a shor age of skilled labo r . Trade- io ac i i ook a remarkable p r i 1987 a d 1988, especiall i he mi i g i d s r . Al ho gh io s ere o able o i major co cessio s, i is o clear ha rade io s ca o lo ger be ig ored i Namibia i d s r , a d a fe larger compa ies rece l co cl ded recog i io agreeme s i h io s affilia ed o he Na io al U io of Namibia Workers, hich has close li ks o SWAPO . There is s ill a shor age of high-le el perso el, res l i g i a hea depe de ce o So h Africa hi es .
Be ee 1979 a d 1984 he eco om experie ced a deep sl mp, o l re r i g o posi i e gro h ra es i 1985 . I
1984 agric l re a d fishi g ere prod ci g a o l half he 1976 le el, co s r c io a o- hirds, mi i g a 94% . The hole co r as i he grip of a se ere dro gh , hich las ed six ears i he so h, decima i g a imal herds . The reco er co i ed i 1986 a d 1987 ( i h gro h ra es of 3 .1% a d 2 .9%), ha ks largel o he fa o rable impac of he de al ed ra d o he primar sec or (mi i g a d agric l re) . Eco omic ac i i has remai ed hea il i fl e ced b re ds i he So h Africa eco om . The prospec of i depe de ce has led o some re i al i i es me , o abl b CDM i mi i g, b also o a r do of pla b hi es prepari g o lea e a d eglec b he c rre admi is ra io of major i fras r c re, s ch as a er .
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Oppressio has deep roo s i Namibia . The Germa colo isa io , hich bega i 1884, is s ill remembered for
he a i hich he rebellio s of 1904 ere p do i h a polic of ge ocide . A es ima ed 80 000 Namibia s ere killed . Some ere dri e i o he ` hirs la d' deser o die . Germa colo isa io e ded d ri g he Firs World War, af er hich Namibia as alloca ed o So h Africa admi is ra io , as a `sacred r s of ci ilisa io ' der a ma da e gra ed b he Leag e of Na io s .
The applica io of apar heid i Namibia as i some respec s more ex reme ha i So h Africa i self . The ed ca io of hi e Namibia s o he age of 16 as made comp lsor i he 1920s, b here as o a si gle seco dar school for black Namibia s il 1953 .
All So h Africa la s maki g de e io i ho rial possible ere also ex e ded o Namibia, a d hese ha e bee s ppleme ed b local proclama io s allo i g for arres b So h Africa soldiers, a d d sk- o-da
3
4
c rfe s • large par s o f h e co r . MMa Namibia s ha e s ffered or re a d dea h a he ha ds of heir So h Africa colo isers, o abl from speciall rai ed forces s ch as Koe oe (`cro bar'), described i o e co r case as `programmed killers' . `Homela ds' ha e also bee es ablished i some par s of Namibia, alo g ribal li es, a d he claim made ha black Namibia s sho ld co fi e heir poli ical a d commercial aspira io s o hese impo erished areas . Ho e er, hro gh he migra labo r s s em . Namibia s ha e bee forced o lea e heir families i hese `reser es, a d ake p poorl paid emplo me o hi e-o ed farms a d mi es .
More rece l , as apar heid came der a ack i er a io all a d domes icall , So h Africa ried experime s i he moder isa io a d ra io alisa io of apar heid i Namibia . A s s em of ele e e h ic go er me s as es ablished i rece ears, a modifica io of he `homela ds" s s em sed i So h Africa . A So h Africa -appoi ed cabi e i h black members has e e bee crea ed .
A black middle class has bee fos ered, par ic larl hro gh a i crease i eachers' salaries . The effec i e ess of his s ra eg as see i 1988 he s de s o s rike agai s he So h Africa polic of placi g arms' camps ear o school hos els recei ed li le s ppor from heir eachers . O he o her ha d . he pgradi g a d re rai i g of eachers has bee eglec ed .
Almos all po er has remai ed i he ha ds of Pre oria . a d of Namibia's 70,000 hi es
S ro g ide ifica io i h he colo ial s s em as a earl a i de of he Germa L hera a d Ca holic missio aries . ho gh less marked amo g he Fi ish L hera s i O ambola d . Ne er heless he ch rch gre
o i cl de he majori of he pop la io : some 70% of black Namibia s are ho gh o belo g o he mai L hera . Ca holic . a d A glica Ch rches . U il he 1960s he ere respo sible for all ed ca io for black people, a d he e ork of missio s, schools, hospi als a d cli ics is s ill par ic larl impor a i he or h, despi e a rece i hdra al of s ppor b he admi is ra io . Ma of he fo ders of he libera io mo eme s ere Chris ia s . Grad all he i s i io al ch rch became more N_imibia a d more ocal . A r i g poi came i 1971 . \\he he black leaders of he o larges L hera ch rches iss ed a ope le er repea edl referri g o he UN Char er of H ma Righ s a d de o ci g he co d c of he So h Africa admi is ra io . S riki g migra orkers appla ded he L hera bishop . I he s cceedi g decade ma missio aries ere expelled i cl di g hree A glica bishops - a d ch rch so rces blamed he So h Africa s for o bombi gs of he L hera press a O iipa, i 1973 a d 1980 . hile o he o her ha d small sec io s of he ch rch co i ed o s ppor he s a s q o . I 1978,
ho e er, s fficie commo gro d as es ablished for all he mai de omi a io s excep he hi e D ch Reformed o collabora e hro gh he Co cil of Ch rches i Namibia . L hera , Ca holic a d A glica bishops e o Ge e a i 1981 o hold disc ssio s a he abor i e co fere ce be ee SWAPO a d So h Africa . No almos all black-led, he ch rches pla a ac i e role i dra i g i er a io al a e io o he si a io i Namibia, par ic larl hro gh he Lo do -based Namibia Comm ica io s Ce re . A he same ime he r o fos er de elopme i he less ar- or regio s of he co r .
The ch rches ha e come der repea ed a ack, i h members harassed a d de ai ed, b ildi gs desecra ed a d firebombi gs of bo h a heological semi ar' a d (i 1986) he offices of he Co cil of Ch rches . The' ha e recei ed firm s ppor from sis er ch rches, hich ha e se s ccessi e delega io s o Namibia, o abl he Bri ish Co cil of Ch rches, he orld ide A glica Comm io a d he So her Africa Ca holic Bishops' Co fere ce . I rece ears he Namibia ch rches ha e bee ac i e i orki g for he release of de ai ees, a d i challe gi g oppressi e reg la io s s ch as he d sk- o- da c rfe i Nor her Namibia .
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Af er he bombi g ) he ch rch press a O iipa .
Libera io
So h Africa policies ha e me i h fierce resis a ce .
Mo eme
The 1960s . he ma Africa a io s achie ed i depe de ce, sa he emerge ce of SWAPO as Namibia's mos impor a a io alis libera io
mo eme . Fr s ra io i h he efficac of processes a he U i ed Na io s a d i he World Co r a he Hag e led o he la chi g of he armed s r ggle agai s So h Africa occ pa io i 1966 .
The fall of he Por g ese dic a orship i 1974 bro gh abo major cha ges i So her Africa, a d e abled Namibia s o escape i o A gola for f r her ed ca io a d mili ar rai i g . Embarrassed a So h Africa's fail re o compl i h i er a io al la , he fi e Wes er members of he UN Sec ri Co cil (i cl di g Bri ai )
orked o a pla for Namibia's ra si io o i depe de ce, k o as resol io 435 (1978) of he UN Sec ri Co cil . Al ho gh i i iall coopera i e, So h Africa ref sed o impleme he pla a d i s ead se abo
he i s alla io of a series of `i erim' go er me s hich i hoped o ld ake s ppor a a from SWAPO .
I Zambia, A gola, C ba a d he Co go a mber of i s i io s a d schools ere es ablished b SWAPO a d he U i ed Na io s o rai Namibia s for heir f re respo sibili ies i he go er me of Namibia . Embarrassed, So h Africa bega o es ablish Namihia's firs i ersi i he 1980s .
B 1981 SWAPO's mili ar campaig had become so effec i e ha So h Africa decided o s ep p i s i er e io i A gola, occ p i g large areas of he so h a d pro idi g rai i g a d logis ical s ppor for he rebel A gola mo eme UNI l A .
The prolo ged ba le for C i o C a a ale i So her A gola d ri g 1988 appare l pro ed a r i g poi for
he ar i A gola, as So h Africa -co rolled forces ere s rro ded b he combi ed forces of A gola, C ba a d SWAPO . A he e d of 1988, i h i s o eco om i decli e beca se of opposi io a home a d fi a cial sa c io s abroad, So h Africa as fi all forced o sig agreeme s hich o ld allo he i depe de ce of Namibia i erms of Resol io 435 . Al ho gh co i i g
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SOU Ii Africa Forces i hdra across he Oka a go ri er froiii A gola limo Aar ibia,
o s ppl he rebel UNITA mo eme i A gola, So h Africa roops had o i hdra from A gola a d a joi mo i ori g commissio as se p o pa rol he 1000-km border be ee Namibia a d A gola . The agreeme also pro ided for he i hdra al of all C ba roops from A gola b mid-1991 .
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U der he 1988 agreeme a ime able has bee dra p for Namibia's ra si io o i depe de ce der he erms of U i ed Na io s Resol io 435 of 1978 . The ke da es i he process are :
• 1 April 1989 Ceasefire be ee SWAPO a d So h Africa . UN forces a d officials begi o arri e .
• No ember 1989 Elec io s for a Co s i e Assembl .
• Earl 1990 I depe de ce .
Si ce Namibia is legall he respo sibili of he U i ed Na io s, he ra si io ill be `s per ised a d co rolled' b he U i ed Na io s, hich is d e o ha e a force of 4650 roops a d 1500 ci ilia s i Namibia b 1 J l 1989 . The admi is ra io of he elec io s, a d of la a d order
ill, ho e er, remai he respo sibili of he So h Africa s, ho are also likel o re ai co rol of he media . So h Africa ill keep 1500 roops i o bases i he or h of he co r , a d he So h Africa Admi is ra or Ge eral ill ha e dic a orial po ers .
There is li le do b ha SWAPO ill i he elec io s, b here is co siderable scope for So h Africa o i fl e ce e e s, b assis a ce o he e h icall based coali io s i s ppor s . SWAPO's aim is he o- hirds majori req ired o carr co s i io al meas res . I ie of he mber of righ - i g gro ps ac i e i Namibia, here are also fears ha SWAPO leaders ma be i da ger of assassi a io .
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Possibili ies for a i depe de Namibia ha e bee ex e si el s died der he a spices of he U i ed Na io s . SWAPO is o i fa o r of holesale
a io alisa io of ei her mi i g compa ies or la d, b ill i sis ha a grea er propor io of profi s is rei es ed i he co r a d ha more processi g akes place locall . La d held b abse ee la do ers ill be
SU -aPO P L1 : I i %f llll I.
redis rib ed . a U here ill be a dri e for food prod c io o break dcpc dc cc o impor s from So h Africa . The So her Africa De elopme Coordi a io Co fere ce . hick coordi a es he effor s of he i depe de s a es of he regio o break heir eco omic depe de ce o So h Africa, has i i ed Namibia o joi , a d ill be i111pO1 a s i gi i g he co r eco omic li ks - a prese almos o -exis e - i h he res of he
regio .
Ed ca io ill be a cr cial area, ha i g bee eglec ed der So h Africa r le . School e rolme s are likel o do ble \\ l lil he firs fe ears of i depe de ce, placi g a grea s rai o go er me b dge s . SWAPO ill a o i rod ce a e s s em of basic ed ca io , o replace Afrikaa s b E glish as he official la g age a d o i rod ce a a io al ad l li erac campaig .
A h ge i es me i medical a d social facili ies ill be req ired o repair he damage of occ pa io a d ar . Medical facili ies are more or less co fi ed o rba areas, a d i addi io o he ph sicall disabled here are ho sa ds of di ided families a d mal o rished childre , a d high le els of crime, me al ill ess a d alcoholism . So h Africa policies ha e also exploi ed e h ic differe ces, crea i g a o her ha dicap for a io -
b ildi g .
Fi all , defe ce ill be a h ge problem for he e a io . So h Africa is likel o accep a real red c io i co rol o er i s eighbo rs, par ic larl as he s r ggle o o er hro apar heid becomes more ac e . The rem a s of he reg lar a d irreg lar forces crea ed b So h Africa, s ch as Koe oe , co ld be sed o form a disside arm like he MNR i Mo ambiq e . So h Africa's i e io o re ai co rol o er Namibia's mai por , Wal is Ba , is a sig of his a i de . I rece ears So h Africa has also b rde ed Namibia i h a s bs a ial foreig deb , mos l o ed o So h Africa . SWAPO has rep dia ed respo sibili for repa me , hich o ld be a ragic as e of reso rces for he e l i depe de s a e .
Febr ar 1989
A F re for Namibia series (Lo do , CIIR, 1986) : Namibia i he 1980s . Tra sformi g a Was ed La d (agric l re), Mi es a d I depe de ce, Ed ca io , Repressio a d Libera io , Explori g he Sea (fishi g) .
Namibia : Apar heid's Forgo e Childre (Oxford, Oxfam, 1988)
Zepha iah Kamee a, Wh , 0 Lord? (Ge e a, World Co cil of Ch rches, 1986) .
So her Africa Ca holic Bishops' Co fere ce, Repor o Namibia (Pre oria, SACBC, 1982), a ailable from CIIR .
Namibia . Repor o he Archbishop of Ca erb r b a A glica delega io i 1983 (Lo do , 1983) .
A People Dispossessed, slide- ape se , a ailable from he Namibia Ref gee Projec .
S sa ah Smi h, Namibia : a Viola io of Tr s (Oxford, Oxfam, 1986) .
Caroli e Alliso , I 's Like Holdi g he Ke o Yo r O Jail: Wome i Namibia (Ge e a, World Co cil of Ch rches, 1986) .
I er a io al Defe ce a d Aid F d, Namibia : he Fac s,. pho o exhibi io .
Ch rch Ac io o Namibia : Worship Pack ; Parish Ed ca io Pack ; Pho o Exhibi io o Namibia a d he Ch rches .
So rces of i forma io
Namibia Comm ica io s Ce re . 1 5 Wilmi g o Sq are, Lo do WCIX ()ER .
Ch rch Ac io o Namibia . URC Ch rch, Po S ree , E2 OEF .
I er a io al Defe ce a d Aid F d for So her Africa (IDAF), Ca o Colli s Ho se . 64 Essex Road, Lo do N 1 8LR .
7
Namibia (b formerl referred o b So h Africa as So h Wes Africa) D e o a ai i depe de ce i 1990
der UN Resol io 435 . Illegall occ pied b So h Africa si ce 1966,
he he UN re oked he Leag e of Na io s ma da e exercised b So h Africa si ce 1920 . SWAPO (So h Wes Africa People's Orga isa io ) recog ised b UN as sole represe a i e of he people .
Capi al Wi dhoek
Area 824 000 sq . k m (more ha hree imes he si e of he UK)
Pop la io Approx l .55m (i cl di g 82 000 hi es) 70c of `black' pop la io r ral . Gro h ra e 3 .5 per a m . People `Africa ' 85%
`Colo red' 10%
`Whi e' 5 /
Religio 70%) Chris ia : L hera 50
%
, Roma Ca holic 10 A glica 9La g ages Ni e . O ambo spoke b half he pop la io . C rre admi is ra i e la g age Afrikaa s, hich SWAPO pla s o replace b E glish .
I fa mor ali 155 per 1000 for blacks 21 per 1000 for hi es (UN, 1984) Life e pec a c a bir h
68-72 for hi es 42-52 for blacks Skills Li erac es ima e 60
Ed ca io : Less ha 2 of blacks reach seco dar school . I 1981 o l
1 00 of black ad l s had comple ed seco dar school, a d 12 primar . O cIiR
l s
ISBN 1 85287 037 0 Name
Go er me
Heal h
A s ralia Ca holic Relief, 154 Eli abe h S ree , S d e , NSW 2000, A s ralia .
Ca adia Ca holic Orga isa io for De elopme a d Peace, 3028 Da for h A e e, Toro o, O ario M4C 1N2, Ca ada .
CFOD
Ca holic F d for O erseas De elopme , 2 Romero Close, S ock ell Road, Lo do SW9 9TY, E gla d .
Ca holic I s i e for I er a io al Rela io s, 22 Colema Fields, Lo do NI 7AF, E gla d .
Ra -oai homes ead, O da a, or her Namibia .
JPD
Ca holic Commissio for J s ice, Peace a d De elopme (Ao earoa-Ne Zeala d), PO Bo 12-193, Welli g o , 20 Barker S ree , Welli g o , (Ao earoa) Ne Zeala d .
SCII?AF
Sco ish Ca holic I er a io al Aid F d, 5 Os ald S ree , Broomiela , Glasgo GI 4QR .
Trocaire-Irish Ca holic Age c for World
De elopme , 169 Boo ers o A e e, Blackrock, Co . D bli , Irela d .
Pri ed b he R ssell Press, No i gham . Tel : (0602) 784505
SA BAROl0/ EhR
Vois 1 .No 7. 7 J e 1987
Namibia :
co s i io al his or
JUNE 12 his ear is deadli e da for he Namibia Co s i io al Co cil o s bmi draf proposals for a e co s i io o
he cabi e of he Tra si io al Go er me of Na io al U i of SWAINamibia. The deadli e as se b he ra si io al go er me *
Belo is a his or of he ke co si io al
de elopme s iNamibia.
Origi s of he disp e : 1920-1975
1920
The Leag e of Naio s, formed af er orld War I, laces he former Germa colo of S esafrika der a So h
Africa ma da e.
1947
Af er he U i ed Naio s Orga isa io (UNO) replaces he Leag e, So h Africa ref ses o reli q ish i s ma da e or e er i o a r s eeship agreeme i h he
erYi or 1949
So h Africa claims ha he erms of he origi al ma da e are i alid, ha i g lapsed i h he demise of he Leag e of Na io s.
SA co i es o admi is er he erri or as a effeci e "fifh pro i ce" .
1969
The UN sec ri co cil declares he
So h Africa occ pa io of Namibia o
be illegal a d calls o SA o i hdra from
he erri or immedia el . 1971
The I era io al Co r of J s ice, ha i g rejec ed a earlier req es (1966) b se eral Africa co ries o pass
The T r halie Co fere ce :
109
I d+a ; Ocea ;
FRJC
AFRICA
j dgeme , iss es a ad isor opi io co firmi g he legali of he sec ri co cil decisio .
19
The UN ge eral assembl recog ises S apo as " he sole a d a he ic represe ai es of he Namibia people" .
aimed a promo i g "self-go er me " i he erri or . Delega es are chose o a e h ic basis, a d are o represe ai e of
he e ire pop laio . 19
Namibia o ers (e cep hose i Wal is Ba , hich is direc l admi is ered b he
CapePro i ce) lose heir represe a io i
he So h Africa parliame
a da Admi is ra or-Ge eral, J s ice S e , is appoi ed b Pre oria o r le he erri or b proclamaio .
The fi e Wes er a io s of he UN sec ri co cil (USA, Fra ce, es 1975 --- 1902
1975
So h Africa calls a co s i io al
co fere ce ( he T r halle Co fere ce)
110
Ca ada a d Bri ai ) form a Co ac Gro p o ego ia e a se leme 1978
The UN sec ri co cil passes Resol io 435, he basis of all s bseq e i eraio al a emp s o reach a se leme i Namibia. (See lo ) Af er e e si e
ego ia io s i h he Wes er Co ac Gro p a d S apo, So h Africa agrees o help impleme he resol io .
So h Africa proceeds i h a i er al se leme a d a elec io is held for a 50- sea co s i e assembl . The Democra ic T rhalle Allia ce (DTA), comprised of all b o of he par ies represe ed a he T r halle Co fere ce, i s a majori of 41 sea s. S apo does o par icipa e.
1980
The co s i e assembl adop s he co s i io proposed b he T rhalle Co fere ce a d becomes a a io al assembl . The e co s i io , i si ed b proclama io of he admi is ra or-.
ge eral pro ides for.
* A - ier go erme based o he di isio of he pop la io i o e h ic gro ps.
* Seco d- ier elec io s o be held for he separa e legisla i e assemblies for all he e h ic gro ps, e cep i O ambola d ( he O ambos co s i e he larges e h ic gro p i he em or ).
* A a io al assembl a d co cil of mi is ers o be gra ed limi ed po ers of go er me .
1981
UN ego ia ors orga ise a co fere ce i Ge e a i a a emp obreak he deadlock reached o er he impleme a io of Resol io 435 . So h Africa , Namibia a d S apo delega es a e d b he co fere ce achie es er li le.
The M l i-Par Co fere ce : 1983--1987
SA BAROMEThR
1983
The a io al assembl is dissol ed o make a for a e i erim go erme
Direc r le hro gh he Adi i s ra or-
Vol me 1, No 7 . 5 hose 1987
'e To gh, is reis i ed as a m erim meas re .
US Preside Ro ald Reaga i i ia es he o io of "C ba li kage" o he impleme aio of Resol io 435 .
Si i eral paries, i cl di g he DTA, S apo-Democra s a d he So h Wes Africa Na io al U io , form he Namibia M l i-Par Co fere ce (MPC) . I aims a form la i g joi polic o he impleme aio of Resol io 435, leadi g o i era io all s per ised i depe de ce.
1984
The MPC agrees o ork o ards a poli ical a d co si io al dispe sa io accep able o he majori of Namibia s.
Talks i L saka i Ma be ee So h Africa a d A gola res l i he L saka Agreeme i erms of hich SA agrees o i hdra i s roops from so her A gola.
The i hdra al is o be mo i ored b a Joi Mo i ori g Commissio (JMC), o be se p for his p rpose . A gola accep s e e al C ba i hdra al i pri ciple, as par of a o erall regio al se leme i So her Africa.
1985
The MPC s bmi s i s co si io al proposals o S a e Preside PW Bo ha a d req es s he crea io of a ra si io al go er me , comprisi g a legisla i e a d e ec i e a hori , as ell as a co s i io al co cil.
The MPC is gi e he go-ahead, he ra si io al go er me is officiall i s i ed i J e b a SA go er me proclama io , a d a decisio is made o replace he Admi is ra or-Ge eral i h a lo -ke go er or-ge eral.
The co s i io al co cil comprisi g 16 appoi ed members, represe i g all si par ies i he e admiis ra io , is chaired b J s ice Vic or Hiems ra. I is assig ed o draf a co s i io for he erri or i hi i S mo hs. Soo af er his appoi me , he j dge sa s ha he belie es race or colo r sho ld o la a role i he form la io of he e co s i io .
I April So h Africa a o ces he comple io of i s i hdra al of roops from A gola a d, i erms of he L saka
SA BAROMETER. Vol me 1 . No 7. 7 J e 1987
Agreeme , he JMC ceases o f cio 30 da s la er.
Pre oria reaffirms i s i e io o p rs e a i er a io all accep able se leme , b
he iss e of he i hdra al of C ba roops remai s a major iss e.
1987
S apo's Sam N joma, speaki g i L saka o Ma 4, rei era es his orga isaio 's illi g ess o sig a ceasefire agreeme i h SA o impleme Resol io 435 . S apo has ref sed o ake par i he deliberaio s of he co s i io al commi ee, arg i g ha he , bod 's ork co ra e es Resol io 435's se leme pla for he erri or , o hich SA has alread agreed i pri ciple.
S a e Preside PW Bo ha, members of his cabi e a d members of he ra si io al go erme mee i Cape To o Ma 22 o disc ss co s i io al ma ers, sec ri , he s a s of he ra si io al go er me , i er a io al ie poi s o Namibia a d he erri or 's eco omic a d fi a cial si a io , i cl di g eco omic a d fi a cial assis a ce from SA.
E ac l ha he alks achie ed is clear. A s a eme iss ed af er ards b he preside 's office ared ha "s eps ake b he ra si io al go er me
hich i erfered i h SA's i er a io al i eres s a d der aki gs are
accep able".
I req es i g he mee i g, he Namibia cabi e called o SA o allo Namibia s o
"co sider heir co si io al f re hemsel es here po ego ia io s co cer i g fi al impleme a io i h SA
ill ake place" .
The cabi e also i i ed par ies o represe ed o he co cil o s bmi heir
o proposals . I all ded o a possible refere d m ; i he e e of more ha o e proposal, he cabi e o ld decide he her he ere capable of reco cilia io , he her he sho ld be s bjec ed o pop lar es a d i hich ma er he sho ld be impleme ed.
The UN Commissio for Namibia, af er a fo r-da mee i g i L a da, iss ed a s a eme o Ma 3 agai calli g for he immedia e impleme aio of UN Resol io 435 a d said ha SA a d he USA, b i sis i g o he prior co di io
of a C ba roop i hdra al from A gola, ere delibera el r i g o dela i depe de ce.
Speaki g a a mee i g o Ma 27, o mark he 4 h a i ersar of he OAU, Wes Germa Mi is er of Foreig Affairs Na s-I7ie rich Ge scher sa s Namibia i depe de ce ca o lo ger be dela ed.
"Toge her i h o r allies e s er i gl ad oca e i pieme a o of Resol io 435," he said.
UN Sec ri Co cil Resol io
435 (1978)
The co cil appro ed he secre ar- ge eral's repor hich s a ed as i s objec i e he i hdra al of So h Africa's illegal admi is ra io of Namibia, a d he ra sfere ce of po er o he people of he co r . This goal as o be achie ed
hro gh:
The es ablishme of a UN Tra siio al Assis a ce Gro p (UNTAG) o assis he UN secre ar -ge eral's special represe a i e i Namibia, i e s ri g he earl i depe de ce of he erri or
The cessa io of all hos ile ac s b all par ies, a d he i hdra al, res ricio or demobilisaio of all armed forces
The co d c of free a d fair elec io s o he co s i e assembl , der he s per isio a d co rol of he U i ed Na io s
The form la io a d adopio of a co s i io for Namibia b he elec ed assembl , o be follo ed b he achie eme of i depe de ce .
(So rce : i dica or So h Africa, Vol 3 No 3 a d press repor s)
r , S bscrip io ra es
1 1
SA, Namibia a d TBVC s a es I
I I I i
111
I I
1 O e ear: R95 1
Air m ail : So her : Africa O e ear: R135
Air m ail : E rop e a d USA 1 O e ear : R180 490/ £60 1 1 KSB P blica io s, P6 Bo 261-303 L ® E com 2023, Joha esb rg
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I
I
NAMIBIA FACTSHEET
MAY 1989
HISTORY OF MILITARY CONFLICT IN NAMIBIA
EARLY HISTORY
N017
Germa colo ised Namibia i 188415 . I s oppressi e r le a d sei re of la d ere fiercel resis ed b he Nama a d Herero people i he ce ral a d so her par s of he co r . The Germa arm iss ed "e ermi a io orders" a d embarked o a polic of ge ocide . A es ima ed 70% of he Nama a d Herero pop la io s ere killed . The Germa colo ial period e ded he So h Africa i aded Namibia d ri g World War 1 .
The earl ears of So h Africa r le ere charac erised b a series of small scale co flic s be ee he a hori ies a d local people . The mos serio s of hese as he Bo del ar s rebellio i 1922, hich as s ppressed b he U io Defe ce Force . There as li le f r her mili ar co flic
il he 1960's . 1960-1975
S apo, formed i 1957 as a poli ical mo eme , embarked o a s ra eg of armed s r ggle i 1966 . G erillas bega i fil ra i g Namibia from Zambia . A ha s age co er-i s rge c as he respo sibili of he SA Police . A mber of clashes ook place be ee S apo a d he police i
he Capri i regio i 1969-72 .
I 197112 20 000 orkers e o s rike agai s he co rac labo r s s em . This as follo ed b a mass peasa prisi g i he O ambo regio as dismissed orkers re r ed home . I Ja ar
1972 he SADF as deplo ed for he firs ime i he or h . I Febr ar he O ambo regio as placed der mar ial la , i h idespread de e io s . This order as la er e e ded o o her areas .
I 1973 he SADF ook co rol of co er-i s rge c opera io s . Also i ha ear S apo formed he People's Libera io Arm of Namibia (Pla ) .
MILITARY CONFLICT POST 1975
Af er A gola i depe de ce i 1975 here as a drama ic i crease i S apo mili ar ac i i , i h Pla es ablishi g bases i so her A gola . There ere hree imes as ma skirmishes i 1976 as i he pre io s 10 ears p oge her . The si e of he SADF force i Namibia co seq e l i creased sharpl . B he mid-1980's here ere o er 100 000 So h Africa co rolled roops
here .
The or h became i e sel mili arised . A da - o-d sk c rfe as imposed, a d ho sa ds of people ere forcibl remo ed from a 1 km ide s rip alo g he A gola border . The fo r or her ba s a s ere desig a ed he Opera io al Area . Mos of he figh i g ook place i Sec or 10 (O ambo a d Kaokola d), b S apo g erillas also pe e ra ed he largel hi e-o ed farmla ds
o he so h . Here hi e farmers ere orga ised i o Area Force U i s, similar o he comma dos i So h Africa . B Sep ember 1983 as ma as 113 of he hi e farms i he or h ere
occ pied as a res l of he ar .
Cape Democra s
Kaapse Demokra e
I Ma 1979 emerge c legisla io as e e ded o mos of ce ral Namibia . From Febr ar 1983 here as a bla ke ba o repor s of mili ar opera io s . From 1985 police permi s ere req ired o e er he Opera io al Area .
I 1971 he SADF i rod ced a 'hear s a d mi ds' campaig o impro e i s image i or her Namibia . SADF soldiers ere sed as doc ors, e s, eachers a d agric l ral ad isers . Ho e er
he campaig as comple el dermi ed b he arm 's repressi e ac i i ies a d mass s ppor for S apo .
S apo's armed s r ggle ook he form of g erilla arfare, i h e e si e se of amb shes a d la dmi es . O her ac i i ies i cl ded c i g po erli es from R aca a, a acki g O dag a airforce base a d mor ari g o her mili ar bases . More rece l here ere bomb a acks i rba areas .
Accordi g o official s a is ics abo 10 000 Namibia s, 1 % of he pop la io , ha e bee killed si ce 1966 . I 1985 he offical cos of he occ pa io as R1143 millio .
THE SADF IN ANGOLA
Af er 1975 he SADF e e ded he ar i o A gola, i h mero s cross-border raids, f ll scale i asio s a d mili ar occ pa io s . Pre oria's objec i es ere o des abilise he MPLA go er me , bols er U i a a d a ack Pla bases . Te s of ho sa ds of A gola s ere killed or maimed, a d he ecomomic i fras r c re ir all des ro ed .
O 4 Ma 1978 200 SADF para roopers la ched a a ack o S apo g erilla a d ref gee camps i A gola . Pre oria claimed ha o er a ho sa d ' erroris s' ere killed . S apo a d
i er a io al obser ors s a ed ha of he 600 people killed, all b 12 ere ref gees a d half ere childre .
REPRESSION AND ATROCITIES
The So h Africa sec ri forces ha e bee idel co dem ed i er a io all for heir
repressi e meas res . N mero s ch rch a d h ma righ s gro ps ha e doc me ed sec ri force a roci ies ha i cl de m rder, rape, m ila io , or re, des r c io of proper a d hef . Sec ri force members are rarel prosec ed for hese offe ces, a d hose ha are freq e l recei e e raordi aril ligh se e ces . O se eral occasio s he So h Africa S a e Preside has i oked he Defe ce Ac o hal crimi al proceedi gs agai s SADF soldiers .
The mos o orio s of he sec ri forces is Koe oe , a special police co er-i s rge c i se p i 1979 . I mbers abo 3000 me , he majori bei g black Namibia s . I claims respo sibili for 90% of he 'co ac s' a d 'kills' i he or h .
'NAMIBIANISING' THE CONFLICT
I 1981 he So h Africa S a e Preside e e ded mili ar co scrip io o Namibia me . The ere called- p i o he SWA Terri or Force (SWATF), hich as se p b he SADF i he same ear a d remai ed der i s comma d . I 1985 SWATF had 21 000 members . The i rod c io of co scrip io led o ho sa ds of o g me fleei g he co r o joi Pla . There has si ce bee e e si e pop lar resis a ce o mili ar ser ice, a d he SADF did o e force i i he or her regio s here S apo has s bs a ial s ppor .
ISSUED BY CAPE DEMOCRATS PO BOX 21 SALT RIVER 7925
Dreaded Ko.e oe o help i h UN pla ?
I a i er ie p blished i he eekl Timesof Namibiao 1 Febr ar , So h Africa's Chief of Police i Namibia, Ge eral Dolf Go s, re ealed ha almos half of he police he has assig ed o e force "la a d order" d ri g he for hcomi g UN s per ised elec io s are he dreaded co er-i s rge c i k o as "Koe oe " . This for impleme i g he U i ed Na io s pla for Namibia i depe de ce
hich s ip la e ha Koe oe m s be disba ded . De is Herbs ei , of he Namibia Comm ica io s Ce re, sho s ho abs rd a d da gero s s ch a arra geme o ld be .
O 23 Ja ar , UN Secre ar Ge eral Ja ier Pere de C ellar s a ed ha " . . . . he co er i s rge c i k o as Koe oe as said o mber appro ima el 3, 000 perso el . Mo i ori g he disba dme of he co er-i s rge c i s, i cl di g Koe oe , ill be he co cer of he mili ar compo e of UNTAG .. ."
( he U i ed Na io s Tra si io al Assis a ce Gro p) .
Ge eral Go s, ho e er, arg ed ha he 3, 000 Koe oe members o ld o be disba ded a d ha he ere alread i egra ed i o he b, 300-s ro g police force . He arg ed ha o gi e hem a police role d ri g he ra si io o ld keep hem emplo ed a d pre e hem aki g p arms agai s SWAPO. Go s admi ed ha d ri g he elec io campaig , he police o ld be regarded as" he e em of he people" b said ha " e ill j s ha e o ake i a d bear i " .
Whe off-d , members of Koe oe some imes ear T-shir s proclaimi g "M rder is o r b si ess- a d b si ess is good ." For o ce, So h Africa propaga da has heri gof r h . I he i e ears si ce Koe oe as le loose o or her Namibia i boas s of killi g 25 people o e er o e killed b he official So h Africa Defe ce Force (SADF)
O e of Koe oe 's kills as K di Ka a ga, ho crossed he Ka a go Ri er i o A gola o c poles for his h . O his re r he as ass l ed b a hi e Koe oe officer, he kicked b co s ables a d forced o r 10 kilome res i fro of a armo red ehicle . Mr Ka a ga fell do a d as hi o er he head i h a o oke . He died . The hi e magis ra e ho gh he "policeme " had ac ed "o er e h siasicall ", fi i g o e of hem 15 (Bri ish) po ds, a d a o her 30 po ds for commo assa l .
Koe oe (pro o ced "coo-foo ") as crea ed i 1979 a he i s iga io of Ge eral Mag s Mala , he chief of he SADF, o mi is er of defe ce. He as orried abo he gro i g s ccess of he SWAPO g errillas i O ambola d, here he people are especiall s mpa heic o he liberaio mo eme . Dre er recr i ed 200 hi e So h Africa police officers a d 800 black O ambo a d Oka a go special co s ables, as ell as some members of UNITA a d he FNLA, ho ere a he losi g side i he A gola ci il ar . Ma of he black recr i s are school dropo s, some i h crimi al records, all i ho a hope of jobs i a eco om recked b he 20 ear ar . A large mber are i fac A gola s. The are paid far i e ess of he ages recie ed b migra orkers i he so h . There is a large bo s, k o as "kopgeld"
or head mo e , for each i s rge he kill . Wi h he res l ha off-d Koe oe me m s f ll -armed 24 ho rs a da o pro ec hemsel es agai s he ha red of he ordi ar people .
Some of Koe oe 's ic ims are i deed SWAPO freedom figh ers, b he as b lk are he elderl , o g childre , ho se i es, ordi ar illagers goi g abo heir la f l b si ess, ho ha e bee sho i cold blood or died from or re . Nor does Koe oe 's hi e So h Africa comma di g officer, Brigadier Ha s Dre er, op blicise he co siderable mber of Koe oe members killed b SWAPO .
Si ce he earl 1980's, So h Africa has claimed ha Koe oe is a co eri s rge c i of he, "So h Wes Africa Police" . B he ere policeme o l i ame. The sho firs , asked q es io s af er ards . Their hole p rpose as o i imida e Namibia s i o rejec i g SWAPO. The So h Africa e spaper, The .Cape Times, ro e ha "Koe oe is a mili ar i performi g mili ar asks . . . .The reaso is ha der he U i ed Na io s i depe de ce pla all b 1, 5000 So h Africa soldiers m s lea e he colo before he No ember elec io s . Police o ld be allo ed o s a , ho e er, i order o mai ai la a d order . I hose fe i al mo hs, he Koe oe "police" o ld be able o reak ha oc i h he r ce. A d af er i depe de ce, Koe oe co s ables co ld be sed b Pre oria o des abilise a SWAPO go er me .
Wi h he hole co r ied p b a c rfe a igh , a d access igh l co rolled b he SADF, he remo e O ambo regio of Namibia offered Koe oe limi ed oppor i ies for error. B occasio all repor s of Koe oe ac i i ies fil ered o he o side orld . The raided hos els o rape he school girls, he e i o hospi als a d dragged o ded g errillas o of he grasp of doc ors a d rses, he dressed i $WAPO g errilla iforms a d sho s spec i g illagers .
Fo r ears ago sis ers a he Roma Ca holic missio hospi al a Oshik k fo d he par iall decomposed remai s of eigh Namibia me i a re ch earb . The assaila s ere e er fo d, b hree
ears before, here had bee a o her mass killi g a Oshik k he eigh members of a famil died . Koe oe boas ed of hose killi gs.
Koe oe achie ed p blic o orie hro gh he 1983 rial of Jo as Pa l s, ho spe a eeke d o lea e disg ised as a g eriilla rampagi g hro gh illages rapi g, killi g a d loo i g . A former UNITA soldier, Pa l s as la er ha ged for his crimes, b he had old he co r ha " e are called members of he police, b e are o l a gh o age ar . . . o fi d SWAPO a d ipe hem o " . A ps chia ris e plai ed ha Pa los bega life ormall , b i doc ri a io b UNITA a d Koe oe had des ro ed his "se se of moral respo sibili "
I a major a i-SWAPO " errorism rial i 1987, . a hi e Wi dhoek s preme co r j dge recom- me ded ha a Koe oe officer be i es iga ed for his "i h ma e beha io r" a d " mercif l
Ca gh i he crossfire
This ar icle, ri e b To Wea er (Wi doek correspo de of he So h Africa Mor i g Gro p of Ne spapers) is a jo r alis 's acco of he s a e of he ar i Namibia d ri g 1983 .
The i forma io i he ar icle is dra from p blished so rces, i er ie s a d perso al obser a- io s . The ar i Namibia is mai l a ar i ol i g a poli ical s r ggle for libera iio from foreig domi a io , a ar hich dail sees a errible oll ake i ci ilia life a d loss of freedom .
I is also a ar of i forma io , a d o r l bala ced pic re of ha is reall happe i g i Namibia
ill
be able o be p blished i So h Africa il he ar is o er a d Namibia is i depe de .Besides he lack of idespread access o he ar o e a d, more impor a l , o So h Africa posi io s i so her A gola held b he Defe ce Force, he res ric io s o ha ma a d ma o be p blished are m riad, a d carr hea pe al ies if co ra e ed. Sec io 118 of he Defe ce Ac is he mos commo l sed co er o he p blica io of i forma io . I s ambi is ide a d, as Se a or Hiram Joh so said i 1917, 'The firs cas al he ar comes is r h'.
Sec io 118 s a es, amo g o her hi gs, ha ' o perso shall p blish i a e spaper,book or pamphle , or b radio or a o her mea s .. . a i forma io rela i g o he composi io ,mo eme s or disposi io s of he SADF. ., or a s a eme , comme or r mo r calc la ed direc l or i direc l o co e s ch i forma io . .. or . ., a s a eme , comme or r mo r rela i g o a member of he SADF or a ac i i of he SADF or a force of a foreig co r calc la ed o prej dice or embarass he go er me i i s foreig rela io s or o alarm or depress members pf he p blic, e cep here p blica io hreof has bee a horised b he Mi is er or der his a hori :
I is i hi his co e ha he follo i g is ri e .
Se e ee ears ago, o 26 A g s 1966, he ar i Namibia bega . So h Africa helicop ers spo ed a SWAPO g erilla rai i g camp a O g l mbashe, a d i he s bseq e clash o g erillas died a d 27 ere cap red . The pre io s mo h, he Worls Co r had decided ha i as po erless o r le ei her a i he lo g-s a di g disp e o er So h Africa co rol of Namibia . Immedia el af er his r li g o 18 J l ,
he So h Wes Africa People's Orga isa io . SWAPO of Namibia, released i s famo s Dar Fs Salaam declara io : 'We ha e o al er a i e b o rise i arms a d bri g abo o r o libera io . The s preme es m s be faced a d e m s a o ce begi o cross he ma ri ers of blood o o r ma ch o ards freedom . A d as s re as igh follo s da , ic or ill be o rs .'
Si ce 1966, he ar has dergo e ma cha ges, ma phases of arfare . This ar icle does o a emp a his orical,mili ar a al sis of he ar - ra her, i represe s a acco of he ar as i is bei g co d c ed i he la er par of 1983 .
To si a e his acco : he ar i Namibia i self isbei g primaril fo gh i he Ka a go a d O ambo ar o es, he o regio s correspo di g i h he ba s a bo dar b he Ode daal Pla i he 1960s.
The es er sec or of O ambo is charac erised b fla , ide-ope plai s i h li le or o gro d co er . Palm rees are he mai pe of ege a io . The eas of O ambo a d es er Ka a go are ideall s i ed for g erilla ac i i ies - hickl ooded i h li le or o road comm ica io i mos areas. G erillas ca of e mo e a ill, e co eri g li le or o resis a ce . Whe SWAPO makes claims of co rollli g libera ed
o es, a esse ial orga isa io al base for a g erilla mo eme , he ca o be fa l ed . As he pop lar sa i g goes i Namibia : 'The SADF co rols O ambo b da . SWAPO b igh .'
I creasi gl ho gh, as he 'hear s a d mi ds ' campaig of he SADF mee s mass rejec io from he people of O ambo a d Ka a go, he sloga has bee ame ded o : 'SWAPO co rols O ambo a d Ka a go, beca se he people s ppor SWAPO .'
Half of he pop larla io of Namibia li e i O ambo a d Ka a go, a d he he SADF alk of he ar bei g 'co ai ed', he are alki g of i bei g co ai ed i he area here he majori of Namibia s li e.
The pa er of he ar i 1983
The mos drama ic, a d leas k o , shif i he pa er of he Nambia ar bega i 1978 i h he forma io of he Special Police Co er I s rge c U i , Koe oe (Cro bar) .
Looked a he erms of ac i e co ac s i h PLAN, SWAPO's mili ar i g, a d he le el of s ccess achie ed i loca i g a d killi g g eralls, Koe oe has ake o er he ar i O ambo a d Ka a go . Membership of he i is 90% black, predomi a l recr i ed from he O ambo-speaki g regio . I forma io o he i is hard o come b , a d il rece l , he press as barred from e e si g he ame 'Koe oe ' . Ho e er, i became s ch a ca ch ord i Namibia ha limi ed i forma io as released .
Beca se of he ambi of he Police Ac , e e ca be ri e o Koe oe ha o he SADF, a d al ho gh k o ledge of he i 's opera io s are idespread i hi Nambia, his ar icle ca o l make se of
p blished i forma io , a d fac s hich do o co ra e e he s eepi g po ers of he Ac .
There i a i correc e de c o label all police i s eari g camo flage iform 'Koe oe ' . Ro gh esima es ( o official fig res are a ailable) p he ac al mber of Koe oe members a abo 1000 me . This does o i cl de he Police Special Task Force, a eli e, Wi dhoek-based 'reac io i ', a d ho do from ime o ake o he same ki d of operaio s as Koe oe . Koe oe , i h headq ar ers i Oshaka i, is joi l co rolled b comma di g officer Brigadier Ha s Dre er, a d he direc a hori of police headq ar ers i Pre oria, der he comma d of Police Commissio er a d former sec ri police boss, Ge eral Joha Coe ee .
Membership is a closel g arded secre , a d o de ails are e er released of black Koe oe dea hs -' o pro ec heir families' . B i has emerged from p blished co r records a d official police so rces, ha a mber of Koe oe members are cap red SWAPO g erillas ho ha e bee ' r ed ' - ie, faced i h he opio of joi i g Koe oe or spe di g heir li es il i depe de ce i ei her he Marie al of Ombala de e io camps
I is some imes said i O ambo ha ' ojoi Koe oe , o ha e o ha e a crimi al record' . The acc rac of his s a eme is diffic l o ga ge, b co r cases i ol i g Koe oe members ha e re ealed ha i some i s a ces he policema has a pre io s crimi al record, of e o e gai ed before joi i g he i . Whi e leadership of he i is dra fro SAP members doi g a a al ' o r' of d i he ar o e, a d fro former Selo s Sco s a d o her e -Rhodesia i s . The i s spe d eeks o pa rol a d i he b sh, a d are respo sible for o er 80% of ar dea hs i O ambo a d Ka a go.
I bo h O a go a d Ka a go allega io s of br ali ies agai s he ci ilia pop laio allegedl commi ed b bo h he SADF a d he police, ha e bee made . B accordi g o ma acco s, he SADF is relai el res rai ed i compariso o he Koe oe i s .
Koe oe s members ha e bee acc sed of emplo i g a acic of he Selo s Sco s - dressi g as SWAPO g erillas, a d he comi g o kraals seeki g food a d shel er . If he shel er is gi e , he he re eal heir ide i ies,a d here ha e bee allega io s of kraals bei g b r , ome , me a d childre killed a d ide- spread loo i g aki g place. If people a he kraal ref se o gi e shel er, he pre e ce of bei g PLAN g erillas is mai ai ed, a d he same ro i e is follo ed .
As regards p blished e ide ce of Koe oe a roci ies, he mos dam i g s rro ds he March 1982 massacre of eigh people i a illage or h of Oshik k , some 50km from Oshaka i .
Official i q es fi di gs said he eigh people died as a res l of "a a ack b SWAPO erroris s" . I er ie s i h s r i ors of he a ack alleged he opposi e . All hose i er ie ed claimed he a ack as carried o b armed members of he sec ri force, a d a s r i or i sis ed he recog ised o e of he soldiers as a o orio s Koe oe comma der.
P blished acco s of alleged Koe oe br ali ies are oo mero s o q o e i di id all . T o f r her acco s ill ha e o s ffice . O 18 No ember las ear, i is alleged ha Jo a Ham k a a a eacher a he Nam Primar School a d Kad ma Ka a ga, bo h from Kakoro illage i es er Ka a go, ere bea e o dea h i hi ho rs of bei g de ai ed b Koe oe for i erroga io . The Koe oe me alleged ha
'all eachers are SWAPOs' . A prelimi ar i q es i o he dea hs of he o me is d e o s ar e mo h.
I a o her p blished acco , Damie Haikera, a school eacherffrom Kag ie, also es er O ambo, old jo r alis s ha o 20 Sep ember las ear, a Koe oe sq ad arri ed a his school a d de ai ed him af er allegi g he had bee harbo ri g PLAN g erillas.
'The ook me o heir camp, a d here e ere bli dfolded . . . he old me I m s sleep, b he he bega hi i g me, he made me lie do a d bega hi i g i h a spade.' He allieged he as repea edl bea e i h a spade a d shocked o his b ocks i h elec rical ires a ached o a all socke , for fi e ho rs . O his released, he as forced o alk home o Nk re k r , fo r ho rs alk from here he as held .
As as me io ed earlier, o p blici is gi e o black Koe oe dea hs - a d Koe oe ha e ir all ake o er he ar i O ambo a d Ka a go . This mea s sec ri force dea hs are e e lo er ha are p blicall s a ed, a d he facade of he ar bei g 'lo -i e si ' mai ai ed . Black Koe oe members ha e o problems abo o ha i g heir ames me io ed i despa ches he he die . The re ards are high - he are paid R2 000 for e er g erilla he kill, 81000 for a cap red AK47 rifle, R5 000 for a cap red ASM7 missile.
B e e more dis rbi g is ha o records are kep of people killed b Koe oe . Pro ided Koe oe claims a perso killed is a ' erroris ', ha is ha , a d he book is closed. There is li le or o cha ce of a follo - p prosec io sho ld he preso happe o be a ci ilia , a d i mos cases o i q es is held .
The i era io al ramificaio s of he Koe oe co ec io i he Namibia ar are si is er. Koe oe o l came i o e is e ce i he, la e 1978, b hich ime he U i ed Na io s Tra si io Assis a ce Gro p (U ag) proposals has a alread bee draf ed . I he fi e pri of he U ag proposals, o accep ed as he i ergral sec io of UN resol io 435 for Namibia i depe de ce, he follo i g is s a ed : Primar respo sibli for mai ai i g la a d order (o ce he SWAPO a d So h Africa forces ha e i hdra o bases) shall res i h he e is i g police forces .'
So, Koe oe , respo sible for o er 80% of he 'kills' a d allegedl i ol ed i a roci ies, ill s ill be here he he SADF i hdra s.
The role of he SADF
The mili ar role i he ar o e a d be o d is more ambig o s ha ha of he specialis police i s . Wi hi he co fi es of he O ambo, i s f c io o ld appear o be more ha of ro i e polici g ha of a aci e force par icipai g f ll i 'seek a d des ro 'opera io s - a f cio o ha dled mos l b he police . Na io al ser iceme are i creasi gl emplo ed i ro i e f io s camps, g ardi g - pa rolli g areas close o base camps, g ardi g perime ers, e s ri g ha a leas some of he ormal f c o s of a d filli g admimis rai e roles lef aca b he drasic skills shor age i he erri or .
'Co ac s' i e i abl ake place, b heir freq e c has dimi ished as he police s ep i o he roles formel occ pied b he mili ar . I is o accep ed ha he major role pla ed b he SADF is ha of sec ri g he so her regio of A gola, par ic larl C e e a d C a do-C ba go pro i ces . Si ce 1978 he SADF ha e a all mo ed a leas o e major 'raid' i o A gola, a d o co l admi ha he opera e co s a l i hi he co r , al ho gh de i g reg lar A gola acc sa io s ha he SADF occ - pies semi-perma e bases i he so h of heir co r . Respo di g o A gola claims ha SA Air Force Impala je s a d Ca berra bombers ha e le elled i h Napalm he Mo ico pro i ce o of Ca gamba i A g s , SADF chief Ge eral Co s a d Viljoe , said : 'I is eq all ob io s ha b si g ps chological press re hro gh he media, he A gola s ish o force So h Africa o re eal i s ac i i ies i so her A gola .' He added ha SAAF pla es fle reg lar reco aissa ce missio s o er A gola .
The occ pa io of so her A gola has i creased sporadicalll si ce he major So h Africa i asio of 1975/6, bega i eares i 1981 i h Opera io Pro ea, he he SADF ac all fo gh agai s MPLA forces a Xa go go a d O gi a . Simo Je ki s claims ha : 'Opera io Pro ea i 1981 e m ch f r her ( ha pre io s raids aimed a SWAPO bases) . I as a major i asio aimed amo g o her objec i es, a remo i g rece l i s alled So ie SAM missile si es. I as holl s ccessf l . Opera io Pro ea mea ha So h Africa co ld o lo ger de des abili a io . I as more ha a pre-emp i e i c rsio or a "ho - p rs i ", i as a occ pa io . I es ablished So h Africa mili ar s premac o er m ch of so her A gola,par l hro gh he age c of (UNITA preside ) Dr (Jo as) Sa imbi's . . . forces . A special secre ba alio , he 32 d, as formed for members of a o her disside A gola gro p, he FNLA, o opera e i side A gola . A o her s ch ba alio , he 31s ( o desig a ed 201) had bee formed of B shme i he Capri i area be ee Bo s a a a d A gola, So h Africa is becomi g o e of he orld's leadi g merce ar emplo ers.'
Social cos s of he ar
The escala io of he ar si ce he middle 1970s has see a se ere breakdo i heal h ser ices a d i he ge eral mai e a ce of la a d order. Heal h orkers are res ric ed i heir mo eme s b d sk- o-da c rfe reg laio s, a d b he e er-prese da ger of bei g amb shed or of hi i g a la dmi e . Pre e a- i e medici e programs ha e bee c r ailed as he r ral areas become more diffic l o e er,a d he spread of b bo ic disease has bee rapid . A prese i is j dged ha b bo ic plag e, malaria, berc losis, ario s forms of e ereal disease, a d, i some areas phoid, are epidemic .
The rapid i crease i b bo ic plag e si ce No e ber las ear (450) recorded cases, i h 63 cases i A g s a d he firs o eeks of Sep ember, a d hree dea hs i he same period) is o l par l a rib able o he de as a i g dro gh , hich has forced ra s carr i g plag e-i fes ed fleas o seek food close o h ma li i g areas . Tho sa ds of ci ilia s ha e bee forced off heir la d b bo h mili ar press re (as he SADF clears fire-clear o ed here g erillas ca be"h ed") a d b he e er-prese hrea from bo h sides i he ar . As a res l , he area be ee O da g a a d Oshakai,a 30km a s rip of la d, o ho ses close o 250 000 people,a q ar er of he o al pop laio of Namibia .
The sq a er sha o s ho si g he ref gees are sq alid a d ha e o a er-bor e se age or la a or facili ies, i h he s ree s bei g sed as oile s. This s rip has bee ide ified b he Namibia heal h depar me as he breedi g gro d of he plag e, a d as e , o a emp has bee made o impro e he fil h co di io s, O her, ha rela i el f ile rea me programs of people alread ic ims of plag es, li le has bee do e o pre e he mass spread of he disease .
The SWA Terri or Force a o ced o 15 Sep ember ha i had flo fi e o s of ra poiso o he area for dis rib io aro d he perime ers of mili ar bases ( he 30km s rip ho ses he larges co ce ra io of SADF a d SWATF roops i Namibia) b has o e e ded he same ra elimi a io program o black ci ilia se leme s - all of hom are forced o li e o side he barbed ire e circled, hea il for ified, ' hi e
o s', hich co ai he major mili ar bases a Oshaka i a d O da g a .
Ci ilia heal h ser ices ha e bee almos o al ake o er b he mili ar , a d ci ilia s are forced o accep rea me from hem, of e rel c a l . The doc ors ork i mili ar iform, a d ci ilia s i he ar o es fear SADF bro iforms . For - i e of he 58 medical doc ors i he Kaokola d a d O a bo ar
o es are mili ar doc ors, hile all he de is s, e eri ar s rgeo s a d ps chologis s orki g i he o areas are mili ar Fi e of he eigh chemis s i O ambo are mili ar . The doc ors rea ed 248 246 pa ie s i 1982, 72,5% of he ci ilia s.
The same mili ar press s a eme from hich he abo e s ais ics ere dra s a ed ha : 'D ri g 1982, he SAAF pro ided helicop ers for he cas al e ac aio of he local pop la io free of charge . 180 members of he local pop laio ere e ac a ed o Oshakai Hospi al af er bei g i j red i mo or accide s or b S apo la dmi es . Co eri g fl i g ho rs i ra ds a d ce s, his ser ice cos he s a e R72 000.'
I addi io o he breakdo of heal h ser ices de ailed abo e, i is impor a o o e ha if a ci ilia ge s serio sl ill or has a bab , his has o be do e d ri g he da , as o mo eme be o d kraal perime ers is alllo ed af er s se .
The mai ai a ce of la a d order has become almos o -e is e i some areas i he or her ar o es . Namibia's a or e ge eral, Do Br e e, sa s : 'We r o rbes o appl ci il la i O ambo, b i is o eas ask . The circ ma a ces are ro bled a d he me al frame of mi d of he people has become s ch ha almos e ero e carries a g , ma of hem illegal . Af er a fe dri ks i a c ca shop, here is shoo i g, m rder a d rape . The ps chological effec of he ar is ha life has become cheap . .. S ill, I ca sa ha he mos serio s cases are e er heless bro gh before he co r s, b here is q i e possibl a bod or o dera b sh hich e do ' k o abo , as rece ci il cases before he co r s ha e sho a refere ce o he dea h of Mr Joha es Kak a, ho disppeared hile i he ha ds of he seceri police, a d ho as fo d b he S preme Co r o ha e died hile i de e io as a res l of or re a d/or assa l ) . We ca , for e ample also o appl he I q es s La effec i el . We ha e abo 480 o 500 i q es a ear
here he magis ra e fi ds ha dea h as ca sed b k o people, erroris s or la dmi es .'
S a is ics s pplied b Br e e's office sho ha 42% of crimi al cases i he S preme Co r i 1982 i ol ed rape, he majori from he ar o e.
A co r heari g hich is bei g a ched caref ll a prese , a d hich co ld prod ced dramaic e ide ce of he e e o hich la a d order has broke do , is ha of S a e ers s o Koe oe members Jo as Pa l s a d Pa l s Ma e s . The are charged i h m rder, fo r co s of robber i h aggra a i g circ ms a ces,fo r co s of a emp ed rape .Masq eradi g as members of SWAPO . he killed a headma , Rober Am e, o 2 Ja ar , a d 5 Ja ar hre TM26 ha dgre ades a Simo Ngosi, i is alleged .
Defe ce co sel has alread i dica ed he ill o de he charges, b ill arg e ha as members of Koe oe he are rai ed as killers, i h he specific ask of 'h i g g erillas . Pa l s ill es if ha 'o e is e i led o shoo S apo' . Al er a i el , Pa l s reser ed he righ o fall back o secio 103 ( er) of he Defe ce Ac , hich e emp s sec ri force members from prosec io if he 'ac ed i good fai h i co er- i s rge c operaio s. Defe ce co sel has i dica ed he ill call se ior members of Koe oe o esif ha
he me ere co di io ed o kill a d a ack i he ma er he did .
Al ho gh So h Africa arg es ha he are beari g he cos s (abo R1,9-m a da ) of he ar, i is clear ha he people ho a d reall carr i g he cos s are he ci ilia s of Namibia, he people ca gh i he crossfire . The breakdo of social s r c res, of radi io al orms a d eco omic ac i i ies, of heal h, la a d order, of he em iro me ( he E osha Pa has o deal i h a o her pe of ref gee from he ar o e - displaced ildlife fleei g he disr p io of heir a ral e iro me b massi e mili ar mo eme s a d co s r c io projec s), a d he dail fear i hich he ci ilia pop laio of he ar o e li e, ill lea e Namibia i h a fearsome legac o be o ercome a i depe de ce .
Si ce 1966 o er 10 000 - Namibia s-1 % of he pop la io - ha e died i he ar, a d a es ima ed 100 000 -10% of he pop la io - ha e fled he co r . The fig res speak for hemsel es.
APPENDIX : Edi ed ersio of a le er addressed o he U i ed Na io s Secre ar Ge eral, Dr Ja ier Pere de C ellar, he he isi ed Namibia o a 26 A g s his ear b he Co cil of Ch rches i Namibia ( he CCN, hro gh i s member ch rches, represe s he majori 'of people i Namibia) .
We o ld respec f ll ish o dra he follo i g ma ers o o r a e io , hich arisi g o of o r deep co cer e feel ecessi a e rge o co sidera io :
1 .O er he ears, resol io s a d a a eme s ha e bee made, freq e i er a io al isi ors ha e come o o r co r a d go e,a d e , o o r abidi g disappoi me , he i er al si aio remai s o earer o a se leme . Far from feeli g ha some progress is bei g made, he pace of c rre egoia io s has dimi ished he hope a d e pec aio of ma people .
2 . The So h Africa go er me is co i i g i h i s mili ar b ild p i Namibia a d especiall i he or her regio of he co r . This illegal a d da gero s e ercise i e sifies he des r cio of he li es of he people a d f r her des abilises he hole co r . We co sider he pre-occ pa io of he So h Africa go er me i h so-called a io al sec ri a hrea o So her Africa a d o i er a io al peace .
3 . The righ s a d he ill of he people i Namibia are disregarded b a regime of draco ia la s, proclamaio s a d ame dme s, he mos o s a di g bei g: mili ar co scrip io of Namibia s, de e io
i ho reco rse o legal co sel or co r s, a d he ario s la s hich force people o di lge i forma io agai s heir ill . The e remes of po er gi e b hese la s o i di id als i a hori leads o he
malicio s ab se of ci ilia people . De e io a d i erroga io are accompa ied b bea i g, or re a d o her ps chological press res, rece (Joha es) Kak a case . I he or her regio of o r co r , he ac- i iies of he So h Africa Arm a d special police i s (Koe oe ) are des r ci e of he er li es of o r people. For e ample, i he Oko go area of O ambo, eigh schools are prese l closed do , a d i he Ka a go regio , people are bei g forced o lea e heir homes a d rese le o he ri erba k - from hich he
ere remo ed 10 ears ago - here he arm has be er co rol o er hem. I Namibia o s, black peolple are of e s bjec o harassme a d bea i gs from hi e righ i gers i h police of e egleci g o make
horo gh i esiga io s or apprehe d hose respo sible .
4 . The si a io is compo ded b he e reme misma ageme a d pl deri g of he co r 's eco om . The m l iplici of e h ic go er me s, heir idespread corr p io a d he e ploi aio pf he co r 's reso rces are leaadi g he co r o he poi of ba kr p c . This res l s i comsiderable
emplo me amo g blacks hich lea es hem desi e a d i ho hope of li elihood .
5 . The proposed s a e Co cil, hich has ei her he ma da e or he s ppor of he majori of Namibia s, is a i dica io of he lack of ho es a d serio s ess i h hich i depe de dce is ie ed b
he So h Africa go er me . Ye agai a a emp is bei g made o impose a illegal a d accep able s s em o o r peolpie . Ac io s s ch as he appoi me of Admi is ra ors-Ge eral a d proposals s ch as he S a e Co cil direc l co radic he So h Africa go er me 's o pro o ceme s of allo i g he Namibia people o de ermi e heir o f re . The massi e ideological propaga da machi er of he So h Africa go er me co es o i fl e ce a d paral se a progress o ards i depe de ce. The i sis e ce b he U i ed S a es go er me , So h Africa a d o hers o C ba i hdra al from A gola as co di io al o i depe dece of o r co r is i decai e of he idespread effec of his propaga da . We rei era e o r disma a he dela of i depe de ce b s ch irrele a , delibera e ac s of obs r c io . We ish o s a e agai ha he C ba prese ce i he so ereig s a e of A gola is o a hrea o he Namibia people . The his orical priori is So h Africa's co i es illegal occ pa io of Namjibia i ho he democraic co se a d ma da e of he majori of he people.
We ear es l appeal o o o se he i fl e ce of o r office o effec he immedia e impleme a io of U i ed Naio s Resol io 435 (for he i depe de ce of Nambia) . This alo e ca pre e he escala io of he ar, he s fferi g, bloodshed a d loss of h ma li es.
Sig ed o behalf of he e ec i e commi ee b :
The Righ Re ere d JH Ka l ma, preside of he CCN, a d he Re ere d Doc or Abisai Sheja ali, Ge eral Sec ar of he CCN .
LIW - A S ra eg o mai ai order a d co rol
i he So her Africa Regio
1 . NAMIBIA : So h Africa's es i g gro d
T
his ear Namibia ill ha e bee der he oke of imperialism for 104 ears .. This period has o passed i ho resis a ce from he Namibia people . I 1903, he Herero people re ol ed agai s Germa colo ialism . Three q ar ers of he Herero pop la io as massacred b he Germa s. Af er he Firs World War, Namibia as ha ded o er b he Bri ish for So h Africa c s od . I s ead of prepari g he Namibia s for a io al i depe de ce, he So h Africa go er me , hro gh imperialis i eres s, roo ed hemsel es i Namibia a d s ar ed o appl heir apar heid polic i he regio .I respo se o he So h Africa go er me 's i ra sige ce, he oppressed Namibia s mobili ed hemsel es i o a pop lar resis a ce mo eme called he "So h Wes Africa People's Or- ga i aio " (SWAPO) . I 1966, af er ears of peacef l pro es a-
io , SWAPO decided o age a armed s r ggle agai s he So h Africa forces for he a io al libera io of Namibia. The So h Africa a s er o his pop lar armed i s rrec io as o f r her s re g he i s armed forcesi he erri or .
I 1978 he So h Africa regime adap ed i s repressi e ac ics based o he i sigh s of Professor Pascall's s d . Pascal! o ed ( ha i o ld be be er for So h Africa o " i he hear s a d mi ds" of he Namibia s ha s eamrolli g hem mili aril . He dre a e io o he fac ha 95% of he Namibia s ere deep- l religio s a d ha s a e s ra eg sho ld recog i e his . A a press briefi g i Wi dhoek o he 5 Febr ar 1981, a se ior So h Africa comma der o he So h Wes Terri or Forces (S WATF), Ge eral Charles Llo d said :
"We ca o i his ar hro gh mili ar mea s. We co ld ac all des ro o r mili ar e em . B , ha does o mea ha e ill des ro o r poli ical e em SWAPO, hich is i he mi ds of he Namibia people . As o k o , b lle s kill bodies a d o he mi d . So e ca des ro o r mili ar e em , b ha is o o sa ha e ha e des ro ed he ideolog of SWAPO . I o ld o sa ha e ill sol e he Namibia problem i a mili ar a . Tha ca o be do e, as I see i . `' ha
o reall eed for co er-i s rge c is a good go er me " . Cf. J . Fredericks, SA a differe ki d of
«r
PREPARING THE SOIL FOR LOW IN- TENSITY CONFLICT.
I order o break a ified resis a ce of he Namibia Blacks, aparheid as reformed a d camo flaged i 1978 b remo i g pe apar heid legisla io . For e ample, he ope i g of ho els a d res a ra s o all races . A he same ime, he co sidered i
ecessar o crea e di isio s amo g he Blacks :-
. The So h Africa Defe se Force (SADF) crea ed The So h Wes Africa Terri or Force (SWAT'F)i Namibia .
'phe So h Africa Police (SAP) eq i ale i Namibia is called The So h Wes Africa Police (SWAPOL) . Bo h of hese repressi e appara i are co rolled from Pre oria.
So h Africa's p rpose as o "Namibia i e" he ar i order o co f se he pop la io as o ho he real e em is.
The Black Namibia pop la io as di ided i o 10 e h ic gro ps a d c l ral differe ces ere emphasi ed . We m s
o e ha he Whi es ere kep as o e regardless of heir a io ali . This mea s ha he small Namibia a io , i h a pop la io of o a d a half millio people, is go er ed b ele e differe e h ic go er me s. E h ic gro p righ s are placed abo e i di id al righ s . All social ser ices, eg . heal h, ed ca io , elfare, are segrega ed o e h ic li es. Ul ima el , i is he So h Africa a hori
ho prescribes o hese ario s "go er me s" . This o er emphasi ed di i sio s is desig ed o crea e compei io , mis r s a d prej dice amo gs he differe gro ps .
The a ral a d eco omic eal h of Namibia is co rolled b he So h Africa go erme a d m li- aio als.
The , herefore, are i a posiio o de ermi e he a re of he social elfare a d de elopme ser ices re dered o he local comm iies.
S spicio amo gs he gro ps is s re g he ed b si g Blacks as spies a d i formers agai s heir o people.
Small fi a cial re ards are offered for i forma io leadi g o he arres of SWAPO " erroris s" .I 1980, all SWAPO ac i i ies ere ba ed i order o ipe o all resis a ce a d crea e space for he S a e o impleme i s o pla s.
80% of Namibia is o der marial la .
Af er he pass la s ere scrapped i 1974, he S a e i rod ced he SWA Ide i card. This Card o es o r
ame, da e of bir h, e h ic code a d area code. I is sed o recr i o g males for he arm . I 1981, mili ar co - scrip io became comp lsor for all Black Namibia males. E cl ded from his co scrip io ere hose males li i g alo g he Namibia borders o A gola a d Zambia.
The high 55% emplo me ra e amo gs Blacks, is a effec i e mea s o ards co scrip io . SWATF a d S WAPOL are he larges emplo ers of skilled Namibia Blacks. A he mome here are 120 000 SADF members i Namibia. This implies ha here is o e soldier for e er e Namibia s. There is o real mobili a io agai s mili ar co scrip io . A E emp io board does o e is . I 1978, i h So h Africa hea il commi ed o opera io s i So her A gola, he So h Africa Police crea ed he i famo s "Koe oe " (Cro bar) i order o s rike fear i o he local people a d keep i eral "order" i he co r.
Koe oe is k o o ha e commi ed a roci ies hils dressed as SWAPO. This is do e i order o discredi he S WAPO forces . This i co sis s mos l of O ambos a d is regarded ds he killi g sq ad of So h Africa. A a press co fere ce o 4 Febr ar 1981, Major Errol Ma , he of- ficer comma di g he Black Capri ia Ba alio s a ed:
"The bes people o figh Blacks is i h Blacks" . (cf. J.
Fredricks, Lo h Africa: A o her ki d of arr pg. 75)
There is a o al o sla gh o all sec ors of he local Black comm i ies. The ork o pop lar programmes a d ac o b r i g eeds of he comm i i order o crea e a image of bei g "do- gooders" .
The Co cil of Ch rches i Namibia (CCN) represe prophe ic ch rches i Namibia a d is he mo hpiece of he local progressi e Chris ia s . The D ch Reformed Ch rch has orga i ed all o her co ser a i e ch rches (eg . some Zio is ch rches a d he Pe ecos al E a gelical e pressio s) . This fro , called he Namibia Ch rches U io , as formed as a co er bod o CCN .
N mero s a emp s ha e bee made o se he Ch rch a d religio o` i o er he hear s a d mi ds of he people : The crea ed he Wi dhoek Theological Semi ar o promo e pro-apar heid religio a d o comba liberaio heol- og .
All ki ds of sec s eg . Fro li e Fello ship, Ich s, America Pe ecos als, are a emp i g o broade heir i fl e ce o he local pop la io .
The So h Africa arm also crea ed c l ral- religio s gro ps alo g e h ic li es . E amples of
