Ananda Setiawan, Miftah Komala Putri
[email protected], [email protected]
Post Graduate Program of Economic Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia Post Graduate Program of English Education, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, Indonesia
Abstract
This research is aimed to analyze of words pronunciation toward a child (2,8) years old by considering to phonology’s field. The data source of research is pronunciation of words on a child by describes in data transcriptions. The result of subject is oral speech and the methodology is case study where the researcher collects data technique by using observation and recording, for the use of technique analysis that was using descriptive qualitative which written in the data transcriptions. The main results of this research can be drawn, as follows:
1) In the field phonology of phoneme namely there are some phonemes were not pronounced by fathan, it can be described on data transcriptions and can be seen between the researcher and fathan’s conversation, fathan’s singing a song, his counting the numbers, and his uttering of words, 2) Fathan’s words pronunciation is still guided by his mother which is he receive the words from his mother by often said to himself and he could only pronounce the words in the initial consonant rather than middle consonant, 3) One of the words acquisition of fathan itself that he could pronounce the words through several movements such as pointing, crying, jumping, and shaky or pull his shirt and he obtain the meaning on the items of good things by pointed on his finger. The conclusions of this research are when children say the words must be given in several ways and the parents should teach or guide the children of words pronunciation carefully.
Keywords: Analysis, Pronunciation of Words, Phonology’s Field
Introduction
Language is a symbol of something idea or a thought that it should to communicate the message sender and received by the recipient in a specific code, both verbally and nonverbally. The processes of human are begin with the development of human prenatal, the development of infant, the early children’s phase of the development, children’s final phase of the development, or the developmental of adolescent’s phase, the process of the development of adult, and the process of elderly in process development itself.
Language of children is sometimes difficult to understand, because children are generally using the language structure that chaotic and transitional experience stage in their speech which difficult to be understood by the partner. To become the partner in the children speech and to be able to understand that the partners should be mastery of the conditions and concern in the surroundings or in children’s environment, when the children are talk about their use of media that their purposed to be disclosed in the speech. In addition, to use the language structure is chaotic; the children are also more likely to retain in control of limitations vocabulary and pronounce the words.
Language children use to communicate and adapt to its environment committed to exchange ideas, thoughts and emotions. Language can be expressed through speech referring to the verbal symbol. Language development or communication in children is one of the
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 18 aspects of the stages of child development that should not be immune from the attention of educators in general and parents in particular. Language acquisition by children is greatest human achievements and amaze. Therefore that issue has gained in great attention.
Thus, in these ages the children must be given in a good language acquisition by their mother. The children are should always be stimulated through something such as a device of education (pedagogic) to teach children itself. The language education of children that always increased by the parents to obtain the good speaking. Language acquisition has been studied intensively for a long time. At that time parents should learn a lot about how the children speak, understand, and use language, but very little of what parents know about the actual process of language development.
Language acquisition is defined as the process that carried out by the children which to success on achieve and fluent in mastery toward their mother tongue or language that often known by the children in surroundings or children’s’ environment. The age range of children is under five year that they are generally having the ability to absorbs things and loads memories which are faster than toddler. Parents are obliged to maintain their children by educating, instilling good manners, morals-taught through the example of their parents, and also complete the needs of children both physically and spiritually, in proportion to the level of development and the condition of the children itself. Educating and providing guidance is the best of the most beautiful gifts given by parents to their children. Parents must be an educator that to contribute actively and positively in shaping quality bright child intellectually, emotionally, and spiritual.
This study is conducted to the observation method toward a child in words pronunciation which aimed to determine in mastery of preschooler. Therefore, The researchers are would like to analyze of these objects by considering to phonology’s field and using the case study method to focus on the achievement of words’ pronunciation toward a child at two years and eight months (2,8).
Methodology of Research
This research is a data qualitative by using technique analysis namely the researchers are analyzes toward a child at two years and eight months (2,8) of pronunciation of words which written in data transcriptions. The method of research is using study case, to collect the data that it conducts in several stages such as interview, observation, and documentation that to describe the data transcription of research (Butera: 2005). Case study method can be used to gain in accurate information which the results are can be written by using data transcription or data description that to aimed to the results of research. The researchers were analyzing of a child’s words pronunciation by considering to phonology’s field. The time of research was conducted in the evening at 16.25 pm and it was located in Puri anggrek Blok D 12 A No.
11 Walantaka, Serang – Banten.
Theoretical Review The Nature of Language Acquisition
Language acquisition as “the products of subconscious process very similar to the process children undergo when they acquire their first language” (Krashen, 2006:12) this can be defined that language acquisition is the process of how a person or child can speak or the child process in obtaining the first language. Language acquisition is a human process gain the ability to capture, produce, and use words to understanding and communication. This capacity involves a wide range of capabilities such as syntax, phonetics, vocabulary and wide.
Language may be from the vowel as in spoken language or manual as in sign language.
Language acquisition usually refers to first language acquisition which examines the acquisition of children to their mother tongue and second language acquisition are not assess additional language acquisition by children or adults. Learning language directly in formal and artificial that refers to the learning demands (Richardo Schutz, 2006:12), meanwhile, according to (Sigel and Cocking, 2000: 5) language acquisition is a process used by children to
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 19 adjusting a series of hypotheses by saying children’s parents until the rules of grammar can choose the best and simple of the language in question. It can be concluded that language acquisition in general which occurred in the environment with the target language community and informal nature and refers to the communication demands.
Language acquisition (language acquisition device / LAD) which called a mastering tool it occur since the birth of children are equipped and the only man who has the LAD.
Language acquisition device is getting input from the data language of the environment. LAD is regarded as a physiological part of the brain that is specific to process inputs (input) and determine what is ruled first as sound, words, phrases, sentences, and so on. In the language there is also a universal concept that mentally must to know the natures are universal.
Without LAD, a child may not be able to mastery the language in a short time and can mastery the complicated language system. LAD also allow in a child that to be able to distinguish the sounds of language.
Stages of language development in children according to some experts, Lundsteen, divide language development in three stages, namely:
1. Stage pre-linguistic
The age of 0-3 months, which read in and coming from the throat.
The age of 3-12 months, children are wearing lip and palate, like ma, da, ba.
2. Phase proto-linguistic
The age of 12 months-2 years, children have understood and demonstrated the organs that children begin to speak a few words (vocabulary can reach 200-300).
3. Phase linguistics
The age of 2-6 years or more, at this stage that children begin to study grammar and vocabulary development reached 3000 pieces.
In language Acquisition there are several stages, such as that delivered by Piaget as quoted Ginn, he classifies language development into seven stages, namely. (A) Phase Fingered (pre-linguistic 0.0 to 0.5) (b) Phase Fingered (pre-linguistic 0.5-1.0) said Nomsens, (c) the linguistic stage I Holophrastic; Sentence one word (1.0-2.0), (d) Phase II Linguistics sentence Two Words (2.0-3.0), (e) Phase III Linguistics. Development Grammar (3.0 to 4.0), (f) Phase IV Grammar Linguistics Pre-Adults (4.0-5.0) and (g) Phase V Linguistic Competence Full (5.0 -... .)
Phonology Contents
Phonology is one of the aspects that compose the disciplines of linguistics which is defined as the scientific study of language structure (Odden, 2005: 2).Meanwhile, according to (Cipollone et al, 1998: 88) phonology is the study that to investigate the organization of speech sounds in a particular language. The explanation of phonology lies in each language’s use of inventory sounds. In orderly, phonology is studies of distribution sounds in a language it can be seen by the content of words in different sounds.
The development of language in children is a processes of language acquisition which experienced by children itself since the born of that children until in the age of school, Phonology acquisitions of children are includes the ability of children to produce the sounds in language which consist on a vocal or consonant although it may not in the perfect sounds (Abdul chaer, 2003: 221). The sounds are occurred through several stages, among others:
1. The age on six weeks, children are produce the sounds which the similar sound of vocal and consonant
2. The age on eight-twenty weeks, children are on the cooing stage.
3. The age on six months, children are mix the sounds of consonant and vocal or it called babbling.
4. The age on two years, children are pronounce the consonant in last word which is not pronounced by children itself.
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 20 In language acquisition, the inputs are very important factor and very deciding.
Human are would not be able to mastery the language if there is no comprehensive input.
Mentalistic’s view which was explained that children supplied by natural supply while in born, in other hand, in language there is the universal concept that children are knew as mentally in universal natures (Dardjowidjojo, 2005: 244). Children are should to protected of their language acquisition to gain the good language in acquisition itself that to be able to find out what children’s needs and what children purposed on invention something with they acquire the words on language through mother’s gives or they may be obtained in the environment naturally.
In the place articulation it begins with the features typically used by vowels, specifically the [+syllabic,-consonant, +sonorant] segments, and the proceed to consonant of features, ending with a discussion of the intersection of these features (Odden, 2005: 140), these are:
1. Vowel place features: define the features in place of articulation for vowels that are following.
2. High: the body of the tongue is raised from the neutral position 3. Low: the body of tongue is lowered from the neutral position 4. Back: the body of the tongue is retraced from the neutral position.
5. Round: the lips are protruded
6. Tense: the sounds requiring deliberate, accurate maximally distinct gestures that involve considerable of muscular effort.
7. Advanced tongue root: produced by drawing the root of the tongue in forward
The errors reveal that children have already learned in a great deal and in roughly another two and a half years their speech will resemble of their parents in all important respects. This is important to note although, children tend to go through the same developmental of steps at the same time, and this only a tendency. There is much variation in the age range during children acquiring words or fundamental cognitive concepts that children are not necessarily more or less intelligent or well developed than average.
Phoneme Contents
Phoneme are what we have been calling on the basic form of a sound and what are we sensed in the mind rather than spoken or heard, allophone is each phoneme which has associated with one sound or more sounds (Fromkin et al, 2011: 232). Meanwhile, phoneme is a set of phones or it can be called as a speech sounds (Marcus, 2007: 28). It can be define that phonemes is a smallest unit of language in abstractly that can indicate the contrast of meaning in the abstraction of phones’ amount whether it is vocal or consonant and phonemes are language sounds which can be observed n the word form.
Phonemes are not physical sounds. Phonemes itself is the abstract in mental representations of the phonological units in a language, the units used to represent the words in the mental lexicon and for the phonological rules of the language that apply to phonemes which is aimed to determine in the words pronunciation (Fromkin, et al 2011: 233). In Indonesian phoneme that can be divided into two kinds as follows vocal phonemes (a,i,u,e,o) and consonant phonemes (b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,y and z), phoneme itself is the sound that can be distinguished of word meaning it may differ with the letter of alphabet.
Phonemes in a language can have several kinds of pronunciations depending on the place in words or syllables. Phoneme / p / in Indonesian, for example, can have two kinds of pronunciation. When you are at the beginning of a syllable, the phoneme is pronounced on a freelance basis. At the word / pattern /, for example, the phoneme / p / was pronounced on a freelance basis for later followed by the phoneme / o /. When human are pronounce at the end of a word, the phoneme / p / is not pronounced on a freelance basis; human lips remain tightly sealed pronounce the sound this time. Thus, the phoneme / p / language Indonesian has two variations.
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 21 The chart comparison between phone and phoneme
Phone Phoneme
One of many possible sounds in the
languages of the world. A contrastive unit in the sound system of a particular language.
Pronounced in a defined way. Pronounced in one or more ways, depending on the number of allophones.
Represented between brackets by convention.
Example: [b], [j], [o]
Represented between slashes by convention.
Example: /b/, /j/, /o/
(Source: adopted from SIL International, 2004)
When children learn the phonemes of their native language, they should mastery the sounds that differ maximally from one another. Thus, it is no accident that the first meaningful word learned in many language is often [ma] or [pa]. When a bilabial stop or nasal is pronounced, the passage of air in the mouth is completely blocked; but the vocal tract is wide open in the low back vowel [a].
Speech of young children as often distinguished from that of adults because the phonological processes are used in different ways. Adult speech is full assimilation, deletions, metatheses, and so on. A child’s speech is full variation, too. Because much of variation that resemble rules in adult phonologies.
Findings and Discussion
In this research analysis that the researchers are found the results on how does the child pronounce the words of the speech and child’s obtain in new vocabularies acquisition of the phonemes. Acquire primary language and require application of special learning for children is must be provided by proper stimulation of pronunciation in order to grows the children perfect that to be able to produce the words’ acquisition. When children are pronounce the words, they has omitted by children itself, because child‘s words pronunciation is not same as adult pronunciation of words. This is the data transcriptions as result’s analysis, as follows:
Data Transcriptions
Tabel 1 The Conversation between Researcher and Object Research (Fathan) Researcher : Nama adek siapa?
Fathan : Fathang
Researcher : Oh Fathan, adek anak siapa ya?
Fathan : Mi
Researcher : Trus adek punya adik ga?
Fathan : Puya
The words Fathan The lost phoneme
(s) The change
Phoneme (s)
Fathan Fathang - /ng/
Umi (ibu) Mi /u/ -
Punya Puya /n/ -
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 22 Table 2 Fathan’s Words Pronunciation in Singing a Song
Cicak di dinding diam-diammeayap datang seeko namuk haplalu di tangkap The words Fathan The lost phoneme (s) The change
Phoneme (s)
Merayap Meayap /r/ -
Seekor Seeko /r/ -
Nyamuk Namuk /y/ -
Table 3 Fathan’ Words Pronunciation in Counting the Numbers Delapang, sembiyang, sepuwuh
The words Fathan The lost phoneme (s) The change Phoneme (s)
Delapan Delapang - /ng/
Sembilan Sembiyang /lan/ /yang/
Sepuluh Sepuwuh /l/ /w/
Table 4 Fathan’s Words Pronunciation in Uttering the Words
The words Fathan The lost
phoneme (s) The change Phoneme (s)
Permen Pemen /r/ -
Daun Aun /d/ -
Pulang Puwang /l/ /w/
Sandal Sandah /l/ /h/
Habis Abis /h/ -
Burung Buwung /r/ /w/
Pisau Pisa /u/ -
Bunga Buwa /ng/ /w/
Ikan Itan /k/ /t/
The Explanation Based on Data Transcriptions
The researchers have been observed on a child, the age is approximately 2.8-years old by analyzing the words pronunciation by considering to phonology’s field, the sample of research is Muhammad Fathan Azzam, and he was born on 13th September 2011. His father is Nafish Maradona, his father job is an employee in one of the company that is located in South Jakarta. Fathan’s mother is Atikah and he has a young brother namely is Ziyad, the age is one year old.
Fathan is able to walk and he was very agile in doing a variety things. In his words acquisition is still very unstable; he received the words from his mother by his mother often said. In the pronunciation, Fathan could pronounce the words that in the initial consonant rather than middle consonant, example (Fathan is more able to say the word “lampu”, than say the word “anak”).
Enriching Quality and Providing Affordable Education through New Academia | 23 If Fathan acquire in new word, it is likely he will repeat these words, although not exactly the name of the object, for the vocabulary acquisition that he knew just say the word
“this (ini)” example : mi, yu ke walung au beyi ini (he means that “ini” is some food perhaps Biscuit, chocolate and so on) and if he does like to mention the color it should be led so, he can mention colors as well as his playing game, when he obtain the perfect language namely the word often mentioned by his mother, for example: (in his utterance the word of
“syusyu”, the meaning is mother often give the milk while he need namely he can pronounce well, finally he can say well “susu”). He does not pronounce the alphabet perfectly, but he could only pronounce the consonant phonemes such as: p, e, a, b, s, i, a ,w, u, j, t, m, d, L.
In pronunciation of words that he knows the words by pointed his finger on an item and the meaning of each items namely he want to obtain in good things on his wants. His words acquisitions are pronounced through the movements such as pointing, crying, jumping, and shaky or pull his shirt. Fathan is obtained in appropriate word what he mentioned before which is one of the object is contained in the kitchen that tends to be much more than he say exist things in the family room, because he does often follow on his mother when his mother cook in the kitchen.
Conclusion
The result of research was talking about the analysis of pronunciation words in child’s first language by considering to phonology’s field and it is written by using data transcriptions that to describes on a child’s words pronunciation, understanding vocabulary, and mastering of words. Hence, it is necessary to do further of the research in other aspects, for the example in the field of morphology, syntax, and lexicon in addition, it also can be examined of child’s language acquisition with different ages as well as second language acquisition. This findings of research that can be concluded, Fathan could only pronounce the consonant phonemes in initial consonant phonemes rather than in middle consonant phonemes, but at the end of the phonemes are consonants like [l] that he does not to say of those phonemes, for consonants [g] and [z] he was not well versed. Fathan is perfectly pronounce word if the word that often pronounced by his mother. The word ‘will not’ he gets in utterances with the word "is", because with this he hopes his mother can be understand of what he says. He could only pronounce the phonemes briefly of phonemes itself.
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