AN ANALYSIS OF LOGICAL RELATIONS FOUND IN SELECTED ARTICLES OF GLOBE ASIA MAGAZINE
A THESIS
BY
DINASTI
REG.NO: 090705003
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA
ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to thank to Jesus Christ, for His Great bless
ing and mercy in the writer lifetime especially during completing this thesis.Then,
the writer would also like to thank to the head of Fakultas Sastra, Sumatera Utara
University, and the Secretary of English Department and also my best gratitude to
my supervisor Mr.Syahron Lubis, MA and Mr.Umar Mono, M.Hum as her Supervi
sor and CoSupervisor, guidance, Suggestions and their willingness to spare their
time to help the writer to accomplished this thesis.
My great honor and love due to my beloved parents D.S.Sinaga and N.br.Pa
njaitan who always give me financial, moral, and spiritual sport support, love and
care during my study, and also to my beloved brothers and sisters Patima Sinaga,
Rama Tanjung Sinaga, Gita Rosani Farma Sinaga,Arif Gunawan, and Bagus Sinaga.
The writer would also like to thank to all lecturers of English Department
for their guidance and knowledge.My very special thanks are devoted to my belo
ved friends Andreas G.Sirait, Roni Abraham, Indah S, Irayanti panjaitan, Nerti Sito
rus, Lamria Tambunan,Rina ,Santa,Putri Sinaga and James Sinaga and also for all
my clasmates in English Department 2009.Thank you very much for your
support,and helped a lot in term of advices. I thank God For having friends like you.
At last, My dedication should also goes to someone,somewhere,who always
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRAK ... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... iii
TABLE OF CONTENT ... iv
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background...1.
1.2 Formulation of the Problem...5.
1.3 Objective of the Study...6.
1.4 Scope of the Study... 6.
1.5 Significance of the Study...6.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 The Understanding of Syntax...7.
2.2 The Basic Structure of English Syntax...8.
2.2.1 Word Class...8.
2.2.1.1 Noun...8.
2.2.1.2 Pronoun...9.
2.2.1.3 Verb... 9.
2.2.1.4 Adjective...10.
2.2.1.5 Adverb ...11.
2.2.1.6 Interjection...12.
2.2.1.8 Conjunction...13.
2.3 Logical Relation...15.
2.3.1 Kinds of Logical Relation...17.
2.3.1.1 Reason-Result...17.
2.3.1.2 Means-Result... 18.
2.3.1.3 Purpose-Means...18.
2.3.1.4 Concession-Contraexpectation...20.
2.3.1.5 Ground-Conclussion...21.
2.3.1.6 Ground-Exhortation...22.
2.3.1.7 Condition-Consequence...22.
3. METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Method...24.
3.2 Data and Data Source...24.
3.3 Data Collecting Method...26.
3.4 Data Analyzing Method...26.
4.ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS 4.1 Data ...28.
4.2 Analysis Data...50.
4.2.1 Reason-RESULT...50.
4.2.2 Means-RESULT...51.
4.2.3 Purpose-MEANS...53.
4.2.5 Ground-CONCLUSION...56.
4.2.6 Ground-EXHORTATION...58.
4.2.7 Condition-CONSEQUENCE...59.
4.3 Findings...60.
5.CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion...62.
ABSTRAK
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
In our daily activity we spend many times in reading,like reading magazine or
newspaper. But most of us will choose magazine to read because it more interesting
compare with the others. Magazine has pictures which can help your understanding,
and it is interesting because they are about real life and the news. Magazine can use
as a medium of communication, source of information, as the voice of every person,
as a media literacy-based learning, as increased creativity, and as an entertainer.
Everyone has a stack of old magazines lying around the house somewhere,
and whether you're walking past a newsstand in the mall or sitting in the dentist's
office and in the beauty salon you're going to be tempted to pick up a magazine and
flip through the pages. Magazines are everywhere, but what are they exactly?
Magazine is a periodical publication with articles, stories, or pictures on
multiple subjects by different authors. It is written for the general public typically
even special interest. Magazines are written with a general audience with special
language. It is available by subscription or from newstands often heavily supported
by advertising. It referred to as popular press publications because articles are often
written by journalists, who gather information from various sources and synthesize it
into their stories or reports. The audience for articles in magazines is usually the
general public. A magazine consists of articles. The articles in magazines are often a
Magazines have gone through a complex evolution over the years, and it is
instructive to think of magazines as belonging to one of three distinct categories:
trade, news, and consumer.
Trade magazines are designed to inform the members of a particular
professional or occupational group, of items of specific interest to them. These
magazines are generally not available to the general public, and any advertising that
they may contain tends to be directed at members of that trade.
News magazines, which in the case of publications are directed at a broad
readership. These magazines are designed to provide a single source through which
readers can catch up on news, current events, and hot topics.
Consumer magazines usually contain a number of small articles that deal
with topics of interest to the targeted group, but in most instances the bulk of
available space is devoted to advertising.
In consumer magazines, advertisers have the opportunity to pitch
well-defined mixes of products, in a way that speaks directly to the targeted group.
Through magazines, they convey information about their products is getting directly
into the hands of those people who are most likely to purchase what they are selling.
Globe Asia magazine is one of the magazines that serves the three categories
above that is trade, news, and consumer. Asia (The Globe Jakarta) . Globe Asia is an
Indonesian business magazine published in English.The magazine has a market share
of the business, both in Indonesia and in Asian countries. Globe Media Group is a
magazine that houses the company's fastest-growing media in Indonesia.
It is a business magazine covering local and interlocal business in news financial
news, technology, companies, global economics, finance, business research,financial
Language becomes a very powerful medium to convey all kinds of information,
how they are written really depending on its language so that they can get a lot of
reader.
Language in magazine is interesting to discuss syntactically, that is logical
relation, studies how to express concepts, moods, feelings and attitudes.
Logical relation is part of syntax that teaches how to make a reasoning, strong
and meaningful argument. It is a relation in which there is always the notion of
cause-EFFECT. Cause and effect are an action-reaction combination that uses
conjunctions. Logical relation refers to the communicative exchanges, the give and
take that make up dialogical arguments.
There are seven kinds of logical relation according to Beekman and Callow
(1974:300) and Barnwell (1980:178). The following examples are the seven types of
logical relation :
1. Reason-RESULT
In the reason-RESULT relation the proposition which has the role of reason
answer the question “why this result ?”.
example: We were unable to carry out the experiment because the computer
malfunctioned.
2. Means-RESULT
Means-RESULT is the relationship in which the means proposition answer
the question “how did this result come about?”
Example: By washing the dishes, Jhon got it clean.
3. Purpose-MEANS
Purpose-MEANS is a relationship in which the MEANS proposition answer
Example: The company conducted a detailed survey in order to gauge its clients’
views.
4. Concession-CONTRAEXPECTATION
A Concession CONTRAEXPECTATION is a relation of unexpectedness bet
ween propositions.
Example: Although Jhon explained the technique, he wasn’t understand.
5. Grounds-CONCLUSION
Grounds-CONCLUSION relation answer the question “What fact is this
conclusion based on?”
Example: The car is dirty, so Jhon must have washed it.
6. Grounds-EXHORTATION
The Grounds-EXHORTATION relation is most like the
grounds-CONCLUSION relation, however, in grounds-grounds-CONCLUSION the grounds-CONCLUSION
is a statement and in Grounds-EXHORTATION the EXHORTATION is always a
command
Example: The door is open, so you close it, Jhon.
7. Condition-CONSEQUENCE
The Condition CONSEQUENCE relation is also of the cause EFFECT
type. However, the cause, that is, the condition, is either hypotical or there is some
element of uncertainty.
Example: if I like it I shall buy it.
In this thesis, logical relation is adopted to be analyzed which are found in
selected articles of Globe Asia magazine.The magazine was chosen as the object
It is very interesting in analyzing logical relation in Globe Asia magazine
because logical relation is a study that teach how to express an idea, concepts,
moods, feelings and attitudes. Between logical relation and the using of language in
business are very close. Language has a very important meaning in the world of
business. Logical relation is essential to business performer. Most activities
performed by the business performer are done through the avenue created by logical
relation. Logical relation becomes a very powerful medium to maintain argument
and idea. For example, to ensure working partner or to promote, introduce a new
product we can use logical relation.
Based on the reasons above, it is important to discuss more about the term of
logical relation through Globe Asia magazine in order to give more explanation
about logical relation, how to use it in writing and in speaking.
1.2 Formulation of the Problem
Based on the background above, there are some problems of the analysis to
be discussed :
1. What kinds of logical relation are found in the selected articles of Globe
Asia magazine?
2. Which kind of logical relation is the most dominant found in Globe Asia
magazine?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Concerning the problem of the analysis , the writer has objectives as
1. To find out the kinds of logical relations found in the selected articles of
Globe Asia magazine.
2. To find out the most dominant kind of logical relations found in selected
articles of Globe Asia magazine.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This research mainly focuses on the types of logical relation appeared in
Globe Asia magazine,Trihatma Haliman Property Tycoon Making Apartment Living
Fashionable volume 11-November 2012. There are 21 articles. The logical relation
was analyzed contained in that magazine by using Beekman and Callow and
Barnwell’s classification.
1.5 Significances of the Study
This study is considered important as it provides the readers easy
understanding about logical relation.The writer hopes that this research will give
understanding especially in syntax field.On the other word, the writer will inspire
other researcher prospective to explore deeper about the logical relation .Thus, for
students who find difficulty comprehend logical relation can make this study as
bibliography to understand logical relation easily.This thesis also can be used as a
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 The Understanding of Syntax
Syntax is one of branch linguistics which studies of logical relation. There are
some definitions of Syntax.
“Syntax is a word which comes from the Greek. It means, in that language, the joining of several things together; and, as used by grammarians, it means those principles and rules which teach us how to put words together so as to form sentences. It means, in short, sentence-making. Having been taught by the rules of Etymology what are the relationships of words, how words grow out of each other, how they are varied in their letters in order to correspond with the variation in the circumstances to which they apply, Syntax will teach you how to give all your words their proper situations or places, when you come to put them together into sentences” (William Cobbett:1818)
“Syntax studies the organization of words into phrases and phrases into sentences” (
Bolinger,1975:171).
“Syntax is the part of grammar dealing with the other types of grammatical units” (Bi
ber, 2002:13).
“Syntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are
constructed in particular language” (Chomsky, 1961:11)
“Sintaksis membicarakan kata dalam hubungannya dengan kata lain, atau unsur-
unsur lain sebagai ujaran” (Chaer, 1994:2006) “syntax talks about word and its
2.2 The Basic Structure of English Syntax 2.2.1 Word Class
One way to begin studying of logical relation is to consider the traditional
parts of speech (also called word classes): nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, and interjections. To know surely what
part of speech a word is, we have to look not only at the word itself but also at its
function.
2.2.1.1 Noun
A noun is the name of a person, place or thing (Frank, 1972: 6). A noun can
function in a sentence as a subject, a direct object, an indirect object, a subject
complement, an object complement, an appositive, an adjective, and an adverb. For
examples: house, mother, Indonesia, person, place, thing or idea is usually preceded
by articles or demonstratives. Noun in English can be classified into two types,
namely:
1.Concrete nouns are words for a physical object that can be perceived by the sense – we can see, touch, smell the object. Concrete nouns can be classified into:
Common nouns are words used to name all member of a class or group such as:
boy, girl, iron, glass, teacher, pupil, bus, and cup.
Proper nouns are words used to name a specific person, place, or thing. Such as:
Bill Gates, Medan, and Mr. Andi Sirait.
Material nouns are words used to name all materials. Such as: gold, bronze,
Collective nouns are words for a group of people, animals, or objects considered
as a single unit, such as press, public, team class, crew, crowd, enemy, faculty,
family, audience, committee, and government.
2.Abstract nouns are words for concepts – it is an idea that exists in our minds only. Such as: beauty, justice, mankind, truth, happiness, sadness, and goodness.
2.2.1.2. Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that replaces or stands for (“pro” = for) a noun. For
examples: I, you, and we. According to Burton (1986:54) pronoun can be divided
into five types. They are:
1. Definite Pronouns: she/her/, it, I/ me, we/us, you, they/them.
2. Indefinite Pronouns: some, something, someone, anything, anyone.
3. Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those.
4. Interrogative (Question) Pronouns: who, which, what, whose.
5. Possessive Pronouns: my/mine, your/yours, his, her/hers, its, our/ours, your/yours,
their/ theirs.
2.2.1.3 Verb
A verb is word used to show an action or a state of being. According to the
object they are requiring, verbs can be:
1.Transitive verbs: verbs which takes a direct object (no prepositions are needed to
connect verb and object). For example: I ride a car.
2.Intransitive verbs: verbs which does not require an object. This includes both
(He is walking in the park), and intransitive verbs which have no object at all, such
as He fell down.
2.2.1.4 Adjective
An adjective is a modifier that has the grammatical property of comparison. It
describes or modifiers noun. It is often identified by special derivational endings or
by special adverbial modifiers that precede it. Its most usual position is before the
noun it modifies, but it fills other position as well. There are two types of adjectives.
They are:
a. Determiners consist of a small group of structure words without characteristic form, they are:
1. Articles: it signals definite and indefinite meaning. For example: a and an.
2. Demonstrative adjective: it is identical to a demonstrative pronoun, but it is used
as adjectives to modify noun or noun phrase. For example: this, these, that, and
those.
3. Possessive adjective: it is similar to a possessive pronoun, but it modifies a noun
or noun phrase. For examples: my, your, Gita’s, and the boy’s.
4. Numeral adjective: four, one hundred, fourth, one hundredth.
5. Indefinite adjective: it is similar to an indefinite pronoun. It modifies a noun,
pronoun, and noun phrase. For examples: some, few, all, and more.
6. Relative and interrogative adjective: it is like an interrogative pronoun, but it
modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own. For example: whose,
b. Descriptive adjectives usually indicate an inherent quality (beautiful, intelligent), or a physical state such as age, size, and color. Inflectional and derivational endings
can be added only to this type of adjective. Some descriptive adjectives take the form
of:
1. Proper adjectives, such as a Catholic church, a French dish, and a Shakespearian
play.
2. Participial adjectives, these consist of present participle (e.g: an interesting topic, a
disappointing experience) and past participle (a bored student, a tired housewife).
3. Adjective compounds, these consist of with participles (e.g: a good-looking girl, a
heart-breaking story) and with –ed added to nouns functioning as the second element
of a compound. The first element is usually a short adjective (e.g: ill-tempered,
far-sighted).
2.2.1.5 Adverb
An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb. There are four
classifications adverbs of based on its meaning.
1. Adverb of manner: has the most characteristic adverbial form (an –ly ending
added to a descriptive adjective). For examples: beautifully, badly, and slowly.
2. Adverb of place and direction. For examples: left, straight, here, away, and
outside.
3. Adverb of time: points to the time both definite time and indefinite time. For
examples: recently, nowadays, soon ,yesterday, today, tomorrow, , and already.
4. Intensifying adverbs: serve as quantifiers or emphasizers. For example: somewhat,
2.2.1.6 Interjection
An interjection is a word that expresses emotion and has no grammatical
relation to other words in the sentence. For examples: Oh! Hurrah! Nonsense!, etc.
2.2.1.7 Preposition
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence.
The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the objectof the
preposition. A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical
relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence.
Preposition may be arranged in the following classes:
1.Simple Prepositions
At, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to,but,yet, up, with
2. Compound Prepositions
About, above, across, along, admidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind,
below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, inside, outside, underneath, within,
without.
3. Phrase Prepositions( Groups of words used with the force of a single preposition.)
According to, agreeaby to, along with, away from, because of, by means of, by
reason of, by virtue of, by way of, comfomably to, for the sake of, in accordance
with, in addition, in (on) behalf, in case of, in comparison to, in compliance with, in
consequence of, in course of, in favour of, in front of, in order to,in place of,in
reference to,in regard to,in spite of ,instead of in the event of, on account of, owing
2.2.1.8 Conjunction
A conjunction is a word which connects two words or clauses or sentences
and shows the relation between them.
There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative
conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions, and each type is used differently within
a sentence.
1. Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions connect two words or groups of words with
similar values. They may connect two words, two phrases, two independent clauses
or two dependent clauses.
For example, in each of the following sentences the coordinating conjunction
“and” connects equal words or groups of words:
1.Connects two words: John and Reggie stayed up all night practicing their guitars.
2.Connects two phrases: The squirrel scurried up the tree trunk and onto a low
branch.
3.Connects two clauses: Several managers sat with their backs to us, and I could
almost hear them snickering at us lowly workers.
There are only seven coordinating conjunctions in the English language, and
they are often remembered by using the acronym “FANBOYS”: for, and, nor, but,
or, yet and so.
2. Correlative conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that cannot stand by
sentence, and if not, each one from the pair is located in separate but closely related
sentences. The five correlative conjunctions include:
Both, and
Either, or
Neither, nor
Not only, also
Not only, but also
3. Subordinating Conjunctions
These conjunctions are used to join an independent and complete clause with
a dependent clause that relies on the main clause for meaning and relevance. The
dependent clause cannot exist on its own as a sentence and often does not make sense
without the main clause.
The subordinating conjunction always comes before the dependent clause but
the dependent clause itself can be placed either ahead of or following the
independent clause.
1.Since they had misbehaved, the boys were given one week suspensions from
school.
Here, we see the dependent clause is ‘they had misbehaved’ which is not a valid
sentence by itself.The independent main clause is ‘the boys were given one week
suspensions from school’.They are joined by the subordinating conjunction ‘since’.
2.He was fond of playing basketball because it was his father’s favourite game.
In this sentence, because is the subordinating conjunction as it introduces the
sentence is ‘he was fond of playing basketball’ as it is the sentence which can be said
independently and still be grammatically correct.
Subordinating conjunctions connect two groups of words by making one into a
subordinating clause. The subordinating clause acts as one huge adverb, answering
the questions “when” or “why” about the main clause, or imposing conditions or
opposition on it.
Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions changing a clause into
adverbial subordinating clauses in different ways:
I can go shopping after I finish studying for my exam. (when)
Because the night was young, Gertrude decided to take a walk. (why)
I’ll give you a dime if you give me a dollar. (condition)
Although he never figured out why, Hanna winked on her way out the door.
(opposition)
Other subordinating conjunctions are -As if, As in, As long as, As much as, Assuming
that, Before, Even though, How, In order that, In that, Now that, Once, Providing
that, So long as, So that, Than, That, Though, Unless, Until, When, Whenever,
Wherever, Whether, While. subordinating conjunction.dkdklsand the ste of discourse.
Cputati
2.3 Logical Relation
Logical relation is use conjunctions as a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins)
parts of a sentence. There seem to be two basic types of conjunctions. They are:
coordinating conjunctions used to connect two independent clauses and
subordinating conjunctions used to establish the relationship between the dependent
clause and the rest of the sentence.In several types of logical relation, preposition is
There are some defenition from some linguist experts of logical relation. The
defenitions as follows:
1. “ Logical relations are relations in which there is always the notion of
cause-EFFECT. Cause and effect are an action-reaction combination. The cause is the
reason something happens, and the effect is what happens as a result. Cause and
effect is seven tools of quality, shows the relationship of all factors (causes) that lead
to the given situation (effect)” Beekman and Callow (1974:300) and Barnwell
(1980:178)
2. A logical relation is an interpropositional relation in which a proposition is related to
another, in reasoning, as:
A premise to a conclusion, or
An antecedent to a consequent
(Ekkehard Konig:1986)
3.“The logical relation of a sentence (or utterance) is a formal representation of its logical structure; that is, of the structure which is relevant to specifying its logical role and properties. There are a number of (interrelated) reasons for giving a rendering of a sentence's logical form, to give the proper form for the determination of truth-conditions, to show those aspects of a sentence's meaning which follow from the logical role of certain term (the truth-functional account of conjunction) and to formalize or regiment the language in order to show that it is has certain metalogical properties” (Robert E Longacre:1983).
4.“ Logical relation shows the relationship of all factors (causes) that lead to the
given situation (effect). It identifies major causes and breaks them down into
sub-causes and further sub-divisions” (Bruce Hollenbach:1975)
5.Logical relation is a problem-solution pattern. A problem-solution pattern divides
information into two main section, one that describe a problem and one that describe
a solution.This pattern is typically used in persuasive writing, where the writer’s
pattern is designed to compel the reader to make some kind of change opinion or
behaviour by establishing that a problem exist, then providing a solution.In the
problem section, the writer identifies different aspects of the problem being
discussed and offers evidence of these problems. In the solution section,the writer
identifies a potential solution and supports the effectiveness of this solution over
others.
Beekman , Callow and Barnwell’s theory of logical relation is so compact
and easy to understand. Next, the writer will introduce the seven kinds of logical
relation completely.
2.3.1 Kinds of Logical Relation
Barnwell Beekman and Callow (1974:300) and Barnwell (1980:178) in Meaning
Based Translation divide logical relation into seven kinds. It is sometimes called
argumentation relations. Logical Relations can be divided into seven kinds. Each of
logical relations is discussed and exemplified. However, in order to focus on the
contrast between them, the following examples are given.
2.3.1.1 Reason-RESULT
In the reason-RESULT relation the proposition which has the role of reason
answer the question “why this result?”. In your written and spoken assignment you
will often need to annswer question ‘why?’.When you want to explain why
something happens, you can use a reason clause introduced by the conjunction such
Notice the following sentences:
1.Mary took a vacation because she was tired.
2.Since Mary was tired, she took a vacation.
2.3.1.2 Means-RESULT
Means-RESULT is the relationship in which the means proposition answer
the question “how did this result come about?” The Means-RESULT relation
use conjunction Such as by,with, through . For example, He won the race by practici
ng a lot.The RESULT is he won therace and the means by which he did this was he
practiced a lot. Means always carries the idea of intention ,whereas, reason does not.
In the following sentences, the part of the sentence which encodes the means
proposition is in italics:
1.By working very hard, he finished early.
2.They protected the house from the thieves through constant vigilance .
3.The students won the tournament by playing together well.
4.By putting money in the Bank, he saved enough to buy a house.
2.3.1.3 Purpose –MEANS
Purpose-MEANS is a relationship in which the MEANS proposition answer
the question “what was done in order to achieve this purpose?. Here again, there is
deliberate intention in that a deliberate MEANS was used to bring about at particular
purpose.The difference between means-RESULT and purpose-MEANS is that the
RESULT was actually brought about but the purpose may or may not have been
Notice the difference between the following:
Means-RESULT : By studying hard, he passed his exam.
Purpose-MEANS: In order to pass the exam, he studied hard (but he didn’t pass).
Purpose-MEANS relation is often signaled by conjunction in order to and
so that. Sometimes the infinitive is used. For example, She went to call him to dinner
consist of two propositions; the MEANS, she went, and the purpose, (in order that)
she call him to dinner.
In the following sentences the part of the sentence which is encoding a purpose
preposition is in italics:
1.Jhon went to the store to buy a book.
2.In order to get there on time, they took a taxi.
3.I came to wake you up.
4.He hang it up to dry ( in order that it dry out)
This relation is often marked with such conjunction Therefore, Thus, In
consequence, Consequently, For this /that reason.
In the following display (adapted from Beekman, Callow, and Kopesec
1981:102) may be helpful in showing the contrast between the three relations
discussed above.
Cause-effect Intention Effect Cause answer the question:
REASON-RESULT
No Actual Why this result?
MEANS-RESULT Yes How did this result come about ?
MEANS-PURPOSE
Potential What action was undertaken to
2.3.1.4 Concession-CONTRAEXPECTATION
A Concession CONTRAEXPECTATION is a relation of unexpectedness bet
ween propositions. Some propositions in the relation as unexpected (the
contraexpectation) in light of some other propositions (the
concession).Concession-CONTRAEXPECTATION relation has an element of “unexpectedness.” There are
three parts:
1.a cause (the concession part)
2.an expected effect, and
3.An unexpected result (the CONTRAEXPECTATION part).
Notice the following sentence: Although the doctor told Bill to stay home,he went to
the ball game.The three parts are:
1.The cause : The doctor told Bill to stay home.
2.The expected effect : Bill stayed home.
3.The unexpected effect : Bill went to the ball game.
Notice that second proposition, that is, the expected effect, is not included in
the English sentence.Only the cause and the unexpected effect occur. However, the
English sentence, In spite of the doctor’s instruction, Bill went to the ball game
instead of staying home, includes all three. The english sentence The doctor told Bill
to stay home, but he didn’t includes the cause and the expected effect negated. All
these forms have the same meaning.
In English, this relation is often marked by the subordinating conjunction
such as although, (even) though, whereas, even if, yet, in spite of, but. In the
following sentences, the part of the sentence which is enconding a concession
proposition is in italics. Implicit information is added in parentheses.
(Implied expected effect : They ought to feel sick)
2.I waited a long time but no one come.
(Implied expected effect: Someone would come)
3.In spite of what the man said they didn’t stay.
(Implied expected effect : They would stay)
4.Even if I get up early I’ll have to hurry.
(Implied expected effect : I shouldn’t have to hurry.)
2.3.1.5 Grounds-CONCLUSION
Grounds-CONCLUSION relation answer the question “What fact is this
conclusion based on?” The relationship between the grounds and CONCLUSION
can be stated with the words therefore, I conclude that, or one concludes that
between the two propositions. For example, The door is unlocked so Mary must be
home consist of two proposition. The grounds, The door is unlocked and the
CONCLUSION, Mary must be home. The relationship could be stated: The door is
unlocked, therefore, I conclude that Mary is home. In English, the grounds-
CONCLUSION relation typically uses the words so and must be. In the following
sentences, the part of the sentences, the part of the sentence which is encoding the
grounds proposition in in italics.
1.The wind is blowing so it must be that it is going to rain soon.
2.It must be late because it’s getting dark.
2.3.1.6 Grounds-EXHORTATION
The Grounds-EXHORTATION relation is most like the
grounds-CONCLUSION relation, however, in grounds-grounds-CONCLUSION the grounds-CONCLUSION
is a statement and in Grounds-EXHORTATION the EXHORTATION is always a
command. Notice the difference between the two following examples:
grounds-CONCLUSION : The floor is clean, therefore, someone must have swept it.
Grounds-EXHORTATION : The floor is clean so kept it that way.
The conjunction which typically are used in English to mark the
grounds-EXHORTATION relation are so and therefore. In the following sentences, the part
of the sentence which is encoding the grounds proposition is in italics:
1.Father just painted the table, so don’t touch it.
2.It’s getting late, so let’s go to bed.
3.Peter like fish, so give him plenty.
2.3.1.7 Condition-CONSEQUENCE
The Condition CONSEQUENCE relation is also of the cause EFFECT type. H
owever, the cause, that is, the condition, is either hypotical or there is some element
of uncertainty. This relation has often been subdivided into contrary-to–fact and
potential fact.This subdivisions is pointed out in Barnwell 1980:183-184. Both types
are characteristically signaled by conjunction if. If that had happened, then this
would have happened. For example, if it had rained, I would have stayed home; If
Jhon gets home in time, we’ll go.
In a contrary to fact Condition CONSEQUENCE relation, the condition is hy
pothetical or imagined and did not, will not, or no is not expected to actually take
did not occur or is not expected to. For example, notice this sentence if were
younger, I would go to Europe. The first proposition is the condition and is
contrary-to-fact since I am not younger. I would go to Europe, which is the consequence, is
also simply hypotical. In the sentence If he had not missed the bus, he would be there
now, the first proposition is the condition and the second is the
CONSEQUENCE. Neither is a fact. They are only imagined.
Notice that the contrary-to-fact condition-CONSEQUENCE examples given
above are in the past tense.That is, they are things that propositions are in the future
tense.This is true when they refer to EVENTS which are not expected to happen. For
example, If I were to die tommorow, who would run the store?
The second type of condition-CONSEQUENCE relation is that of a potential
fact. The propositions are either in the present or future. It is also unknown wheter
the condition will be met which will result in the CONSEQUENCE or not. For
example, If you get there early, you will get inside. Since it has not yet happened, this
is simply a potential fact.The CONSEQUENCE of getting inside is dependent on the
condition of getting there early.
In the following sentences, the part of the sentence which encodes the
condition proposition is in italics.The first four examples illustrate contrary-to-fact
and the second two is potential fact.
1.If you had asked me, I would have helped you.
2.If he had eaten his dinner, he wouldn’t be hungry now.
3.Jhon would have caught the bus, if he had not stopped to talk.
4.I would have come earlier, if you had asked me to.
5.If a will is not signed, it is not valid.
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Research Method
The method of this thesis is qualitative research because the researcher observed and analyzed directly the subject of this study. Qualitative research is concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena. Bogdan and Biklen (1982) propose five characteristics of qualitative research as quoted from Aulia (2010:29), they are;
a. Qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and researcher is the key instrument.
b. Qualitative research is descriptive. The data collected is in the form of words of pictures rather than number.
c. Qualitative research is concern with process rather than simply with outcomes or products.
d. Qualitative research tends to analyze their data inductively. e. “Meaning” is essential to the qualitative approach.
The design of this research is descriptive qualitative method since the data are in the form of words. This point discusses the way to collect, analyze, and get the valid data due to the need of completing the research objectives. Therefore, even when certain statistics were calculated, the writer used it to form a descriptive qualitative conclusion to describe the logical relation in the articles. The data are analyzed descriptively based on Beekman and Callow and Barnwell ‘s theory that is logical relation used in globe asia magazine. The technique which was used in this research is the analysis of written contents in selected articles.
3.2. Data and Data Source
This magazine consist of 35 articles but the writer limit the analysis on 21 articles in oder to avoid overlapping.
The more specific page where the writer took her data is on the page: A new
ecosystem for manufacturing (page 12), Managing labor the pancasila way (Page
14), US-Indonesia relations post elections (Page 16), Readers say (Page 18),Iran’s
death spiral-II (Page 20-22), Harnessing the power of sovereign wealth funds (Page
24-26), Charting a new course (Page 28-30), Safeguarding Indonesia’s national
security (Page 32-33), The art of balancing business perspective (page 34-39), The
apartment king (Page 40-46), A global network of Indonesians:a new meaning to
diaspora (48-50), The limits of economic forecasting(Page 52-54), Engage, Holcim’s
formula for workplace synergy (Page 56-58), Looking beyond the domestic
maket (Page 60-61),Yellow for Express in battle of the cabs (Page 62-63), Getting
your nose ahead (Page 68-70), Talking about energy sovereigny (Page 72-74), A
conversation with Rudi Rubiandini (Page 76-77) , Building a bridge across the
pacific (Page 78-80), The importance of professionnal education (Page
82-83), Unlocking new trade potential (Page 84-85).
This research focuses on logical relation in globe asia magazine. From the
data source, the researcher analyzes the logical relation focusing on the categories of
logical relation based on Beekman and Callow and Barnwell ‘s theory which are
classified as Reason-Result, Means-Result, Purpose
-Means,Concession-Contraexpectation,Grounds-Conclusion,
3.2 Data Collecting Method
The data was taken from the globe asia magazine that focus on 21 articles as
mentioned before. The data of the logical relation was read for many times in order
to get a better understanding. Then the data was numbered based on the sequence of
the sentence.
3.4 Data Analyzing Method
In writing and analyzing the data in this, a descriptive qualitative method was
used. The qualitative research is also called as naturalistic qualitative research
because the research is done in a natural setting. Qualitative research is more
descriptive because the data shaped of words and more emphasize on process than
product. Descriptive research consists of explanation about variable which examined
by giving the defenition from another reference, so that the things researched are
more complete and directed.
As Miles and Huberman said (in analisis data kualitative : 20) said,
Merupakan upaya yang belanjut, berulang, dan terus menerus.Masalah redu ksi data ,penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan/rangkaian verifikasi menjadi gambaran keberhasilan secara berurutan sebagai rangkaian kegiatan analisis yang saling susul-menyusul.Namun dua hal lainnya itu senantiasa merupakan bagian dari lapangan (Qualitative data analysis is an ongoing effort, repetotive, and continuosly. Problem of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusion/verification into the image of successs in a sequence as a series of events followed one after another each analysis. But, the two other things have always been a part of the field)
The data is analyzed in two steps. First, the data was identified. Second, the
kinds of logical relation that found in each articles was categorized and
classified.The classification is done by grouping the data depending on the
problem.The purpose of grouping here are to find out the types of logical relation
In writing this thesis, the common statistic formula based on educational
statistic also used to count the percentages of each translation procedure in a
table. The table is made for making classification of each kinds of logical relation
such as:
Reason-RESULT
Means-RESULT
Purpose -MEANS
Concession-CONTRAEXPECTATION
Grounds-CONCLUSION,
Ground-EXHORTATION,
Condition-CONSEQUENCE.
The formula:
x 100 %
In which:
N= the percentage of types of logical relation.
X= the number of types of logical relation.
Y= the total number off all types of logical relation.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Data Description
The following is the data based on the types of logical relation:
R-R= Reason-RESULT G-C= Ground-CONCLUSIO
M-R= Means-RESULT G-E=Ground -EXHORTATION
P-M= Purpose -MEANS C-C= Condition-CONSEQUENCE C-C= Concession-CONTRAEXPECTATION
No The title of article
The data The types of logical
relation R - R M - R P -M C -C G -C G -E C -C
1. A new ecosystem for manufa cturing (page 12)
1. It will have to do more to promote entrepreneurs.
X
2. The country’s manufacturing sector, once the region’s star performer, was devasted by
the 1998 Asian financial crisis.
X
3. While other countries such as Malaysia and Thailand recovered quickly from the crisis, Indonesia took more than a decade
to get back on its feet.
X
4. It is critical that the goverment work with the private sector to revive the manufacturing sector if the country hopes to achieve its goal of a being a top 10 global economy in the next 30 years.
X
5. More Importanly, Indonesia needs to tech up-attract more value-added industries
to locate here and invest in skills training
and R$D. 2. Managing labor the pancasila way (Page 14)
1.Business, on the other hand, has to find a way to employ workers on a full time basis.
X
2. There is no sign that the pesangon clauses
are about to be revised, so business must find another way to achieve a sound and productive workplace environment.
X
3.By creating value together, both sides of industrial relations coin also deserve to
benefit together.
X
4. Workers could not tell management what to do but they were shown all details of company performance.
X
5.They were shown all details of company performance so they understood some of the complexity of business.
X
6. A share of profit went into company housing and other programs to improve social justice.
X
7. Heads of labor unions were invited to work closely with management in order to
understand the process of business.
X
8. In the Pancasila system, no tolerance should be allowed for cheating of any form, since a person who cheats will never succeed.
X
9.To a degree, this was a process of educati on, empowering workers to consider themselves as a stakeholders.
X
10. The pancasila system has the advantage of providing benefits for both workers and the company as a whole by means of
resolving differences through musywarah-to achieve social justice.
3. US-Indonesia relations post elections (Page 16)
1. President Obama and VP Joe Biden, or giving a chance to the republican ticket of Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan to work in the white house.
X
2. But the country’s size and particularly its global influence have always made the US presidential elections an attractive event for many around the world to follow.
X
3. Although foreign policy has rarely dominated US presidential elections after the Cold war, it is critical that presidential candidates do not take their eyes of what is happening in the rest of the world.
X
4. If elected, he would declare China as a currency manipulator.
X
4. Readers say (Page
18)
1. I think it was a good move on Berita Satu’s part to partner with Telkomvision,
because this means that the letter’s subscribes all over Indonesia, including those in remote areas, can now watch Berita satu news.
X
2. I would be grateful if you could send me more information on the women’s who’s who Indonesia. X 5. Iran’s death spiral-II (Page 20-22)
1.This slide has been punctuated by
dramatic collapse in the demand for the rial.
X
2. It was at this 35,000 IRR/USD rate that I first calculated the monthly inflation rate implied by the rial’s depreciation.
X
fore, is just one more monkey wrench that is being thrown in the wheels of the economy.
4. If a diplomatic solution cannot be found (admittedly a very difficult task), then Iran promises to be one of those situations that produce a “horrible end”or a” horror without end”. X 6. Harnessing the power of sovereign wealth funds (Page 24-26)
1. A new breed of corporate players has emerged with the power to alter the course of economic history.
X
2. Buying large stakes in companies and giving goverments’ exposure to sector they may otherwise be unable to achieve.
X
3.They allow governments to use capital
flows to strengthen their domestic economies by investing in new indutries or acquiring assets in othes countries.
X
4.Economic growth, however ,is also determined by shifts in capital flows and the
ability to leverage on such flows.
X
5.Over the past half century, capital has flowed from the developed west to
developing nations, allowing western economies to acquire assets and strengthen their positions.
X
6. SWFs are key players in this rebalancing of economic and political powers because
they help to facilitate the global flow of capital.
X
7. Indonesia must also follow suit and establish a SWF as soon as possible to take
advantage of this shifts in the balance of global power.
8. If the nation wants to be a player on the economic global stage , it must have the financial resources.
X
9. We must start thinking out of the box if
we are to grow our economy .
X
10. With the southern Europe now undergoing a severe financial crisis, a
sovereign wealth fund could be used to acquire petrochemical plants in Spain or Italy.
X
11. With foreign reserves of over $100 bilion, Indonesia now has the financial means to similiarly acquire assets in regions
of the world that are experiencing economic troubles.
X
12. It would allow us to expand our economic reach far and wide and give our economy another leg to build on.
X
13. A jointly managed SWF would also enable the private sector to participate in the process and provide inputs on the invesment strategy and pricing.
X
7. Charting a new course
(Page 28-30)
1. And since then she has succesfully restructured the company and charted a new future by focusing on coal shipments beyond operating oil tankers and getting traditional contracts from state-owned oil and gas corporation Pertamina.
X
2. We followed up on my father’s initiatives
to clinch coal contrasts.
3.The companies realized a need to move commodities, or merchandise that has a distinctive nature and needs a special kinds of vessels to transport it.
X
4. A special projects division was established to carry out shipments serving the power generation, liquefied natural gas, cement, steel,paper and pulp, nickel, coal, iron ore and oil and gas industries.
X
5. She and her team went on to obtain the contracts needed to sustain the business.
X
6. She has worked her way up to become a chairman of the Indonesians Shipowners Association (INSA)
X
7. Carmelita also called on the goverment
and port operators to expedite modernization of ports in facing the implementation of ASEAN Economic and Community in 2015.
X
8. ”We hope that this task force can take
root with help of the state-owned enterprises.
X
9. To balance a heavy schedule, one needs
to make priorities and allocate time wisely.
X 8. Safeguardi ng Indonesia’ s national security (Page 32-33)
1. Armed with a strong background in and solid knowledge about Indonesia’s defense systems,Connie Rahakundini Bakrie has every right to claim a place among the country’s top defense analyst.
X
2. Her marriage to Djaja Suparman, the former commander of the elite Army Strategic Reserve Command(Kostrad), help
ed her to understand a diverse range of issues with depth and breadth.
3. They often fail to find approaches that are relevant and ideal because of the lack of integrated understanding about topic.
X
4. Indonesia should own at least four aircraft carriers to maintain sovereignty.
X
5. She followed up with a second work, Defending Indonesia, in which she
promotes the idea of parties coming together to create an ideal national defense system.
X
6. China is emerging as a super power, she posits, and should be regarded as a way to
achieve this equilibrium.
X
7. To strengthen a nation and take the lead on the international stage, a country must develop both economic and military system.
X
9. The art of balancing business perspective
(page 34-39)
1. Perhaps it is Sunaryo’s personal perspective...this borderless universe..tying the works and themes one to another, seamlessly across boundaries...and his personal philosophy that emphasizes social responsibilty, civic integrity, philan thropy, environmental protection and identity that so captures Ciptadana’s
imagination.
X
2. Interaction between art and business serves to enrich both parties, spiritually, so cially, culturally and materially.
X
3. Through their art program, which also features an annual art calender and art
talk, Ciptadana hopes to inspire its clients and business partners to connect with this rewarding and stimulating adventure into Indonesia’s cultural and artistic heritage, and benefit both themselves and the creative individuals that play such an important role in helping define contemporary Indonesia.
4. Through its key subsidiaries, Ciptadana provides a wide ranging, innovative, person alized range of financial services and products, covering securities brokerage, ass et management, invesment banking, multi-finance and now far more.
X
10. The apartment king(Page
40-46)
1. In 1986, leadership of the enterprise was delegated to Trihatma, who set out to
accelerate its performance.
X
2. The underlaying prospects and opportunities in the market continue to encourage Agung Podomoro Group to keep moving forward.
X
3. While tycoons including Prajogo Pangestu and Putera Sampoerna started to diversify from their core business, eager to
take on new challenges.
X
4. Luke S.Rowe, a senior technical advisor at property consultant procon, recalls that there was a reversal of the normal urban pattern and developers became eager to cater to the trend by building apartments in the CBD and surrounding areas.
X
securities maxi Liesyaputra says living in Jakarta had become expensive due to the money spent on fuel.
6. ”For us, this limited citycape is never a barrier, because we are experts in vertical construction.
X
7. This year, the company is planning capital expenditure of between Rp 3.5-3.8 trillion, although by the end of the first half only about Rp 1 trillion has been committed.
X
8. It will soon aqcuire six parcels of land in Jakarta, Bandung and Karawang to expand its land bank.
X
9. The Indonesian property market
continues to defy the gloom that has settled over much of the rest of the world due to
the financial crisis in Europe and the slow recovery of the American economy.
X
10. The Indonesian market continues to run
hot, with demand allowing developers to
push up prices.
X
11. Generally, a balanced and healty property market needs stability and balance in selling prices in order to focus on maintaining the level of demand.
X
12. Many expatriates have been attracted by the comfortable and affordable units with easy access to the airport.
X
13. Property consultan Coldwell Banker Indonesia says that in the past three years land prices have risen 75%. Demand is
driven by the presence of 10,000 expatriates.
14. With prices starting from Rp 150 million per unit at Kalibata City, developers could still realize profits.
X
15. To optimize the margins Trihatma told management to also build a mall to give added-value.
X
11. A global
network of Indonesian s:a new meaning to diaspora (48-50)
1. They had no way of creating synergy
because they didn’t know one another.
X
2. The united states is a large a country but
the map is peppered with dots large and small.
X
3. That “somebody “is the Indonesian ambassador to the United States, Dino Patti Djalal, a career diplomat who grew up and is therefore familiar with the joys and tribulation of being an expatriate.
X
4. President Yudhoyono sent a video message that called on the Indonesian to
help make the country one of the world’s ten largest economies.
X
5. He also revealed that make revealed that Foreign Ministry Marty Natalegawa was already developing a policy to facilitate the formation of diaspora communities.
X
6. People say she could be president of Indonesia if she were persuaded to run for the office.
X
7. From where she is now, she can do more
to defeat poverty.
never be the biggest, as long as the chinese diaspora is around.
9. Much has been said and written about the “generational haunting” of the two diasporas by suppressed memories of violence and shame.
X
10. We are all parts of that diaspora by virtue of our humanity.
X
11. In that sense the Indonesian diaspora is
hardly unique and yet, if it maintains its momentum it could turn out to be one the best things that ever happened to Indonesia.
X
12. The limits of economic
forecasting (Page
52-54)
1. After World War II, experts also forecast that Argentina, due to its Western mindset and rich natural endowments, would
become one of the most prosperous countries in the world.
X
2. And in the ‘70s a number of experts believed that the global temperature would decrease gradually because air pollution
would block sunshine from reaching the earth’s surface, a phenomenon known as global cooling .
X
3. Not being able to accurately predict human behaviour is the reason behind the failure to forecast economic crises, inclu
ding the Asian financial crisis in 1998.
X
4. Consequently, any strong economic foundation turned out to be useless, since it was build on top of unstable soil.
X
5. Favorable predictions can create optimism that will stimulate people to work
hard. 13. Engage,Ho lcim’s formula for workplace synergy(Pa ge 56-58)
1. For many years everything was done
by high-level management, and
by delegating down through the organization, this led us to achieve,” states Ginley.
X
2. To enhance human development,the company built a ”conceptual academy,” in which everybody in the company was a student in an in-house learning process.
X
3.Enterprise based Vocational Education (EVE) selects motivated local high-school graduates and guides them through a demanding three year education program to become qualified professional technicians.
X
4. Various analysts believe that around 65% of the population will live in urban environments in 2020. So the city will grow.
X
5. If GDP growth continues above 6%; this will be the main driver for cement consumption to double.
X
6. Building the Turban plant has involved
six years of working to convince local people to accept the plane.
X
7. You need to be creative and innovative enough to find inclusive growth.
X
8. So far, most of the graduates have chosen to continue to work with us.
X
9. “This year,we started to import a few hundred thousand tons as demand
continues to grow fast, overtaking our production capacity.
10. We are here to sell cement to the domestic market.
X
11. The cement industry has struggled to
keep up with demand as the economy has pumped along at a strong rate.
X
12. This is important, because the local neighbours effectively give you a license to
operate. X 14. Looking beyond the domestic maket (Page 60-61)
1. PT Mayora Indah Tbk is serious about being innovative and developing new products to whet appetities all over the world.
X
2. Mayora has kept a close eye on demand from new markets globally, and has implemented the latest technologies to continue to drive the in-house development of an expanded range of consumer foods.
X
3. Mayora’s Jatake 2 plant is already running at full capacity, and the company needs to expand by building new plants to meet an increasing demand of between 20 and 30%, as well as that coming from beyond the domestic market.
X
4. True to its tagline, the company also has plans to introduce a number of new products, although these have not been factored into this year’s budget.
X
5. High export figures have also prompted the management to look into building production facilities abroad.
6. Mayora has allocated 75% of its capital expenditure to increase production capacity.
X
15 Yellow for Express in
battle of the cabs (Page
62-63)
1. It wants to snap up a rival to help expand its operations in the Greater Jakarta area.
X
2. ”We are acquiring a small taxi operator that is not operating yet because we need their license for 2,000 units of taxis,”
X
3. Acquiring rank-and file-companies is part of the group’s ambitious plan to take
Express Transindo out of the ranks of the also-rans and into market leadership.
X
4. Analyst and fund managers in Jakarta said that being owned by one of the country’s reputable business group should provide a solid base for express as it tries to
capitalize on rising purchasing power in Indonesia’s economy.
X
5. Officials at the company and group say Rajawali Group wants to take Express to
become one of the leading transportation
companies in the country.
X
6. The strategy aims to dominate the Greater Jakarta market in three years by securing as much as 35% of the market.
X
7. Through its joint venture company, Jogja Magasa Iron, it owns a 70% interest in the Yogyakarta pig iron project located along the Kulon Progo and Serang rivers.
X
8. In turn this must adress the urgent need to stop groundwater extraction to reduce the rate at which the nothern part of the city is sinking.
9. Adi sarana,is planning to tap the capital market to benefit from bullish sentiment in the local stock exchange.
X 16 Getting your nose ahead (Page 68-70)
1. Business, at its best, is about risk-taking. Its about having the foreshight, and daring, to push ahead of the competition.
X
2. Reserves of strength are important, but the bold business operator will cut the tolerance level to the minimum in order to
get maximum risk.
X
3. The ability to read the road map of your particular business sector will allow you to regulate the speed and output of your business. So you don’t get caught if the economy turns sour, or can ramp up when you see demand increasing.
X
4. They can leave more resources in reserve
to provide a cushion for any downturn.
X
5. Motorist slowed their vehicles due to
traffic jam in Jakarta.
X
6. Reports from the London Stock Exchange suggest that moving ‘developments’ funds into a related subsidiary at the expense of the holding company might be one way to try to sneak past the rules.
X
7. It is common knowledge that police officers look for minor infraction of the (official) rules of the road in order to earn a little extra.
X
8. Education is probably the key, through
programs that encourage risk-taking and
develop creativity and the capacity for planning and impletation to achieve results.
9. Cheating on the traffic lights and competing with everything else on the road
in order to get the end of the journey.
X
10. If it is true that Indonesian are becoming more conscious of the benefits of business, and education can instill some of the basic underpinings of business behaviour, the future should be rosy.
X
11. Young bureucrats should by now appreciate that the important things is to encourage business to create wealth.
X
12.Controlling anarchic behaviour is a must
if society is not descend into a disastrous gridlock.
X
13. At best, society would do well to
regulate itself in a well mannered way.
X 17. Talking about energy sovereigny (Page 72-74)
1. Indonesia’s energy polictics are wide-ranging, influenced by some areas and impact many others.
X
2. ”The topic of energy and mineral resources cannot be seperated from domestic problems, which can be either caused by politics, economics or sensitive social issues.
X
3. And there are problems on the international stage too, due to misinterpreta tions and a lack of understanding of Indonesia’s policies.
X
4. Embassy officials and journalists came to this office to seek clarification.
5. ”I’ll give you an example: when the Fukushima meltdown prompted Japan to halt its nuclear power, they had no other choice but to use nuclear power again
because they don’t have gas.
X
6.”Our official should understand that we have this bargaining position, and should not just bow when it comes to representing Indonesia abroad. So should the analysts, some of whom have incorrect nationalist sentiments are calling for a stop to exports.
X
7. We should explain about the real interest of Indonesia and seek collaboration to have fairness and a win solution.
X
8. BUMNs may close sometimes, but the state surely will not.
X
9. Each drop of oil produced is for 240 million people,”Rudi said
Everyone, said Rudi, must work together.
X
10. Don’t worry ,the regents have already been told to sort the problem out.
X
11. Rudi said that the permit (Izin Usaha Pertambangan, or IUP) was issued by the regent before the locals were briefed about the mining activities,which is a requirement
which must be met before an IUP can be issued.
X
12. This has snowbal over time into a much larger problem, and prompted President
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono to issue an order calling on regents in the area to solve
the problem.
13. The tenant an the owner of the house can come to a compromise if they discuss it.
X 18 A conversati on with Rudi Rubiandini (Page 76-77)
1. From the regulator point of view, around
200 investors have come in during the past 10 years. But they are smallers ones.
X
2. Yes, the work of the central and regional goverments, and their departments, must be
coordinated under one system.
X
3. If the foreign investors understand the local culture, it will be easy.
X
4. They know that but they pretend they don’t.
X
5. The businessmen, although it’s natural
