AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN THE
TRANSLATED BUSINESS TERMS OF
RICKY W. GRIFFIN’SBUSINESS EIGHTH EDITION IN BAHASA INDONESIA
A THESIS
BY
NELLY SOFIYANI
REG. NO.: 070705051
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to give my biggest gratitude to Jesus Christ for
giving me His kindness, blessing, protection, strength in my life especially during
in the process of finishing my thesis. He is so awesome and best for me.
I would like to address my gratitude to the Head and the Secretary of
Department of English Dr. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S. and Dr. Nurlela, M. Hum for
their advice and encouragement during my study.
I would like to thank to all my lecturers in the English Department who
have taught me lesson so I can get knowledge and insight. My gratitude for my
academic Supervisor, Dra. Syahrar Hanum, D.P. F. E , who has supported me
during my study in the English Department. And also bang Am for his help in
administration matters.
I also would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Roswita Silalahi,
Dip. TESOL, M. Hum and Dr. Drs. Eddy Setia M. Ed. TESP as my Supervisor
and my Co-Supervisor. I am so grateful for their helps, guidance, understanding,
contributions to my thesis.
My deepest and highest gratitude is due to my beloved parents, Parman
Manalu and Riana Br. Marbun. I am so grateful for their loves, supports, prayers.
And I also give my thanks to my lovely brothers and sisters, Rudi, Rinto, Fisco,
Rida, Rita, Rina for giving me spirit in finishing my thesis. You are so cool.
Thanks for my lovely friends, “Graceful’ Ida, Ken, Marina, Mariana, Ane. There
are always nice and fun memories when we study and struggle together to finish
our school. There are no friends like you all guys. I love you all, thanks for
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis of Translation Procedures in the Translated Business Terms of Ricky W. Griffin Business Eighth Edition in Bahasa Indonesia. Skripsi ini menganalisis terjemahan istilah-istilah bisnis yang terdapat pada buku Ricky W. Griffin, Bisnis Edisi Kedelapan dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah menganalisa apakah prosedur terjemahan yang merupakan cara atau strategi dalam menerjemahkan bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran berlaku dalam menerjemah istilah-istilah bisnis atau tidak.
Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Vinay dan Darbelnet dalam Venuti (2000:84-93) mengenai prosedur terjemahan. Vinay dan Darbelnet membagi prosedur terjemahan menjadi 7 prosedur yaitu: (a) peminjaman , (b) calque, (c)
terjemahan harafiah, (d) transposisi, (e) modulasi, dan (f) equivalence, (g) adaptasi.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi adalah metode penelitian pustaka dalam mencari referensi yang berhubungan dengan skripsi dan metode kualitatif deskriptif dalam menganalisa data.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……….i
ABSTRAK………ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………iii
LIST OF TABLES………...vi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION……….1
1.1 Background of the Analysis……….1
1.2 Problem of the Analysis………...2
1.3 Objectives of the Analysis………...2.
1.4 Scope of the Analysis………..3
1.5 Significances of the Analysis………..3
1.6 Literature Review………4
CHAPTER II AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES 2.1 Translation………..6
2.1.1 Art, Craft, and Science………..7
2.1.2 Language and Culture ………..9
2.2 Translation Procedures………..10
2.2.2 Calque………....13
2.2.3 Literal Translation………..14
2.2.4 Transposition………..15
2.2.5 Modulation………...15
2.2.6 Equivalence………...16
2.2.7 Adaptation………17
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY………19
3.1 Research Method………19
3.2 Data Collecting Method………...19
3.3 Data Analysis Method………....22
3.4 Models of Presenting the Result of Analysis………21
CHAPTER IV AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES 4.1 Data ………...23
4.2 Data Analysis……….29
4.3 Discussions………38
4.3.1 Borrowing………38
4.3.2 Calque………..54
4.3.3 Literal Translation………61
4.3.5 Modulation………...64
4.3.6 Equivalence………..66
4.3.7 Adaptation………66
4.4 Data Findings………66
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION………..69
5.1. Conclusion……….69
5.2. Suggestion……….70
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : Percentage of each of lexical borrowing………5
Table 2 : Educational Statistic……….21
Table 3 : An Example of Presenting the Result of Analysis………21
Table 4 : Data………...23
Table 5 : Data Analysis……….29
Table 6 : Borrowing (Pure Loan)………..38
Table 7 : Borrowing (Mix Loan)………..40
Table 8 : Borrowing (Loan Blends)………..44
Table 9 : Calque………...54
Table 10 : Literal Translation……….61
Table 11 : Transposition………63
Table 12 : Modulation………..64
Table 13 : Translation Procedures Findings………..67
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis of Translation Procedures in the Translated Business Terms of Ricky W. Griffin Business Eighth Edition in Bahasa Indonesia. Skripsi ini menganalisis terjemahan istilah-istilah bisnis yang terdapat pada buku Ricky W. Griffin, Bisnis Edisi Kedelapan dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah menganalisa apakah prosedur terjemahan yang merupakan cara atau strategi dalam menerjemahkan bahasa sumber ke bahasa sasaran berlaku dalam menerjemah istilah-istilah bisnis atau tidak.
Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Vinay dan Darbelnet dalam Venuti (2000:84-93) mengenai prosedur terjemahan. Vinay dan Darbelnet membagi prosedur terjemahan menjadi 7 prosedur yaitu: (a) peminjaman , (b) calque, (c)
terjemahan harafiah, (d) transposisi, (e) modulasi, dan (f) equivalence, (g) adaptasi.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi adalah metode penelitian pustaka dalam mencari referensi yang berhubungan dengan skripsi dan metode kualitatif deskriptif dalam menganalisa data.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Analysis
Generally, translation is known as a process of transferring the meaning
from source language to the target language. Catford (1965:20) says that
translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source
language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language). In
translating the meaning of source language to target language, a translator needs a
way or strategy of translating. Some experts say it as methods of translation, and
the others say as translation procedures.
In this thesis, the writer analyses translation procedures. This analysis is
important to do because the writer wants to see whether the translation procedures
exist in translating business terms or not. Also, this analysis helps the translators
or the readers in order to see the way of translating the meaning of source
language (business terms) efficiently.
The writer uses business terms as the data of research found in Business,
Eighth Edition book. This book is different from other books. Besides giving a
clear explanation about the developing of business world and how to run a
business, it also provides business terms used in business activities. It is very
useful for readers, especially for the business men, students of economics and also
for people who want to run a business. So that it makes the writer interested in
The theory that the writer uses in analyzing the data is the theory of Vinay
and Darbelnet about translation procedures. Vinay And Darbelnet theory is the
first classification of translation procedures that have a clear explanation. Vinay
and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) mention that the procedure of translation
can be divided into two covering procedures , they are (a) literal or direct
translation; which covers borrowing, calque, and literal translation, (b) oblique
translation which covers equivalence, transposition, modulation and adaptation.
For example: the term ‘bonus’ (Source Text) is translated into Bahasa
Indonesia as ‘bonus’ (Target Text). The procedure in translating that term is called
borrowing. Borrowing is the simplest of all translation procedures, the Source
Language is directly transferred to the Target Language.
1.2 Problems of the Analysis
Based on the background above the discussions are about,
a. What kinds of translation procedures found in the target text?
b. What is the most dominant translation procedure found in the target
text?
1.3 Objectives of the Analysis
The objectives of the analysis are to answer the problems above that can
be described as follows:
a. To find and to analyze the translation procedures found in the target
b. To find out the dominant type of the translation procedures found in
the target text.
1.4 Scope of the Analysis
In this thesis, the writer focus on analyzing translation procedures based
on Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory. They are (a) literal or direct translation; which
covers borrowing, calque, and literal translation, (b) oblique translation which
covers transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. The data (business
terms) are taken from Ricky W. Griffin’s Business Eighth Edition and its
translation Bisnis Edisi Delapan. The book consists of thirteen chapters. In order
to make the research more efficient and accurate especially in conserving money,
times and energy, the writer takes the data at random. It is called systematical
random sampling. Riduwan (2008:61) says Sampling Sistematis ialah
pengambilan sampel didasarkan atas urutan dari populasi yang diberi nomor
urut. Setelah pemberian nomor urut, pengambilan sampel dapat dilakukan
berdasarkan nomor genap atau ganjil atau dengan nomor kelipatannya.
(‘Systematical sampling is a sample making based on the turn of population that
has already given the line numbers, sample making could be done based on even
numbers, odds numbers or even double numbers.). From explanation above, the
writer takes the data from even chapters (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12).
1.5 Significances of the Analysis
There are theoretical and practical significances that can be taken from this
students of English department to expand their knowledge about translation.
Practically, this thesis can be used by translator in practicing the translation and
also in Foreign Language Teaching. Also can be used for businessmen or
economics students in order to increase their vocabulary about business terms.
1.6 Literature Review
To support the ideas of this thesis, I have consulted some references
concerned with the topic to support the analysis. Those references are:
Bell (1991), the aim of translation is to reproduce as accurately as possible
all grammatical and lexical features of the source language original by finding
equivalents in the target language. At the same time all the factual information
contained in the original text must be retained in the translation. He then suggests
that there are three distinguishable meaning for the word. It can refer to:.
(1)Translating : The process (to translate, the activity rather than the tangible
object)
(2) A Translation : The Product of the process of the translation
(3) Translation : the abstract concept that encompasses both the process
of translating and the product of the process.
Haugen in Siregar (2009:73), there are some possibilities that may occur
borrowing. First, borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure
loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but without changing the
meaning (mix loan), and the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and
Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:84-93) mention that the methods of translation
can be divided into two covering methods , they are (a) literal or direct translation;
which covers borrowing, calque, and literal translation, (b) oblique translation
which covers transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.
Besides those experts and their theories above, I also read some thesis
relating to this topic. Prasasty (2002:4) in her thesis “An Analysis of English
Lexical Borrowing Found In PT. Nestle Indonesia’s Catalogue” gives a
contribution to this thesis. She uses descriptive qualitative method in writing the
thesis. She also uses common statistic formula based on “educational statistic” to
count the percentage of each type of lexical borrowing. Then she draws the
percentages of each lexical borrowing on a table.
Table 1. Percentage of each of lexical borrowing (2002:4)
No Type of Lexical Borrowing Number of Cases Percentages
1
2
3
Loan Words
Loan Shifts
Loan Blends
83 Cases
12 Cases
25 Cases
63%
12 %
25%
CHAPTER II
AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES
2.1Translation
The definition of translation can be different based on experts theories and
opinion. Some definitions have already discussed above. Webster’s New World
dictionary (2002:152) defines ‘to translate’ as follows:
1. To move from one place or condition to another; transfer;
specif..,a) Theol. to convey directly to heaven without
death, b) Ecless. To transfer (a bishop) from one see to
another; also, to move ( a saint’s body or remains) from one
place of interment to another.
2. To put into the words of s different language
3. To change into another medium or form to translate ideas
into action
4. To put into different words; rephrase or paraphrase in
explanation
5. To transmit (a telegraphic message) again by means of an
automatic relay.
Foster (1958:1) says “Translation as the act of transferring through which
the content of a text is transferred from the SL into the TL.”
Hatim and Munday (2004:6) prefer to talk of ‘the ambit of translation’
1. The process of transferring a written text from SL to TL, conducted by a
translator, or translators, in a specific socio-cultural content.
2. The written product, or TT, which results from that process and which
functions in the socio-cultural context of the TL.
3. The cognitive, linguistic, visual, cultural and ideological phenomena
which are an integral part of 1 and 2.
Wills (1977:3) says, “Translation is a transfer process which aims at the
transformation of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and
which acquires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and
analytical processing of the SL.”
Brinslin (1976:1) says, “The general term referring to transfer of thoughts
and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages
are in written or oral form; whether the languages have established autography or
do not have standardization or whether one or both languages are based on signs,
as with the sign languages of the deaf.”
From the explanation above, the writer can conclude that translation is the
process of transferring the meaning, ideas, information of source language to
target language,
2.1.1 Art, Craft, Science
It is a long standing debate among the experts whether translation is an art,
a craft or a science. Webster’s New World Dictionary (2002:79) defines art as
1. Human ability to make things, creativity of man as distinguished from
2. Skills; craftsmanship
3. Any specific skill or its application
4. Any craft, trade, or profession
5. Creative work or its principle; a making or doing of things that display
work
6. Any branch of creative work, especially painting, drawing
7. Products of creative work
Craft is a special skill, also it is an occupation of avocation requiring
special skill. While Science as systematized knowledge derived from observation
carried on in order to determine the nature of principles of what is being studied,
also it is skill based upon systematized training.
Savory (1957:49) says, “it would almost be true to say that they are no
universally accepted principles of translation, because the only people qualified to
formulate them never agreed among themselves’. Toury (1982:7) says that
translation as a cognitive science, has to reach beyond linguistics and calls it
interdisciplinary. While Miremadi (1991:39) says, : whether translation is
considered an art or a science, it is, in its modern sense, a by-product of a long
history of trials and errors, developments, improvement, or innobations.’
Newmark (1988:7) says, “Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to
replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message
and/or statement in another language.”
Gabr (2001:2) considers translation both a craft and a science. He says,
supervision, and being a science on the other hand, has to be based on language
theories.”
From the explanation above, all the experts say that translation can be an
art, a craft or an science based on the nature of business terms being translated.
According to Pride (1988:6), business is the organized effort of individuals
to produce and sell, for a profit, the goods and services that satisfy society’s
needs. “Umar (2000:3) says, “Bisnis merupakan seluruh kegiatan yang
diorganisasikan oleh orang-orang yang berkecimpung dalam bidang perniagaan
dan industri yang menyediakn barang dan jasa untuk kebutuhan mempertahankan
dan memperbaiki standar serta hidup mereka.”(Business is all activities
organized by people who are active in the trade and industry providing goods and
services for the needs of maintaining and repairing standard and also their lives)
As the explanation above, we can say that business can be a science or a
craft. It is a craft because it is an activity involving a special skill at making things
with hands and the skills required for a particular activity, business activity. . If it
is science, it will be as the study of the structure and behavior of the physical and
natural world and society, especially through observation and experiment, and a
particular area of this: medical science, computer science, business science.
2.1.2 Language and Culture
Lado (1961:2) says, “Language is more than the apparently simple stream
of sounds that flows from the tongue of the native speaker. It is more than the
levels of complexity involving intricate selection and ordering of meanings
sounds and larger units and arrangement.
Ritonga (2008:1) says, “Bahasa adalah alat komunikasi antaranggota
masyarakat berupa lambang bunyi, yang dihasilkan oleh alat ucap
manusia.”(Language is a means of communication as the sign of sound, produced
by human’s mouth)
Language is related with culture. Every culture has their own language.
According to Newmark ( 1988:94) Culture as the way of life and its
manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as
its means of expression. He also distinguish ‘cultural’ from ‘universal’ and
‘personal’ language.
In translating source language to target language, a translator cannot
directly translate it. But, we should see the culture of both of the language. For
example:
Source Language : Aline married Jordan last night
Target Language : Aline menikah dengan Jordan semalam
If we translate with literal translation, the target language should be “Aline
menikahi Jordan semalam.” In Indonesian Culture, women never marry men, but
men marry women.
From explanation above, we can say that in translating source language,
2.2 Translation Procedures
Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:84-93) are experts who firstly identify two
general methods that comprise seven procedures in translating source text to target
text. The two methods are Direct Translation and Indirect (Oblique). Direct
translation covers borrowing, calque, and literal translation while oblique
translation covers transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation.
According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1958:61-64), literal translation means
that the source language message can be translated perfectly into target language,
because the message is based on parallel categories or concepts. Oblique
translation comes into use when there are gaps in the target language which have
to be filled by some equivalent meant, so that the meaning or impression is the
same for the source language and target language. Oblique translation must also
be used when the language have some structural or metalinguistic differences so
that certain stylistic effect can be transferred without radical semantic or lexical
change. More precisely, the translator must turn to oblique translation if the
literally translated message either has another meaning than the source language,
correspond to something in the metalinguistics of the target language but not the
same linguistic level.
Vinay and Darbelnet (2000:84-93) mention that the methods of translation
can be divided into two covering methods , they are (a) literal or direct translation;
which covers borrowing, calque, and literal translation, (b) oblique translation
2.2.1 Borrowing
Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) say that Borrowing is the
simplest of all translation procedures. In borrowing procedure, the Source
Language is directly transferred to the Target Language. Borrowing in translation
is not always justified by lexical gap in the target language, but it can mainly used
as a way to preserve the local color of the word, or be used out of fear from losing
some of the semiotic aspects and cultural aspects of the word if it is translated.
Hockett (1958:402) says, “the feature which is imitated called the model;
the language which is the mode occurs, or the speaker of that language, called
donor, the language which acquires something new in the process is borrowing
process.” Lehman (1962:213) says, “The process by which word are imported
into a language is known as borrowing.”
According to Haugen in Siregar (2009:73), there are some possibilities
that may occur in this procedure. First, borrowing with no change in form and
meaning (pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but
without changing the meaning (mix loan), and the third, borrowing when part of
the term is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed
(loan blends).
Examples:
a. Borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords)
supermarket supermarket
cybermall cybermall
b. Borrowing with change in form but without change the meaning (mix
loanwords)
inflation inflasi
productivity produktivitas
stability stabilitas
business bisnis
recession resesi
c. Loan blend (borrowing when part of the term is native and the other
part is borrowed)
fiscal policy kebijakan fiskal
corporate strategy strategi perusahaan
environment economy lingkungan ekonomi
national debt hutang nasional
2.2.2 Calque
Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) say that a calque is a special kind of
borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another, but then
translates literally each of its elements. Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti define the
result of calque: first, a lexical calque, which respects the syntactic structure of the
TL, whilst introducing a new mode of expression, the second, structural calque,
introduces a new construction into the language.
Examples:
functional strategy strategi fungsional
2.2.3 Literal Translation
Vinay and Darbelnet say that literal, word for word, translation is the
direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL
text in which translators’ task is limited to observing the adherence to the
linguistic servitudes of the TL. In principle, a literal translation is a unique
solution which is reversible and complete in itself. The translation has not needed
to make any changes other than the obvious one, like those concerning
grammatical concord or inflectional endings, for example English “where are
you?” translated into French “Ou etes vous?”. This procedure is most commonly
found in translations between closely related language, for example
French-Italian, and especially those having a similar culture.
Literal translation is the authors’ prescription for good translation
literalness should only be sacrificed because of structural and metalinguistic
requirements and only after checking that the meaning is fully preserved. But
Vinay and Darbelnet say, that the translators may judge literal translation to be
‘unacceptable’ because it:
a. gives a different meaning
b. has no meaning
c. is impossible for structural reasons
d. does not have a corresponding expression within the metalinguistic of
the TL
e. Corresponds to the something at a different level of language.
For examples:
stock saham
entrepreneur wiraswasta
2.2.4 Transposition
Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) define transposition is a
procedure that involves replacing one word class with another without changing
the meaning of the message or the sense. Besides that, it also can be used within a
language, as when rewarding the phrase, for example: “He hopes that he would
return” to “He hopes his return” (the subordinate verb becomes a noun). In
translation, there are two distinct types of transposition: obligatory and optional.
It is also a change in the grammar from source language to target language
(singular to plural; position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of
speech)
For examples:
standard of living standar hidup
balance of trading neraca perdagangan
limited liability tanggung jawa terbatas
2.2.5 Modulation
Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change
in the point of view. This changes the semantic and point of view of the Source
Language. And it can also be justified when, although literal, or even transposed,
translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable,
Vinay and Darbelnet place much store by modulation as the touch stone of
‘a good translator’, whereas transposition ‘simply shows a very good command of
the target language.’
As with transposition, there are two types of modulation, free or optional
modulation and fixed or obligatory modulation. Fixed modulation, translators
with a good knowledge of both languages freely use this method, as they will be
aware of the frequency of use, the overall acceptance, and the confirmation
provided by a dictionary or grammar of the preferred expression. While free
modulation tends towards a unique solution, a solution which rests upon an
habitual train of thought and which is necessary rather than optional. Free
modulation is used often enough, or is felt to offer the only solution, it may
become fixed. Fixed modulation is also the type of modulation which turns a
negative SL expression into a positive TL expression.
For example:
it is not difficult to see him mudah menjumpainya
2.2.6 Equivalence
Vinay and Darbelnet use this term (2000:90) to refer to cases where
languages describe the same situation by different stylistic or structural methods.
Equivalence is particularly useful in translating idioms and proverbs.
For examples:
she is lovely like the morning star cantik seperti rembulan
we’re in the same boat senasib
it’s raining cats and dogs hujan deras
The classical example of equivalence is given by reaction of an amateur
who accidentally hits his finger with hammer: if he were French his cry of pain
would be transcribed as, “Aie!”, Indonesian “Aw” but if he were English this
would be interpreted as “ouch!.” Another striking case of the equivalences are the
many onomatopoeia of animal sounds, for examples:
Cocorico cock-a-dooodle-do
Miaou miaow
Hin-han heehaw
2.2.7 Adaptation
Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) define adaptation as a
procedure that creates a new situation to indicate a situational equivalence. And
also it involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source
culture does not exist in the target culture. Vinay and Darbelnet suggest that the
cultural connotation of a reference in an English text to the game cricket might be
best translated into French by a reference to the Tour de France.
Adaptation is particularly used in the translation of book and film.
For examples:
children of nation anak segala bangsa
a road with no end jalan tak ada ujung
gone with the wind hilang tak berkesan
A refusal to make the use of adaptation which is not only structural but
to a text that is perfectly correct but nevertheless invariably betray its status as
translation by something indefinable in its stone, something that does not quite
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
In this thesis, the writer uses library research in analyzing the data.
Nawawi (1991:30) says “penelitian perpustakaan dilakukan dengan
mengumpulkan data dari setiap bacaan.” (library research is done by collecting
the data from every literature, even in the library or in the other place.)
3.2 Data Collecting Method
The data (business terms) are taken from Ricky W. Griffin’s Business
Eighth Edition and its translation Bisnis Edisi Delapan bySita Wardhani. The
book consists of thirteen chapters. In order to make the research more efficient
and accurate especially in conserving money, times and energy), the writer takes
the data at random. It called systematical random sampling. Riduwan (2010:61)
says Sampling Sistematis ialah pengambilan sampel didasarkan atas urutan dari
populasi yang diberi nomor urut. Setelah pemberian nomor urut, pengambilan
sampel dapat dilakukan berdasarkan nomor genap atau ganjil atau dengan
nomor kelipatannya.t (‘Systematical sampling is a sample making based on the
turn of population that has already given the line numbers, sample making could
be done based on even numbers odds numbers or even double numbers.). From
3.3 Data Analysis Method
In analyzing the data for this thesis, the writer uses the descriptive
qualitative method. Descriptive qualitative method is applied by giving a
description of the result of analysis of Business Terms in Ricky W. Griffin’s
Business Eighth Edition into Bahasa Indonesia.
Bodgan and Blinken in Sugiyono (1982:21) say ‘Penelitian kualitatif
merupakan dekriptif. Hal ini berarti bahwa data yang dikumpulkan lebih
berbentuk kata-kata dari gambar daripada angka-angka.’ (“Qualitative research
is descriptive. The data is collected in the form of word or picture rather than
number.”) Descriptive research consists of explaining about variable which
examine by giving the definition, complex explanation from another references,
so that the something researched is more complete and directed.
Maanen (1979:9) says, “Doing description is then the fundamental act of
data collection in qualitative study.” And Nawawi (1991:63) says that descriptive
method can be defined as a problem solving procedure which is researched by
describing the subject or object of the research based on the real fact nowadays.”
So, the following procedures were followed to carry out this analysis:
a. Collecting the data from original book and its translation into
Indonesia
b. Listing translation procedures as the data findings
c. Analyzing the seven procedures from the data
d. Finding out the most dominant type of translation procedures
The writer uses the common statistic formula based on ‘Educational
Statistic’, Butler (1985), to draw the percentage of each procedure and then put it
on the table.
Table 2: Educational Statistic
N= X/Y x 100%
N= the percentage of types of procedures
X= the number of types of procedures
Y= the total number of all types of procedures
3.4 Models of Presenting the Result of Analysis
First of all, listing the data, business terms are identified into seven
procedures. Then, the data are classified into seven procedures, presented by using
table form and followed by the explanation for each classification. The following
table is an illustration of presenting the result of analysis which then followed by
the explanation:
1. Borrowing
Table 3. An example of presenting the result of analysis No No of
The Data
Source Text Target Text
Explanation:
bonus bonus
‘bonus’ in the target text is borrowed from source language. Because it is
CHAPTER IV
AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES
4.1 Data
Table 4: Data No.
Data
SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT
1 external environment lingkungan eksternal
2 organizational boundaries batas-batas organisasi
3 economic environment lingkungan ekonomi
4 business cycle siklus bisnis
5 aggregate output jumlah output
6 standard of living standar hidup
7 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Produk Domestic Bruto (GDP)
8 Gross National Product (GNP) Produk Nasional Bruto
(GNP)
9 real GDP GDP riil
10 nominal GDP GDP nominal
11 purchasing power parity keseimbangan daya beli
12 productivity produktivitas
13 balance of trade neraca perdagangan
14 national debt hutang nasional
15 stability stabilitas
16 inflation inflasi
17 consumer price index indeks harga konsumen (cpi)
18 unemployment pengangguran
19 recession resesi
21 fiscal policies kebijakan fiscal
22 monetary policies kebijakan moneter
23 stabilization policy kebijakan stabilisasi
24 technology teknologi
25 enterprise resource planning perencanaan sumber daya
perusahaan
26 political-legal environment lingkungan hukum politik
27 sociocultural environment lingkungan sosial- budaya
28 core competency kompetensi inti
29 outsourcing outsourcing
30 vertical integration integrasi vertical
31 viral marketing pemasaran gaya virus
32 process proses
33 business process management manajemen proses bisnis
34 Small Business Administration
(SBA)
Small Business
Administration (SBA)
35 small business bisnis kecil
36 entrepreneur wirausahawan
37 business plan rencana bisnis
38 venture capital company perusahaan modal bersama
39 Small Business Development
Company (SBIC)
Small Business Development
Company (SBIC)
40 Small Business Development Center
(SBDC)
Small Business Development
Center (SBDC)
41 franchise waralaba
42 sole proprietorship perusahaan perseorangan
43 unlimited liability tanggung jawab tak terbatas
44 general partnership persekutuan firma
45 limited partnership persekutuan terbatas
46 limited partner sekutu terbatas
48 Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Master Limited Partnership
(MLP)
49 cooperative koperasi
50 corporation perusahaan
51 limited liability tanggung jawab terbatas
52 tender offer tawaran tender
53 double taxation pajak ganda
54 closely held ( or private) corporation perseroan terbatas tertutup
(pribadi)
55 publicly held (or public) corporation perseroan terbatas terbuka
(public)
56 S corporation S corporation
57 Limited Liability Corporation (LLC) Limited Liability
Corporation (LLC)
58 professional corporation perusahaan professional
59 multinational (or transnational)
corporation
perusahaan multinasional
atau transnasional
60 corporate governance pemerintahan perusahaan
61 stakeholder (or shareholder) pemegang saham
62 stock saham
63 preferred stock saham preferen
64 common stock saham biasa
65 board of directors dewan direksi
66 chief executive office (CEO) chief executive office (CEO)
67 strategic alliance aliansi strategi
68 joint venture usaha patungan
69 Employee Stock Ownership Plan
(ESOP)
Rencana Kepemilikan
Saham Karyawan (ESOP)
70 institutional investor investor institusional
71 merger merger
73 divestiture divestiture
74 spin-off spin-off
75 goal sasaran
76 strategy strategi
77 corporate strategy strategi perusahaan
78 business (or competitive) strategy strategi bisnis (atau strategi
persaingan)
79 functional strategy strategi fungsional
80 mission statement pernyataan misi
81 long-term goal sasaran jangka panjang
82 intermediate term sasaran janka menengah
83 short-term goal sasaran jangka pendek
84 strategy formulation perumusan strategi
85 strategy goal sasaran strategi
86 SWOT analysis analisis SWOT
87 environmental analysis analisis lingkungan
88 organizational analysis analisis organisasi
89 strategic plan rencana strategis
90 tactical plan rencana taktis
91 operational plan rencana operasional
92 contingency planning perencanaan kontingensi
93 crisis management manajemen krisis
94 management manajemen
95 planning perencanaan
96 organizing pengorganisasian
97 directing pengarahan
98 controlling pengawasan
99 top manager manajer puncak
100 middle manager manajer menengah
101 first-line manager manajer lini pertama
103 human relation skills keterampilan hubungan
manusia
104 conceptual skills keterampilan konseptual
105 decision-making skills keterampilan pengambilan
keputusan
106 time management skills keterampilan pengelolaan
waktu
107 corporate skills budaya perusahaan
108 Human Resource Management
(HRM)
Manajemen Sumber Daya
Manusia (SDM)
109 job analysis analisis pekerjaan
110 job description deskripsi pekerjaan
111 job specification spesifikasi pekerjaan
112 replacement chart bagan pengganti
113 employee information system (skills
inventory)
sistem informasi karyawan
(inventori keterampilan)
114 recruiting rekrutment
115 internal recruiting rekrutment internal
116 external recruiting rekrutment eksternal
117 validation validasi
118 on-the-job training pelatihan saat bekerja
119 off-the-job training pelatihan di luar tempat
kerja
120 vestibule training pelatihan simulasi
121 performance appraisal penilaian pekerjaan
122 compensation system sistem kompensasi
123 wages Upah
124 salary Gaji
125 incentive program program insentif
126 bonus Bonus
prestasi
128 pay for performance upah berdasarkan kinerja
129 picketing picketing
130 lockout Lockout
131 strikebreaker strikebreaker
132 mediation mediasi
133 voluntary arbitration arbitrasi sukarela
134 compulsory arbitration arbitrasi wajib
135 marketing pemasaran
136 value Nilai
137 utility kegunaan
138 consumer goods barang konsumsi
139 services Jasa
140 relationship marketing pemasaran relasional
141 product Produk
142 distribution distribusi
143 target market pasar sasaran
144 observation observasi
145 survey Survey
146 data mining penggalian data
147 institutional market pasar institusi
148 distribution mix bauran distribusi
149 intermediary perantara
150 wholesaler pedagang besar
151 retailer pengecer
152 distribution channel saluran distribusi
153 sales agent/broker agen/broker penjualan
154 channel conflict konflik saluran
155 drop shipper drop shipper
156 rack jobber rack jobber
158 specialty store toko khusus
159 supermarket supermarket
160 bargain retailer pengecer murah
161 cybermall cybermall
162 warehousing pergudangan
163 containerization containerization
164 order fulfillment pemenuhan pesanan
4.2 Data Analysis
Table 5: Table of Data Analysis No.
Data
SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT TYPES OF
PROCEDURES
1 external environment lingkungan
eksternal
4 business cycle siklus bisnis borrowing(loan blends)
5 aggregate output jumlah output borrowing(loan blends)
6 standard of living standar hidup transposition
11 purchasing power
parity
keseimbangan
daya beli
literal translation
12 productivity produktivitas borrowing(mix loan)
13 balance of trade neraca
perdagangan
transposition
14 national debt hutang nasional borrowing(loan blends)
15 stability Stabilitas borrowing(mix loan)
16 inflation Inflasi borrowing(mix loan)
17 Consumer Price
Index
indeks harga
konsumen (CPI)
borrowing(loan blends)
18 unemployment pengangguran literal translation
19 recession resesi borrowing(mix loan)
20 depression depresi borrowing(mix loan)
21 fiscal policies kebijakan fiscal borrowing(loan blends)
22 monetary policies kebijakan
moneter
borrowing(loan blends)
23 stabilization policy kebijakan
stabilisasi
borrowing(loan blends)
24 technology teknologi borrowing(mix loan)
25 Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP)
28 core competency kompetensi inti borrowing(loan blends)
29 outsourcing outsourcing borrowing(pure loan)
30 vertical integration integrasi vertical calque
virus
32 process proses borrowing(mix loan)
33 business process
management
manajemen
proses bisnis
calque
34 Small Business
Administration
35 small business bisnis kecil borrowing(loan blends)
36 entrepreneur wirausahawan literal translation
37 business plan rencana bisnis borrowing(loan blends)
38 venture capital
company
perusahaan
modal bersama
literal translation
39 Small Business
Development
40 Small Business
Development Center
41 franchise waralaba literal translation
42 sole proprietorship perusahaan
perseorangan
literal translation
43 unlimited liability tanggung jawab
tak terbatas
transposition
44 general partnership persekutuan firma literal translation
45 limited partnership persekutuan
terbatas
literal translation
46 limited partner sekutu terbatas literal translation
47 general (active)
partner
sekutu umum
(aktif)
literal translation
48 Master Limited
Partnership (MLP)
Master Limited
Partnership
(MLP)
49 cooperative koperasi borrowing(mix loan)
50 corporation perusahaan literal translation
51 limited liability tanggung jawab
terbatas
transposition
52 tender offer tawaran tender borrowing(loan blends)
53 double taxation pajak ganda literal translation
54 closely held (or
56 S corporation S corporation borrowing(pure loan)
57 Limited Liability
Corporation (LLC)
59 multinational (or
transnational)
60 corporate governance pemerintahan
perusahaan
literal translation
61 stakeholder (or
shareholder)
pemegang saham transposition
62 stock saham literal translation
63 preferred stock saham preferen borrowing(loan blends)
64 common stock saham biasa literal translation
66 Chief Executive
Office (CEO)
Chief Executive
Office (CEO)
borrowing(pure loan)
67 strategic alliance aliansi strategi calque
68 joint venture usaha patungan literal translation
69 Employee Stock
Ownership Plan
70 institutional investor investor
institusional
calque
71 merger merger borrowing(pure loan)
72 acquisition akuisisi borrowing(mix loan)
73 divestiture divestiture borrowing(pure loan)
74 spin-off spin-off borrowing(pure loan)
75 goal sasaran literal translation
76 strategy strategi borrowing(mix loan)
77 corporate strategy strategi
perusahaan
79 functional strategy strategi
fungsional
calque
80 mission statement pernyataan misi borrowing(mix loan)
81 long-term goal sasaran jangka
panjang
literal translation
82 intermediate term
goal
sasaran jangka
menengah
literal translation
83 short-term goal sasaran jangka
pendek
literal translation
strategi
85 strategy goal sasaran strategi borrowing(mix loan)
86 SWOT analysis analisi SWOT calque
87 environmental
89 strategic plan rencana strategis borrowing(loan blends)
90 tactical plan rencana taktis borrowing(loan blends)
91 operational plan rencana
operasional
borrowing(loan blends)
92 contingency planning perencanaan
kontingensi
borrowing(loan blends)
93 crisis management manajemen krisis calque
94 management manajemen borrowing(mix loan)
95 planning perencanaan literal translation
96 organizing pengorganisasian literal translation
97 directing pengarahan literal translation
98 controlling pengawasan literal translation
99 top manager manajer puncak borrowing(loan blends)
100 middle manager manajer
menengah
borrowing(loan blends)
101 first-line manager manajer lini
pertama
borrowing(loan blends)
102 technical skills keterampilan
teknis
borrowing(loan blends)
103 human relation skills keterampilan
hubungan
manusia
literal translation
104 conceptual skills keterampilan
konseptual
105 decision-making
106 time management
skills
keterampilan
pengelolaan
waktu
literal translation
107 corporate skills budaya
perusahaan
literal translation
108 Human Resource
Management (HRM)
Manajemen
Sumber Daya
Manusia (SDM)
borrowing(loan blends)
109 job analysis analisis
pekerjaan
borrowing(loan blends)
110 job description deskripsi
pekerjaan
borrowing(loan blends)
111 job specification spesifikasi
pekerjaan
borrowing(loan blends)
112 replacement chart bagan pengganti literal translation
113 employee
114 recruiting rekrutment borrowing(mix loan)
115 internal recruiting rekrutment
internal
calque
116 external recruiting rekrutment
eksternal
calque
117 validation validasi borrowing(mix loan)
118 on-the-job training pelatihan saat
bekerja
equivalence
119 off-the-job training pelatihan di luar
tempat kerja
120 vestibule training pelatihan
122 compensation system sistem
kompensasi
calque
123 wages upah literal translation
124 salary gaji literal translation
125 incentive program program insentif calque
126 bonus bonus borrowing(pure loan)
127 merit salary system sistem upah
berdasarkan
prestasi
equivalence
128 pay for performance upah berdasarkan
kinerja
equivalence
129 picketing picketing borrowing(pure loan)
130 lockout lockout borrowing(pure loan)
131 strikebreaker strikebreaker borrowing(pure loan)
132 mediation mediasi borrowing(mix loan)
133 voluntary arbitration arbitrasi sukarela borrowing(loan blends)
134 compulsory
arbitration
arbitrasi wajib borrowing (loan blends)
135 marketing pemasaran literal translation
136 value nilai literal translation
137 utility kegunaan literal translation
138 consumer goods barang konsumsi borrowing (loan blends)
139 services jasa literal translation
140 relationship
marketing
pemasaran
relasional
borrowing (loan blends)
141 product produk borrowing(mix loan)
143 target market pasar sasaran literal translation
144 observation observasi borrowing(mix loans)
145 survey survey borrowing(pure loan)
146 data mining penggalian data borrowing(loan blends)
147 institutional market pasar institusi borrowing(loan blends)
148 distribution mix bauran distribusi borrowing(loan blends)
149 intermediary perantara literal translation
150 wholesaler pedagang besar literal translation
151 retailer pengecer literal translation
152 distribution channel saluran distribusi borrowing(loan blends)
153 sales agent/broker agen/broker
penjualan
borrowing(loan blends)
154 channel conflict konflik saluran borrowing(loan blends)
155 drop shipper drop shipper borrowing(pure loan)
156 rack jobber rack jobber borrowing(pure loan)
157 e-intermediary e-intermediary borrowing(pure loan)
158 specialty store toko khusus literal translation
159 supermarket supermarket borrowing(pure loan)
160 bargain retailer pengecer murah literal translation
161 cybermall cybermall borrowing(pure loan)
162 warehousing pergudangan literal translation
163 containerization containerization borrowing(pure loan)
164 order fulfillment pemenuhan
pesanan
4.3 DISCUSSIONS
4.3.1 Borrowing
Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000:84-93) say borrowing is the
procedure that carryover source language lexemes combinations into target
language in order to fill the gaps between the languages. According to Haugen
(2009:37), there are three possibilities that may occur in this procedure: first,
borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loan), the second,
borrowing with changes in form but without changes the meaning (mix loan) and
the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and other part is borrowed, but
the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends).
The following table is borrowing found from the data and followed by the
analysis.
Table 6: Borrowing (Pure Loan) No. No.
Data
Source Text Target Text
1 29 outsourcing outsourcing
2 34 Small Business Administration
(SBA)
Small Business
Administration (SBA)
3 39 Small Business Development
Company (SBIC)
Small Business
Development
Company (SBIC)
4 40 Small Business Development Center
(SBDC)
Small Business
Development Center
(SBDC)
5 48 Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Master Limited
Partnership (MLP)
7 57 Limited Liability Corporation (LLC) Limited Liability
Corporation (LLC)
8 66 Chief executive office (CEO) chief executive office
(CEO)
9 71 merger merger
10 73 divestiture divestiture
11 74 spin-off spin-off
12 126 bonus bonus
13 129 picketing picketing
14 130 lock out lock out
15 131 strikebreaker strikebreaker
16 145 survey survey
17 155 drop shipper drop shipper
18 156 rack jobber rack jobber
19 157 e-intermediary e-intermediary
20 159 e-intermediary supermarket
21 161 cybermall cybermall
22 163 containerization containerization
Table 7: Borrowing (Mix Loan)
No. No. Data SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT
1 12 productivity produktivitas
2 15 stability stabilitas
3 16 inflation inflasi
4 19 recession resesi
5 20 depression depresi
6 24 technology teknologi
7 32 process proses
8 49 cooperative koperasi
9 72 acquisition akuisisi
10 76 strategy strategi
11 94 management manajemen
12 114 recruiting rekrutment
13 117 validation validasi
14 132 mediation mediasi
15 141 product produk
16 142 distribution distribusi
17 144 observation observasi
1) productivity produktivitas
‘produktivitas’ is borrowed from source language ‘productivity’ with the
change in target language writing system. The letter ‘c’ in source language
changes to ‘k’ in target language. The final letter ‘y’ in source language changes
2) stability stabilitas
‘stabilitas’ is borrowed from source language ‘stability’ with the change in
target language writing system. The final letter ‘y’ in source language changes to
‘as’ in target language.
3) inflation inflasi
Inflasi is borrowed from source language ‘inflation’ with change in writing
system. The suffix ‘tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language
4) recession resesi
‘resesi’ is borrowed from source language ‘recession’ with some changes
writing system (form). The letter ‘c’ in source language is omitted. The suffix
‘ion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language.
5) depression depresi
‘depresi’ is borrowed from source language ‘depression’ with some
changes writing system (form). The suffix ‘ion’ in source language changes to ‘si’
in target language.
6) technology teknologi
‘teknologi’ is borrowed from source language ‘technology’ with some
changes writing system. The letter ‘ch’ in source language changes to letter ‘k’ in
target language, and letter ‘y’ in source language changes to ‘i’ in target
7) process proses
‘proses’ is borrowed from source language ‘process’ with some changes in
writing system. The letter ‘c’ in source language changes to letter ‘s’ and the final
letter ‘s’ is omitted in target language.
8) cooperative koperasi
‘koperasi’ is borrowed from source language ‘cooperative’ with some
changes in writing system. The letter ‘c’ in source language changes to letter ‘k’,
letter ‘o’ is omitted. Suffix ‘tive’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target
language.
9) acquisition akuisisi
‘akuisisi’ is borrowed from source language ‘Acquisition’ with some
changes in writing system. The letters ‘cq’ in source language change to letter ‘k’
and the suffix ‘tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language.
10) strategy strategi
‘strategi’ is borrowed from source language ‘strategy’ with change in
writing system. The letter ‘y’ in source language change to ‘i’ in taget language.
11) management manajemen
‘manajemen’ is borrowed from source language ‘management’ with some
changes in writing system. The letter ‘g’ in source language change to ‘j’ in taget
12) recruiting rekrutment
‘rekrutment’ is borrowed from source language ‘recruiting’ with change in
writing system. The suffix ‘ing’ in source language change to ‘ment’ in target
language.
13) validation validasi
‘validasi’ is borrowed from source language ‘validation’ with change in
writing system. The suffix ‘tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target
language.
14) mediation mediasi
‘mediasi’ is borrowed from source language ‘mediation’ with change in
writing system. The suffix ‘tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target
language.
15) product produk
Produk is borrowed from source language ‘produk’ with change in
writing system. The two final letters ‘ct’ in source language change to ‘k’ in target
language.
16) distribution distribusi
‘distribusi’ is borrowed from source language ‘distribution’ with change in
writing system. The suffix ‘tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target
17) observation observasi
‘observasi’ is borrowed from source language ‘observation’ with change in
writing system. The suffix ‘tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target
language.
Loan blends: One of the two or more morphemes making up the compound form
is replaced by native (target) morpheme.
Table 8: Borrowing (Loan Blends)
No. No. Data SOURCE TEXT TARGET TEXT
1 1 external environment lingkungan eksternal
2 2 organizational boundaries batas-batas organisasi
3 3 economic environment lingkungan ekonomi
4 4 business cycle siklus bisnis
7 8 Gross National Product (GNP) Produk Nasional Bruto (GNP)
8 14 national debt hutang nasional
9 17 Consumer Price Index Indeks harga konsumen
(CPI)
10 21 fiscal policies kebijakan fiscal
11 22 monetary policies kebijakan moneter
12 23 stabilization policy kebijakan stabilisasi
13 26 political-legal environment lingkungan hukum politik
14 27 sociocultural environment lingkungan sosial- budaya
15 28 core competency kompetensi inti
16 35 small business bisnis kecil
17 37 business plan rencana bisnis
18 52 tender offer tawaran tender
19 58 professional corporation perusahaan professional
20 59 multinational (or transnational) corporation
perusahaan multinasional atau transnasional
21 63 preferred stock saham preferen
22 77 corporate strategy strategi perusahaan
23 80 mission statement pernyataan misi
25 85 strategy goal sasaran strategi
26 87 environmental analysis analisis lingkungan
27 89 strategic plan rencana strategis
28 90 tactical plan rencana taktis
29 91 operational plan rencana operasional
30 92 contingency planning perencanaan kontingensi
31 99 top manager manajer puncak
32 100 middle manager manajer menengah
33 101 first-line manager manajer lini pertama
34 102 technical skills keterampilan teknis
35 104 conceptual skills keterampilan konseptual
36 108 Human Resource Management (HRM)
manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM)
37 109 job analysis analisis pekerjaan
38 110 job description deskripsi pekerjaan
39 111 job specification spesifikasi pekerjaan
40 113 employee information system (skills inventory)
system informasi karyawan (inventori keterampilan)
41 133 voluntary arbitration arbitrasi sukarela
42 134 compulsory arbitration arbitrasi wajib
43 138 consumer goods barang konsumsi
44 140 relationship marketing pemasaran relasional
45 146 data mining penggalian data
46 147 institutional market pasar institusi
47 148 distribution mix bauran distribusi
48 152 distribution channel saluran distribusi
49 153 sales agent/broker agen/broker penjualan
50 154 channel conflict konflik saluran
1) lingkungan eksternal
‘lingkungan’ is native while ‘eksternal’ is borrowed from source language
‘external’.
2) batas-batas organisasi
‘batas-batas’ is native while ‘organisasi’ is borrowed from source language
3) lingkungan ekonomi
‘lingkungan’ is native while ‘ekonomi’ is borrowed from source language
‘economy’
4) siklus bisnis
‘siklus’ is native while ‘bisnis’ is borrowed from source language
‘business’
5) jumlah output
‘jumlah’ is native while ‘output’ is borrowed from source language
‘output’
6) Produk Domestik Bruto (GDP)
‘bruto’ is native while ‘domestik’ and ‘produk’ are borrowed from source
language ‘domestic’ and ‘product’.
7) Produk Nasional Bruto (GNP)
‘bruto’ is native while ‘nasional’ and ‘produk’ are borrowed from source
language ‘national’ and ‘product’.
8) hutang nasional
‘hutang’ is native while ‘nasional’ is borrowed from source language
9) indeks harga konsumen
‘harga’ is native while ‘indeks’ and ‘konsumen’ are borrowed from source
language ‘index’ and ‘consumer’
10) kebijakan fiskal
‘kebijakan’ is native while ‘fiskal’ is borrowed from source language
‘fiscal’
11) kebijakan moneter
‘kebijakan’ is native while ‘moneter’ is borrowed from source language
‘moneter’
12) kebijakan stabilisasi
‘kebijakan’ is native while ‘stabilisasi’ is borrowed from source language
‘stabilization’
13) lingkungan hukum politik
‘lingkungan’ and ‘hukum’ are native while ‘politik’ is borrowed from
source language ‘politic’
14) lingkungan sosial- budaya
‘lingkungan’ and ‘budaya’ are native while ‘sosial’ is borrowed from
