A Thesis
Submitted to
Letters and Humanities Faculty
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Degree of Strata One
NOVITA SARI DEWI PRAWIRADIREJA
106026001013
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENTS
LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIEF HIDAYATULLAH”
JAKARTA
Novita Sari Dewi Prawiradireja. An analysis of translation procedure in handphone Nokia Express Music 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s guide books.Thesis. Jakarta: Letters and Humanities Faculty, UIN Syarief Hidayatullah, February 2011.
The thesis is aimed to find out how the translation procedures are used in the handphone Nokia Express Music 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s guide books, how they are applied in the translation, wheter using transposition, modulation, adaptation or many kind of translation procedure, or the structure of each sentence in the handphone Nokia Express Music 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s guide books is appropiate to the translation procedures or not.
The writer analyzes the data using qualitative method. Firstly, the writer reads the original handphone Nokia Express Music 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s guide books and compares it into handphone Nokia Express Music 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s guide books that has been translated by the translator to find the data. Then she looks upwhat the translation procedure are used in the data to analyze how the translator applied the procedures. After that, she categorizes the data based on each kind of translation procedure. Finally, if there any incorrect or mislead meaning in the translation, the writer looks up realiable dictionary to finds out whether the meaning is suitable or not.
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that is submission in my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Jakarta, February 9th 2011
In the name of Allah SWT, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
All praises be to Allah SWT, the Sustainer of the worlds, Lord of the
universe, the all merciful God. The writer is really sure in her deepest heart that
without His help and His Mercy this paper would not have been completed. Peace
and blessing be upon our prophet Muhammad SAW, His family, His companion,
and His followers in this earth.
This paper could not be completed without a great deal of help from many
people. In this occasion the writer would like to thanks to the writer’s beloved
mother (alm) Marsidah binti Musa in the paradise who has fully given her love,
motivation, spiritual support, and prays during she is growing and studying. May
her rewards and her kinds be received by Allah SWT. Amin. She also would like
to thanks to her beloved father, brothers, sisters, and Habib Ahmad Bin Abdullah
Bin Soleh Al-Hamid who supports and prays her from making this Thesis.
This Thesis would not complete without a great deal of Moh. Supardi,
M.Hum. as advisor who guides and supports her to finish the paper from
beginning until the end.
The writer also wishes to say gratitude to the following persons:
1. Prof. Dr. Wahid Hasyim, MA. as the Dean of Faculty of Adab and
2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M. Pd., the Head of English Letters Department,
and Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani M. Hum. as the Secretary of English Letters
Department.
3. All lectures of English Letters Department who thought and educated the
writer during her study at State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah”
Jakarta. All staff of Faculty of adab and Humanities, Staff of library
Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Staff of library State Islamic
University.
4. The writer’s big family, grandmothers, uncles, aunts and cousins who
give her supports and motivation.
5. Her closed friends Nurul Khasanah, Lya Fadhilah and Lorania, and All
friends in class B which cannot be mentioned one by one at English
Letters Department. Our memories will never be forgotten.
6. For Kuswandi, Amd. who given the writer a little financial and support
when the writer doing this Thesis.
May Allah bless and guide them all, amin. Finally, the writer realizes that
this paper is far from being perfect. Therefore, the writer hopes any constructive
criticism, suggestion and advice to make this paper better.
Jakarta, February 2011
APPROVEMENT ………. ii
LEGALIZATION ……… iii
DECLARATION ………. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ………. 1
A. Background of The Study …….………. 1
B. Focus of The Study ……….……….. 3
C. Research Question ……… 3
D. Significance of Study ……… 3
E. Research Methodology ……….. 4
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 6
A. The Definition of Translation …...……… 6
B. The Translation Procedure ………. 8
C. Equivalence ……….………. 12
CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ……… 16
A. Data Description ………. 16
B. Comparing Procedure of Translation in Handphone Nokia Express Music 5800 and Motorola L6 User’s Guide Book ……… 35
Nokia Express Music 5800 and Motorola L6
User’s Guide Book ……… 39
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 42
A. Conclusions ……… 42
B. Suggestions ………. 43
1
A. Background of the Study
Now days, The translation become necessary in the era of globalization,
information and communication. The product of translation can be found in many
sectors such as education, entertainment, and technology. One of them is
Handphone Nokia 5300 and Motorola L6, the information of it has two languages
they are Bahasa and English languages.
Before translate the text, the translator must know about the text and after
that can continue the next process of translation in the user’s guide book of
handphone Nokia 5300 and Motorola L6. The translator must do the translation
procedure in their work to translate the text like transposition, modulation, and
adaptation, and each translation has differences translation each others.
So the writer wants to analyze the translation procedure used by the
translator in handphone Nokia 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s guide books, and
than writer wants to know about the result of translation procedure used by the
translator in translating the text. There are theories of translation according to
Newmark “a result of translation can be considered successful if the massage,
thoughts, ideas, and concept contained in the source language can be conveyed into the target language.”1
Actually, some people can use dictionary to read texts in Handphone
Nokia 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s guide books. But they may make mistake.
1
2
The mistakes usually happen because Bahasa and English language have different
style. The procedure of translation also must be noticed to get the equivalent
meaning. In Handphone Nokia 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s guide books, the
translators also give attention in the meaning of the text. According to Eugene A.
Nida and Tiber “translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language and
closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first, in term of the meaning and secondly in term of style.”2
The translation of a text is viewed from procedures that appear in every
word, phrase and sentences. In this case, many ways to know the translation
procedures which are used in each Handphone Nokia 5300 and Motorola L6
user’s guide books.
For example:
In Motorola : SL : This model meets international guidelines for exposure to radio wave.
TL: Model ponsel ini telah memenuhi ketentuan international untuk
aplikasi gelombang radio.
In Nokia : SL: This device meets international guidelines for exposure the radio wave.
TL: Perangkat ini telah memenuhi pedoman internasional untuk
sambungan ke gelombang radio.
From the text above the writer find a word meets translated in different
lexical meaning “memenuhi” in target language. First, the writer analyze the word
2
meets in Motorola and Nokia translated telah memenuhi. the word meets in the
dictionary is bertemu or berjumpa, so the translation telah memenuhi expressed
modulation. Modulation is a variation through a change of viewpoint, of
prespective and very often of category of thought.3
The word guidelines in Jhon M Echols dictionary means garis pedoman,
and in the KBBI it means pokok yang menjadi petunjuk atau pegangan
menentukan atau melaksanakan sesuatu. In Nokia user’s guide the word the
guidelines translated pedoman it is has equivalent with the meaning of word from
Jhon M Echols dictionary that is garis pedoman. But in Motorola user’s guide the
word guidelines translated ketentuan, in KBBI ketentuan means kepastian, so this
meaning almost equal with pedoman. So this translation expressed free
modulation because the translator used the modulation to make the clearer
meaning or to make the translation in the TL feels natural and familiar.
Based on the example above the writer is interested to analyzed the
procedure of translation in handphone user guide’s guide book in Nokia 5300 and
Motorola L6.
B. Focus of Study
In order to avoid broad discussion, the writer limits the research only in
the translation procedure of the text in Handphone Nokia 5300 and Motorola
L6 user’s guide books.
C. Research Question
According to the focus of the research, the question is:
1. What kinds of translation procedure used by the translator in translating
Handphone Nokia 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s guide book?
3
4
D. Significance of the Study
From the result of the study, the writer hopes this research may
enrich the insight and the reader’s knowledge about theories and procedure
of translation in handphone Nokia 5300 and Motorola L6 guide books
used by the translators.
E. Research Methodology
The research methodology comprises many aspects such as method
of research, technique of data analysis, instruments of research and
analysis unit.
1. Objectives of the Study
Based on the research question above, the objectives of this
research is to know the translation procedure used by the translators in
translating handphone Nokia 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s guide book.
2. Method of the Research
The writer uses the descriptive qualitative as a method of the
research. In this research, the writer tries to analyze the equivalent
meaning of the text using the translation procedure and the theory of
translation.
3. Technique of Data Analysis
In this research, the writer collects the data and analyzes the
research using the qualitative method by comparing relevant theory of
translation and translation procedure in Handphone Nokia 5300 and
some words and some sentences to find translation procedures that have
equivalent meaning from the text which are used by the translators.
4. Instrument of Research
The research instrument of this qualitative research is the writer
herself who analyzed the text in user’s guide handphone Nokia 5300 and
Motorola L6.
5. Analysis Unit
Analysis unit that is used in this research is the user’s guide of
handphone Nokia 5300 and Motorola L6 and the translation translated in
Indonesia. Nokia 5300 XpressMusic, is a Nokia Series 40 3rd Edition FP2
mobile phone by Nokia. It was launched in the third quarter of 2006.
Motorola L6, is a mobile phone by Motorola, Inc. It was launched in 2005.
6. Place and Time
The research started on the seventh semester of academic year
2010-2011, at the Department of English Letters, State Islamic University
Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. The research was also conducted at Adab and
Humanity Faculty’s library, main library of UIN, Atma Jaya’s library
University of Indonesia’s library, and other libraries which can give
6
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A.
The Definition of Translation
Many ways to make a good translation, but for the beginning, the writer
must find out and understand the definition of translation. Many various ways
that translation can be defined by different approaches and theoretical
backgrounds. So, the writers will define translation in differentways by taken
from many source, such as:
Rochayah Machali explains the definition of translation given by
Newmark, that “translation is a rendering the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that author intended the text.”1
In other side, J.C. Cartford said that “translation is the replacement of
textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language”.2 In addition the theory of translation is concerned with a certain type of relation between languages and consequently a branch of
comparative linguistics.
Quoted by Zuhridin Suryawinata, from Nida and Tiber, “translation is
consist of reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of
1
Peter Newmark, “A Text Book of Translation”, on Rochayah Machali , Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Jakarta: PT. Grasindo, 2000, P.5.
2
the source language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style.”3
Larson explain, “translating means the study of lexicon, grammatical
structure, communication situation and culture from source language to find the equivalent expressed in the target language’s lexicon, structure, and culture”
(Menerjemahkan berarti mempelajari lexicon, struktur gramatikal, situasi
komunikasi, dan konteks budaya dari bahasa sumber, kemudian menganalisis
teks tersebut (Bsu) untuk menemukan maknanya dan mengungkapkan kembali
makna yang sama itu dengan menggunakan lexicon dan struktur grammatical
yang sesuai dalam bahasa sasaran dan konteks budayanya.)4
The conclusion of the definition above according Frans Sayogie is (1) the
translation relate to two languages, there are source language and target
language or receptor language. (2) Translation is the effort of reproducing,
rendering, a process of finding a massage, the meaning, utterance, style the
source language into the equivalent target language. (3) The text is the
meaning that translator has translated.5
Translation involve the rendering of Source language (SL) text into the
Target language (TL) so as to ensure, that (1) the surface meaning of the two
3
Zuhridin suryawinata dan Sugeng Hariyanto, Translation. : Bahasan Teori dan Penuntun Penerjemahan. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. 2003.P.12
4
Mildred, L, Larson, Penerjemahan Berdasar Makna : Pedoman Untuk Pemadanan Antar Bahasa, Jakarta :Arcan, 1991, p.3
5
8
will approximately and (2) the structure of the SL will be preserve as closely
as possible, but not so closely that the TL will be seriously distorted.6
Many kinds of translation definitions above have different methods,
different results, and they are used in appropriate field. However, the actual
truth of translation is the process of translating meaning from source language
into target language which gives expression in the target language with the
form of target language that consist the same meaning with the source
language.
B.
The Translation Procedure
A knowledge of translation procedure become very important for the
translator. The translation procedure is useful for the translation process, in
order that the translator always be able reconciled a grammatical structure
change that the equivalent meaning in target language. Because of this
knowledge, the translator did not trap to straightaway translating based on
grammatical source language, so they did not find a difficult meaning in the
target language.
Rochayah Machali explains that there are five most important procedures
in translation. The procedures are:
1. Transposition
Transposition is the one translation procedure that changes grammatical
structure of SL with different form in the TL. There are four kind of
transposition:
6
a. The automatic transposition. In this case, the translator has no any option
beside do it, because of the language system and grammatical rule.7
Example : SL: A pair of trousers.
TL : sebuah celana
a plural in English language become a singular in Bahasa Indonesia.
SL : The houses in Jakarta are built beautifully.
TL: Rumah di Jakarta bagus-bagus.
The different meaning in the phrase built beautifully is special verb than
the target language is “bagus-bagus”
b. Transposition that conducted when the grammatical structure in SL text is
not equivalent in TL text.8
Example : SL: Bukuini harus kita bawa.
TL : We must bring this book.
The object is in front of the sentences in Bahasa Indonesia but it is not in
English grammatical structure. Except in passive voice or special grammatical
structure.
SL: Berbeda penjelasannya.
TL: the explanation differs.
In Bahasa Indonesia, verb is in front of the noun. In English language, it is
not concord in English grammatical structure.
c. Transposition conducted to the reason of natural utterance.9
7
Rochayah Machali, Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah, Jakarta, PT.Grasindo, 2000, p.63. 8
Ibid. p.64 9
10
Example : SL: The cells carrying the germ are dangerous.
TL: Sel-sel yang mengandung kuman berbahaya.
The clause carrying explain totality in source language and explicit in
target language.
SL: Thinking person
TL: Orang yang berfikir.
English noun phrase with adjective from verb intransitive become
Noun+Clause.
d. Transposition conducted to fill up the gaps of the word.10
Example : SL: Adept
TL: Sangat terampil.
The word sangat is replacement of a virtual lexical gap in Bahasa
Indonesia by a grammatical structure.
SL : It is this agreement which is referred to (not anything else)
TL: Perjanjian inilah yang diacu.
The instrument of textual focus mark in target language clarifying with
structure grammatical construction in Bahasa Indonesia.
2. Modulation
According to Newmark, modulation is a change of the meaning that is
caused by a shift of perspective or point of view,11 and Rochayah Machali
divided the modulation into two parts. There are obliged modulation and free
modulation.
10
Ibid. 11
a) Obliged modulation
Obliged modulation must be done if there are no equivalent words,
phrases or structure on TL.12
Example : SL: Lesse
TL: Penyewa
SL: Lessor
TL: Orang yang menyewakan.
The word lessee translated as penyewa in Bahasa Indonesia, but is no
equivalent word for lessor. So, the equivalent for the word lessor can be found by
shifting the point of view. Lessor translated as orang yang menyewakan.
Example SL: The problem is hard to solve.
TL: Masalah itu sukar (untuk) dipecahkan.
The active structure on SL changed into Passive in TL, or vice versa.
b) Free modulation
Free modulation is the modulation that must be done by considering to a
non-linguistics aspect. It is conducted to make the clearer meaning, or to make
the TL text so natural and familiar.13
Example : SL: Environmental degradation (degradation quality environment).
TL: Penurunan mutu lingkungan.
Constitute a case commonly known as explicit meaning in the target language
from implicit meaning in the source language degradation quality environment.
12
Ibid.
13
12
SL: These conflicts, which more often than not have regional causes.
TL: konflik-konflik ini, yang disebabkan oleh sebab-sebab regional.
In the italic words the translator not translated the words than not.
3. Adaptation
Adaptation is an effort of finding a cultural equivalent on two certain
situations. It must be done if there are any differences culture utterance on SL
and TL.14 For example, “Dear sir” on English translated as “Dengan Hormat”,
not as “Tuan yang terhormat”.
C.
Equivalence
Vinay and Darbelnet define equivalence essentially as the translation of
idioms when two languages refer to the same situation in totally different ways.
As such, it is not, in their presentation, an especially interesting translation case
since it is based essentially on language knowledge.15
The ultimate goal of the various translation techniques and strategies outlined
in the all of theory is equivalence, a concept that has probably cost the lives of
more trees than any other in translation studies. Meaning equivalence is more
needed in translation than only replacing a text from source language into target
language, so that it can be understood by target readers. Eugene. A. Nida explains
that differences in language mean differences in culture.16
14
Ibid. P.71 15
Peter Fawcett, Translation and Language, Linguistics Theories Explained, Manchester, UK: St. Jerome publishing.1997, P. 38
16
There are two kinds of equivalence:
1. Dynamic equivalence focuses in terms of the degree to which the receptor
of the message in the receptor language. Dynamic equivalence has purpose
to get the expression natural meaning and try to pay attention the reader’s
culture of source language. It oriented to target language.17
2. Formal equivalence gives attention on the message of source language.
The message includes the form and content form text of source language.
Example of this equivalence is translation on poetry, sentence, concept
which appropriates to formal. In this case, the language should match as
close as possible into source language in form and content.18
The equivalence may be achieved if SL and TL words having similar
orthographic of phonological features. Nevertheless, if there is no equivalence
meaning to translate, the translator may adapt and add vocabularies. There are
three are three ways to solve this problem. First, the translator gets foreign
language fully. Then the translator may adapt source language into target
language which is suitable with culture of target language. Last, the translator
translating the text of source language freely.
The following are some of different translation procedure according to
Newmark proposes:
17
ibid 18
14
Transcription : it may or may not be required for SL institutional or
cultural words to provide authenticity.
Transpotition: the replacement of one grammatical unit by other. It
involves a change in the grammar from SL to SL, for instance, (i)
change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific
SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a
TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so on.
Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the massage of
the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of
the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of
perspective.
Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two differences
procedures.19
But Dagut’s distinction between “translation” and “reproduction” like
Catford’s distinction between “literal” and “free translation” does not take into
account the view that sees translation as semiotic transformation. In his definition
of translation equivalence, Propovic distinguishes four types:
1) Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level of both SL and TL text, i.e, word for word translation.
2) Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of “the elements of a pragmatic expressive axis”, i,e. elements of grammar, which Propovic sees
as being a higher category than lexical equivalence.
19
3) Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is “functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity
with an invariant of identical meaning”.
4) Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence of the
syntagmatiic structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.20
20
16
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH FINDINGS
A.
Data Description
The writer analyzes and compares the words, phrases and sentences in the
handphone user’s guide books. they are Nokia 5300 Xpress Music and Motorola
L6 from English language as Source Language (SL) with Bahasa as Target
language (TL) to find out how the translation procedures are used. The writer also
analyzes it becomes a table in the appendix. The data analyzes are as follows:
NOKIA 5300 Express Music
Source Language Target Language
Certification information (SAR) Informasi pengesahan (SAR)
The phase certification information in SL translated in the TL is informasi
pengesahan. The translators change the position of the meaning word certification
in the behind. If the phrase translated word by word it is become pengesahan
informasi and the meaning of translation become not clear for the reader. So in
this phrase the translator used transposition.
Source Language Target Language
This device meets international
guidelines for exposure the radio waves.
Perangkat ini telah memenuhi
The writer analyze the word meets in SLtranslate in TL telah memenuhi.
The word meets in the real translated or in dictionary is bertemu or berjumpa, so
the translation telah memenuhi have expressed modulation. Modulation is a
variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspectives and very often of
category of thought. Phrase international guidelines translated pedoman
internasional. In Jhon M. Echols dictionary the word guidelines translate garis pedoman, and in Oxford dictionary the meaning of guidelines is advice on how to do something. The writer can look the translation that closest in the meaning that is Pedoman international. In Nokia the translator used the method faithful
translation for that word. In translation procedure the word international
guidelines get transposition the word guideline is noun and international is adjective (adj+noun). If the word translate in Bahasa the structure change become
(noun+noun) pedoman penerjemahan. So the phrase expressed transposition.
The word for exposure to radio wave in SL translated to TL is untuk
sambungan ke gelombang radio, we must find the similar meaning of exposure is put sb/sth in a place or situation where they are unprotected against harm or
danger from Oxford Dictionary. In Jhon M. Echols dictionary the word exposure
translated pembukaan, kedapatan, pembongkaran dan pencahayaan. The
translators expressed modulation for that word, so they have equivalent meaning
too.
Source Language Target Language
Your mobile device is radio
transmitter and receiver.
18
The word mobile in Oxford dictionary means can moved or be moved easily
and quickly from place to place, in Bahasa it means perangkat yang
berpindah-pindah. In KBBI the word seluler has same meaning with tanpa kabel dan
berpindah-pindah. And the word device translated perangkat. So the phrases
perangkat seluler in the TL have the explicit meaning and it explain totally in the SL. It is transposition.
Source Language Target Language
It is designed and manufactured not
to exceed the limits for exposure to
radio frequency (RF) recommended
by international guidelines (ICNIRP).
Perangkat ini di rancang dan di
produksi untuk tidak melampaui
batas hubungan ke frekuensi radio (RF) yang direkomendasikan oleh
pedoman internasional (ICNIRP).
The phrase the limits for exposure in SL translated in TL is batas hubungan,
the words for exposure that translated in the translation before is sambungan but
in this phrase the words for exposure translated hubungan. The words have
different meaning in this translation so in this phrase the words exposure
expressed obliged modulation.
Source Language Target Language
These limits are part of
comprehensive guidelines and
establish permitted levels of RF
energy for general population.
Batas ini merupakan bagian dari
peraturan menyeluruh dan
menetapkan tingkat energy RF yang
di perbolehkan oleh masyarakat
The phrase general population in SL translated in TL is masyarakat. The
meaning word of masyarakat is more general in Bahasa than English language.
The Word masyarakat can translate in many words in English language such as
population, society, and community. All of those words are more particular in
English language. So in this sentence the words population expressed obliged
modulation.
Source Language Target Language
The guidelines were developed by
independent scientific organizations
through periodic and through
evaluation of scientific studies.
Peraturan tersebut dikembangkan
oleh organisasi ilmiah independen
melalui evaluasi studi ilmiah yang
cermat dan berkala.
The word periodic in Jhon M Echols dictionary translated only berkala but in
the TL it translated become the clause yang cermat dan berkala. It means the
word in the SL become clause in the TL. So the translation expressed
transposition.
Source Language Target Language
The guidelines include a substantial safety margin designed to assure the
safety of all persons, regardless of age
and health.
Serta mencakup marjin keamanan
penting yang dirancang untuk
menjamin keselamatan semua orang
tanpa memperhitungkan usia dan
kesehatan.
In the sentences before, The word the guidelines has translated peraturan,
but in this sentences the word the guidelines in SL is not translated in the TL. But
20
sentences and it collected together become one sentence, and change the word the
guidelines become conjunction serta. So this translation expressed obliged modulation.
The word exposure in SL is a noun but in the TL translated hubungan that is
verb. So the changes form word from noun become verb. So it is expressed
transposition. Word employs oxford dictionary is to give work to somebody
usually for payment, but in TL it is translated menggunakan. It means the
translator used modulation in this translation because a change of perspective.
The word form of stated is adjective in SL but in TL translated
direkomendasikan and the word form is verb. The adjective in SL become verb. In TL it is expressed to transposition. The word stated in John M Echols dictionary
means yang ditetapkan/dijanjikan, but in this translation the translator translating
the word stated become direkomendasikan. So it is expressed obliged modulation.
Source Language Target Language
The exposure standard for mobile
devices employs a unit of
measurement known as the Specific
Absorption Rate, or SAR.
Standar hubungan untuk perangkat
selular menggunakan unit
pengukuran yang dikenal sebagai
Angka Absorsi Spesifik atau SAR.
Source Language Target Language
The SAR limit stated in the
international guidelines is 2.0
watts/kilogram (W/kg).
Batas SAR yang direkomendasikan
peraturan internasional adalah 2,0
The word form of the device transmitting in SL is noun and verb, in TL
translated pemancaran perangkat, the word form of that phrase is verb and
noun. It related to transposition. Actually the verb on the front in the Bahasa is
unusual in English grammatical structure. So it is expressed transposition.
The pronoun namun in SL is not translated in SL. The translator adding
the word namun for fulfills the lexical gap by a grammatical structure. The word
can be well translated dapat berada it means the translator used modulation in that word purpose a change of category of thought.
Source Language Target Language
This is because the device is designed
to operate at multiple power levels so as
Ini karena perangkat dirancang untuk
beroperasi pada level daya yang
Source Language Target Language
Tests for SAR are conducted using
standard operating positions with the
device transmitting at its highest certified power level in all tested
frequency bands.
Pengujian SAR dilakukan
menggunakan posisi pengoperasian
standar dengan pemancaran
perangkat pada level daya tertinggi
yang diperbolehkan di semua
gelombang frekuensi yang di uji.
Source Language Target Language
Although the SAR is determined at the
highest certified power level, the actual
SAR of the device while operating can
be well below the maximum value.
Walaupun SAR ditentukan pada level
daya tertinggi yang diperbolehkan,
namun level SAR pada perangkat yang sebenarnya ketika beroperasi dapat
22
to use only the power required to reach
the network.
beragam, sehingga perangkat hanya
akan menggunakan daya yang
diperlukan untuk mencapai jaringan.
The Word perangkat in the phrase “so as to us…..” in SL is not exist in that
phrase. So the translator adding the word perangkat in the TL for fill the lexical
gap by a grammatical structure. Word form designed is noun but in the TL
translated dirancang, the word form is verb. So the translation that has word form
from noun becomes verb is transposition.
Source Language Target Language
In general, the closer you are to a base
station, the lower the power output of the device.
Secara umum, jika Anda mendekati
stasiun pangkalan antena, maka akan semakin rendah output daya.
The phrase a base station in SL if it translated in literal translation, the
translation becomes stasiun pangkalan, but the translator translates the phrase in
TL is stasiun pangkalan antena. So the phrase expressed modulation with
purposed to clearly the meaning and then the translator put the word maka in this
translation for filling the lexical gap by grammatical structure. it means this
translation expressed transposition too.
Source Language Target Language
The highest SAR value for this device
when tested for use at the ear is
0,80W/kg.
Nilai SAR tertinggi untuk model
The word device in the SL if it is translated perangkat, but in the TL that word
becomes a clause model perangkat. So, the word becomes a clause, it means the
translator used a transposition in the translation.
Source Language Target Language
SAR values may vary depending on
national reporting and testing requirements and the network bands
Nilai SAR dapat bervariasi, tergantung
cakupan nasional, persyaratan pengujian, dan gelombang jaringan.
The phrase national reporting in SL translated cakupan nasional in TL,
word forms of cakupan nasional are verb+noun. Verb placed on the front in
Bahasa is unusual in English grammatical Structure. So the phrase showed
transposition in the translation.
Source Language Target Language
Use of device accessories and enhancements may result in different
SAR values.
Penggunaan aksesori perangkat utama
dan tambahannya dapat menghasilkan
nilai SAR yang berbeda.
The phrase device accessories in SL become aksesori perangkat utama in TL.
That translation showed transposition, because the word accessory in the SL is
plural noun in the English grammatical structure and becomes singular in the
Bahasa there is aksesori. In that phrase the translator also used free modulation
that tries to be neutral and objective, by adding the meaning and the style become
24
Source Language Target Language
Additional SAR information may be
provided under product information at
www.nokia-asia.com.
Informasi SAR tambahan mungkin tersedia pada informasi produk di
www.nokia-asia.com.
The word SAR information is an object, it is translated informasi SAR. It laid
down forward in the sentences of TL. The object that laid down forward in the
sentences does not exist in English grammatical structure. So the translation
expressed transposition.
Source Language Target Language
The SAR limit for mobile devicesused
by the public is 2,0 W/kg averaged
over 10 grams of body tissue.
Batas SAR untuk perangkat seluler yang
digunakan oleh masyarakat adalah 2,0
W/kg atau setara dengan lebih dari
sepuluh gram jaringan tubuh manusia.
The word public in the SL is translated Masyarakat in the TL, the word
public more particular than the word masyarakat. The word masyarakat have
many similar words in English languages, such as society, community, population,
etc. so the meaning of that word is more general. In this sentences showed
modulation. Phrase body tissue in the SL translated becomes jaringan tubuh
manusia. It expressed modulation means make the meaning more clear.
Source Language Target Language
The guidelines incorporate a substantial
margin of safety to give additional
protection for the the public and to account for any variations in
Batasan ini mencakup marjin keselamatan penting untuk memberikan
measurements. setiap variasi pengukuran.
The word of the guidelines, the translator translated it becomes batasan
ini, otherwise in the translation before, word guidelines translated peraturan. It
means the word guidelines expressed modulation in this translation that the
translator used a variation words through a change point of view. The word ini
does not exist in the SL, so the translator used transposition in that translation
which is replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure.
Phrase additional protection in the SL have word forms adjective and
noun. But in TL it translated perlindungan tambahan, the words form is noun and
noun. It means the phrase changes word form from adjective + noun becomes
noun + noun. So the phrase expressed transposition. The word account in SL have
word form noun but in the TL it is translated memperhitungkan, and the word
form is verb. So the translation expressed transposition because the word form
from noun becomes verb.
Source Language Target Language
SAR values may vary depending on
national reporting requirements and
the network band.
Nilai SAR dapat bervariasi, tergantung
cakupan nasional dan gelombang jaringan.
The Clause national reporting requirements and phrase network band
expressed modulation because that clause and phrase translated cakupan nasional
26
perspective meaning of the clause and the phrase to give the reader a clear
meaning.
Source Language Target Language
For SAR information in other regions,
please look under product information
at www.nokia.com
Untuk informasi tentang SAR di
wilayah lain, lihat pada informasi produk di www.nokia.com
The command Please look under in SL translated lihat pada. The word
please is not translated in TL. It is because the word please in Bahasa is not
necessary to translate because the word lihat in TL has clearly meaning for
command. So the translator works on changing the content and the form of the SL
in a way that conforms to the rules of the language and culture in the TL
community, it means the translation expressed adaptation. Word regions in SL
translate wilayah in TL. In this translation the translator uses obliged modulation,
because the particularly word in SL become general in TL. The word wilayah can
translate in another similar word, not just one word.
Phrase another regions showed a particle letters S after the word, it means
there are many regions and that word is plural. But in Bahasa that word translated
just wilayah and showed singular. So the translation expressed transposition,
because the words change the plural into singular.
MOTOROLA L6
Source Language Target Language
The phrase specific absorption rate data in the SL become data nilai penyerapan khusus in the TL, because if the translation translated in the literal translation, the result of this translation feels awkward in the TL. So the translator
used transposition in this translation for the equivalent meaning in the TL not
feels awkward.
Source Language Target Language
This model meets international
guidelines for exposure to radio wave.
Model ponsel ini telah memenuhi
ketentuan international untuk aplikasi
gelombang radio.
A word meets translated telah memenuhi. the word meets in the real
translation or in dictionary is bertemu or berjumpa, so the translation telah
memenuhi have expressed modulation. The translator has used selective word for
their translation in Motorola the word international guidelines translate ketentuan
international, the translator only translate the word, phrase, and sentences that the meaning can be able accept to the target language. So the translation expressed
modulation. The word for exposure translate untuk aplikasi in TL, in this
translation the translator must find the similar meaning of exposure is put sb/sth in
a place or situation where they are unprotected against harm or danger. In Jhon M.
Echols dictionary the word exposure is translated pembukaan, kedapatan,
pembongkaran dan pencahayaan. The translators expressed modulation for that word.
Source Language Target Language
28
transmitter and receiver. dan penerima gelombang radio.
The word mobile in oxford dictionary it means can move or be moved
easily and quickly from place to place. So, the phrase mobile device means the
instrument that can move. In TL the phrase mobile device translated a word
ponsel, the meaning of the ponsel is the telephone that we can bring wherever we go. This translation expressed adaptation. It is because the translator used as an
effective way to deal with culturally-bound words/expressions. The word ponsel
is general used by the public in Indonesia.
The word transmitter in SL translated alat pengirim in TL. Actually in
Jhon M. Echols dictionary the word transmitter means pemancar. So translator
expressed modulation for this translation because they use another words to make
equivalent meaning.
Source Language Target Language
It designed not to exceed the limits for
exposure to radio waves recommended by international guidelines.
Ponsel tersebut telah di desain sehingga
tidak akan melampaui batas
pemaparan gelombang radio yang
direkomendasikan dalam ketentuan
international.
The clause the limit for exposure translated batas pemaparan. The translator
used modulation in the translation because a word exposure means pembukaan,
pencahayaan, kedapatan etc. in Bahasa. But a word exposure in the TL translated
Source Language Target Language
These guidelines were developed by the
independent scientific organizations
INCIRP and include safety margins
designed to assure the protection of all
persons, regardless of age and health.
Ketentuan tersebut di buat oleh
organisasi sains independen ICNIRP
dan mencakup batas aman yang telah
dirancang untuk melindungi semua
orang, tanpa memperhatikan tingkat usia
dan kesehatan.
The word forms in phrase safety margins is adjective + noun in SL, but
not same as the TL safety margins translated batas aman. The word forms of
batas aman is noun + noun, so in this phrase expressed transposition in the
translation. The word to assure in the SL is not translated in the TL, because the
translator used free modulation who wants to get clear meaning in the TL.
Source Language Target Language
The guidelines use a unit of
measurement known as the Specific
Absorption Rate, or SAR.
Ketentuan tersebut menggunakan unit
pengukuran yang dikenal sebagai Data
Nilai Penyerapan Khusus, atau SAR (Specific Absorption Rate).
The clause the Specific Absoption Rate in SL translated Data Nilai
Penyerapan Khusus. If that clause translates with word- for –word, that translation can not be understood by the reader. So, the translation used
modulation to find out the equivalent meaning of the clause.
Source Language Target Language
The ICNIRP SAR limit for mobiles
devices used by the general public is 2
W/kg and the highest SAR value for this
Batas SAR ICNIRP untuk ponsel yang
digunakan oleh publik adalah 2 W/kg
30
device when tested at the ear was 1.33
W/kg.
saat di uji di telinga adalah 1.33W/kg.
In the SL the phrase general public only translated publik in the TL. The
word general is not translated in the TL. It means the translator used modulation
in the translation.
Source Language Target Language
As mobile devices offer a range of
function, they can be used in other positions, such as on the body as
described in this user guide.
Karena ponsel menawarkan jangkauan
fungsi yang beragam, maka ponsel dapat digunakan pada posisi yang
berbeda-beda, seperti yang digunakan di
tubuh seperti yang diuraikan di buku
petunjuk pengguna.
Phrase a range of functions translated fungsi yang beragam, it is free
modulation because in the TL the phrase is not translating in the contextual
meaning but it is translated in the nearest meaning from the SL. So it is expressed
free modulation.
Source Language Target Language
In this case, the highest tested SAR
value is 0,72 W/kg.
Dalam kasus ini, nilai SAR tertinggi
yang di uji adalah 0,72 W/kg.
The phrase SAR value is an object in the SL and TL, but in the TL the object
nilai SAR laid down forward, that is not exist in English grammatical structure.
Source Language Target Language
As SAR is measured utilizing the
device’s highest transmitting power, the
actual SAR of this device while
operating is typically below that indicated above.
Karena SAR dihitung dengan
menggunakan perangkat berdaya
pengiriman tertinggi, maka nilai SAR
aktual dari perangkat ini saat
digunakan berada di bawah nilai yang diindikasikan di atas.
A word measured is an adjective in the SL, but in the TL the word
measured translated dihitung is a verb. So the changing word form from adjective
become verb expressed transposition. The phrase while operating translated into
TL is saat digunakan. In the SL the sentence is active, but the translator changes it
into passive in the TL. So the translation expressed transposition. In the SL the
word operating according to Jhon M. Echols dictionary the meaning is
mengoperasikan, but in the translator change the word in the TL become
digunakan. So it means the translator used modulation in the translation.
Source Language Target Language
This is due to automatic changes to the
power level of the device to ensure it
only uses the minimum level required to reach the network.
Hal ini disebabkan oleh perubahan
otomatis pada level daya di perangkat tersebut untuk memastikan perangkat
tersebut menggunakan level daya
minimum yang dibutuhkan usntuk
menjangkau jaringan.
The phrase automatic changes consists of adjective and noun in the SL that
phrase is translated into TL perubahan otomatis that consists noun and noun. The
32
transposition. The word only in the SL is not translated into TL, the translator
eliminate the word only for clearly the meaning in the TL. So the translator used
modulation in the sentences.
Source Language Target Language
While there may be differences between the SAR levels of various
phones and at various positions, they all
meet the governmental requirements
for safe exposure.
Pada berbagai jenis ponsel dapat
memiliki tingkat SAR yang
berbeda-beda dan pada berbagai posisi,
kesemuanya memenuhi persyaratan
pemerintah untuk penggunaan yang
aman.
In the conjuction While there may be in the SL the translator translated
Pada in the TL it is expressed free modulation because it change point of view,
perspective, and category of thought, because if the reader read the whole
sentence in the context, the translation is absurd, because it is not easy to
understand. So the translator makes the reader is easy to understand with the
meaning using modulation in those sentences.
Source Language Target Language
Please note that improvements to this product model could cause differences
in the SAR value for later products; in
all cases, products are designed to be
within the guidelines.
Perhatikan bahwa pengubahan terhadap model produk ini dapat
mengakibatkan perbedaan dalam nilai
SAR untuk produk selanjutnya; dalam
berdasarkan persyaratan.
Command please note in the SL translated perhatikan. The word please
note in the literal translation become tolong catat. But in this translation it is
expressed adaptation about the word please, sometimes in Bahasa the word please
in the sentences is not translated but it changes into word or phrase that meaning
is a warning. It is related the rules of the language and culture in the TL
community. The word the guidelines in the translation before in the TL translated
ketentuan, but in this translation, word the guidelines becomes persyaratan. So
the word the guidelines expressed free modulation, because the meaning of that
word can change into equivalent meaning.
Source Language Target Language
The World Health Organization has
stated that present scientific
information does not indicate the need
for any special precautions for the use
of mobile device.
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia telah
mengeluarkan pernyataan bahwa
informasi sains saat ini tidak
menunjukan pentingnya tindakan
pencegahan khusus untuk menggunakan
ponsel.
A word stated in the SL become clause in the TL that is mengeluarkan
pernyataan. So it expressed transposition that the word become clause. The word
need in the SL translated pentingnya in the TL. Actually the word need if it is
translated from dictionary Jhon M. Echols the meaning is butuh. But the translator
translates that word become pentingnya with purpose to finding equivalent
34
Source Language Target Language
They note that if you want to reduce
your exposure then you can do so by
limiting the length of calls or using a
“handsfree” device to keep the mobile
phone away from the head and body.
Mereka hanya menyarankan apabila
Anda ingin mengurangi tingkat
pemaparan terhadap gelombang radio, Anda cukup mengurangi penggunaan ponsel atau menggunakan
perangkat bebas genggam untuk
menjauhkan ponsel dari kepala dan
tubuh Anda.
A word note in the SL translated hanya menyarankan is a cluase in the TL, the
word become clause expressed transposition in the translation. Same as the
explanation above, the word exposure translated a clause tingkat pemaparan
terhadap gelombang radio. The word become clause expressed transposition.
Pharse limiting the length of calls translated become mengurangi penggunaan
ponsel. The negative sentences become positive in the TL. So it expressed modulation.
Source Language Target Language
Additional information can be found on the websites of the World Health
Organization (http://www.who.int/emf)
or Motorola,Inc.
(http://www.motorola.com/rfhealth).
Informasi lebih lanjut dapat Anda
peroleh di situs web Organisasi
Kesehatan Dunia
(http://www.who.int/emf) or
Motorola,Inc.
(http://www.motorola.com/rfhealth).
The word additional is adjective and information is noun in the SL, in the TL
expressed transposition because the word form adjective+noun changed into
Noun+clause.
B.
Comparing Procedure of Translation in Handphone Nokia
Exprees Music 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s Guide Books.
In the translation above, they have same words, phrase, and sentences in
these translation, so the writer tries to comparing it in the translation procedure
that translator used, here they are:
Source Language Target language
international guidelines
for exposure to radio waves.
Nokia Motorola
pedoman international
untuk sambungan ke
gelombang radio
ketentuan international
untuk aplikasi
gelombang radio
The word guidelines in Jhon M Echols dictionary means garis pedoman,
and in the KBBI it means pokok yang menjadi petunjuk atau pegangan
menentukan atau melaksanakan sesuatu. In Nokia user’s guide the word the
guidelines translated pedoman it is has equivalent with the meaning of word from
Jhon M Echols dictionary that is garis pedoman. But in Motorola user’s guide the
word guidelines translated ketentuan, in KBBI ketentuan means kepastian, so this
meaning almost equal with pedoman. So this translation expressed free
modulation because the translator used the modulation to make the clearer
meaning or to make the translation in the TL feels natural and familiar.
The word exposure in Nokia user’s guide book translated sambungan but
in Motorola the word exsposure translated aplikasi. In Jhon M Echols dictionary
36
translation in Nokia user’s guide book expressed obliged modulation and
transposition. The first, the translator used obliged modulation in the word
exposure translated sambungan in Nokia user’s guide book because that word has not the equivalent word in the SL, so the translator must set it in the context
become sambungan. The second is the word form from exposure in the SL is
noun and in the word form sambungan in the TL is verb, so the translator used
transposition the word form noun become verb in that translation.
In Motorola user’s guide books the word exposure translated aplikasi. The
translator translated the word exposure become aplikasi because that word has not
the equivalent word in the SL, so the translator must set it in the context become
aplikasi for make the reader understand with the translation.
Source Language Target language
Your mobile device is
radio transmitter and
receiver
Nokia Motorola
Perangkat selular anda
merupakan pemancar
sekaligus penerima
gelombang radio
Ponsel anda merupakan
alat pengirim dan
penerima gelombang
radio.
The word mobile in Oxford dictionary means can moved or be moved easily
and quickly from place to place, in Bahasa it means perangkat yang berpindah-pindah. And the word device translated perangkat. In KBBI the word seluler in
the TL has same meaning with tanpa kabel dan berpindah-pindah. So the
translator used transposition, because the phrases mobile device translated
totally in the TL from SL in Nokia user’s guide book. It is different from
translation procedure of Motorola user’s guide book, the word mobile device
translated ponsel. In this translation, the translator used as an effective way to deal
with culturally-bound words/expressions. The word ponsel is abbreviation from
handphone seluler, so that word is usually used by general public in Indonesia. So
it is expressed adaptation.
The word transmitter in John M Echols dictionary means pemancar. In
Nokia user’s guide book the word transmitter translated pemancar, it means the
translator translated the text same with the John M Echols dictionary and it can be
equivalent in the translation. But in the Motorola user’s guide book the word
transmitter translated alat pengirim in TL. So translator expressed modulation for this translation because they use another words to make equivalent meaning.
Source Language Target language
Not to exceed the limits
for exposure
Nokia Motorola
Tidak melampaui batas
hubungan
Tidak akan melampaui
batas pemaparan.
As we know in the translation before the word exposure means
pembukaan, pencahayaan, kedapatan etc. but in both translation the word
exposure translated hubungan and pemaparan. It showed that the translator used obliged modulation in both translation because that word has not the equivalent
word in the SL, so the translator must set it in the context become hubungan and
38
Source Language Target language
Regardless of age and health
Nokia Motorola
Tanpa
memperhitungkan
tingkat usia dan
kesehatan.
Tanpa memperhatikan
tingkat usia dan
kesehatan.
In John M Echols dictionary the word regardless means tanpa
memperhatikan, in Motorola user’s guide book the word regardless translated
tanpa memperhatikan, it means the translator translated the text same with the John M Echols dictionary and it can be equivalent in the translation. But in Nokia
user’s guide book the word regardless translated tanpa memperhitungkan. It
means the translator used the free modulation in that phrase to make clearer the
meaning and have equivalent meaning in the TL.
Source Language Target language
The specific absorption rate.
Nokia Motorola
Angka absorpsi spesifik Data nilai penyerapan
The phrase specific absorption rate data in the SL become data nilai
penyerapan in the Motorola user’s guide book in the TL and angka absorpsi spesifik in the Nokia user’s guide book, because if the translation translated in the literal translation, the result of this translation feels awkward in the TL. So the
translators used transposition in this translation for the equivalent meaning in the
Source Language Target language
Safety margin Nokia Motorola
Marjin keamanan Batas aman
The word forms in phrase safety margins is adjective + noun in SL, but not
same as the TL, safety margins translated in Motorola user’s guide book is batas
ama, and in Nokia user’s guides book is marjin keamanan. The word forms from both Target Language is noun + noun, there have changes word form from SL
into TL, adjective + noun become noun+noun. so in those phrase expressed
transposition in the translation.
C.
Analysis of Translation Procedure in Handphone Nokia
Exprees Music 5300 and Motorola L6 user’s Guide Books.
Based on the data description and explanation in the handphone user’s guide
books above, the writer tries to find out some analysis. Here they are:
1) Transposition in the handphone user’s guide books Nokia 5300 Express Music
and Motorola L6 is found mostly when the translation changing word forms
from Source Language into Target language, they are adjective+noun
becomes noun+noun, word becomes clause, adjective+noun becomes
noun+clause, noun becomes verb, adjective becomes verb, noun+verb
becomes verb+noun, the active sentences becomes the passive sentences,
40
object and verb that placed in forward does not exist in the English Grammatical structure.
2) Modulation in the handphone user’s guide books Nokia 5300 Express Music
and Motorola L6 occurs mostly when the translators translates words, phrases,
and sentences into TL based on the TL’s perspective. There are some words
and phrases which are not translated literally in the handphone user’s guide books Nokia 5300 Express Music and Motorola L6 because of the differences point of view, perspective, and category of thought. If the translator translates the text literary, the TL would be awkward and the readers could not
understand to read the text. It is in accordance with the theory that modulation
is a procedure of translation occurs when there is a change of perspective
accompanied with a lexical change in the TL. Also the particular word in SL
changes general in TL and negative sentence become positive sentence to get
the equivalent meaning.
3) Adaptation, in the handphone user’s guide books Nokia 5300 Express Music
and Motorola L6, the translator has to create a new situation that can be
considered as being equivalent, and for this translation adaptation is generally used culturally bounds in expression that the people usually used in daily life
to decrease misunderstanding.
4) Couplets, it occurs when the translator combines two differences procedures.
In those translations the translator used more than one translation procedure. It
is because in each word, phrase, and sentences have some translation
